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Supporting Brain Development in Traumatized Children and Youth

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Supporting Brain Development in Traumatized Children and Youth BULLETIN FOR PROFESSIONALS September 2017 Supporting Brain WHAT’S INSIDE Development in Traumatized Understanding trauma Children and Youth and brain development Healthy brain development is essential for Encouraging healthy realizing one’s full potential and for overall well- brain development being. For children and youth who experience Screening children for child abuse or neglect and associated trauma, services and working brain development may be interrupted, leading to with other providers functional impairments. Ongoing maltreatment can alter a child’s brain development and Treatment for trauma- affect mental, emotional, and behavioral affected children and health into adulthood. Frontline child welfare youth professionals are in a unique position to Conclusion recognize developmental delays in children and youth and provide appropriate support services. References This bulletin summarizes what you can do to promote healthy brain development for this vulnerable group of children and youth and put families and service providers in touch with the most effective, evidence-based interventions. Children’s Bureau/ACYF/ACF/HHS 800.394.3366 | Email: [email protected] | https://www.childwelfare.gov Supporting Brain Development in Traumatized Children and Youth https://www.childwelfare.gov delayed speech, reading ability, and school readiness This bulletin is a companion piece to Child (Chamberlain, 2016). Although these results could be Welfare Information Gateway’s issue brief related to other variables as well, the correlation between Understanding the Effects of Maltreatment on childhood abuse and neglect and altered brain Brain Development (https://www.childwelfare.gov/ functioning appears significant in brain imaging studies pubs/issue-briefs/brain-development/), which (Nemeroff, 2016): helps professionals understand the behavioral, The area of the brain associated with executive emotional, and mental impacts of early abuse and functioning and planning, the prefrontal cortex, shows neglect in children who come to the attention of correspondingly smaller amounts of gray and white the child welfare system. matter in youth who were studied for their reported experiences with childhood trauma compared with those who did not report such experiences. Understanding Trauma and Brain The region of the brain associated with learning, the Development hippocampus region, is smaller in individuals reporting Early life experiences shape the development of brain early exposure to trauma. circuitry and help to determine the makeup of a person’s The brain’s emotional reaction center associated with intelligence, emotions, and personality. Positive behavioral functioning and survival instincts, the experiences with caregivers, family members, and the amygdala, shows correspondingly increased reactivity broader community strongly influence whether an infant with higher reported exposure to trauma during or child develops a strong or weak foundation for future infancy and early childhood. social-emotional health and help the child’s developing Trauma-induced changes to the brain can result in varying brain offset the potentially negative consequences of degrees of cognitive impairment and emotional abuse or neglect (Chen, Miller, Kobor, & Cole, 2011). dysregulation that can lead to a host of problems, When infants and young children are exposed to chronic including difficulty with attention and focus, learning or acute maltreatment within the caregiving context, brain disabilities, low self-esteem, impaired social skills, and development may be compromised and emotional, sleep disturbances (Nemeroff, 2016). Since trauma behavioral, or learning challenges may persist, especially exposure has been linked to a significantly increased risk in the absence of targeted and trauma-informed of developing several mental and behavioral health interventions. issues—including posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and substance use When primary caregivers make infants and children feel disorders—it is important for practitioners to be aware of safe and nurtured, their developing brains are able to steps they can take to help minimize the neurological spend more time learning and building essential effects of child abuse and neglect and promote healthy connections. When children feel unsafe or threatened, brain development (Shonkoff, 2011). however, their brains shift into survival mode, making learning particularly difficult. Brain imaging studies of children with documented cases of maltreatment reveal distinct changes in both the brain’s structure and functioning (Delima & Vimpani, 2011). Such studies show that abuse, neglect, and other exposure to trauma can result in long-lasting negative changes to the brain. Victims of child maltreatment frequently suffer from This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. This publication is available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/braindevtrauma/. 2 Supporting Brain Development in Traumatized Children and Youth https://www.childwelfare.gov Encouraging Healthy Brain Abusive Head Trauma Development Abusive head trauma (AHT)—forceful blows to the As a child welfare professional, you can help support head or the shaking of an infant’s head (“shaken healthy brain development by promoting safe and baby syndrome”)—creates a distinct set of nurturing environments for children and families and problems for the developing brain. AHT is a leading by encouraging both the prevention and treatment of cause of severe brain injury and death in infants and trauma. children in child abuse cases. Annually, it affects 30 in 100,000 children under age 1 (American Preventing Trauma Academy of Pediatrics, 2015). The Centers for Efforts to support healthy brain development ideally Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) within the should start before and continue through pregnancy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services when maternal health can influence the developing (HHS) identified AHT as a serious public health brain and the mother-child attachment begins. Maternal issue that can result in potential brain damage and stress can affect the developing brain and create long- related hearing loss, developmental delays, and term issues for the unborn child (Brohl, 2016). You can physical disabilities (HHS, 2016). help parents and caregivers focus on optimal fetal, newborn, and child development by linking families to Children who sustain serious AHT at a young age services designed for at-risk expectant families, such as may suffer greater deficits in cognitive and home visiting programs. Home visiting programs teach behavioral development than those experiencing caregivers specific parenting skills—techniques for coping head trauma later in childhood (McKinlay & with a baby’s crying or other behavioral challenges, for Anderson, 2013). AHT can harm the brain’s frontal example—and have been linked with reduced stress lobes and future capacity for executive functioning in the family environment (Garner, 2013). For more skills, such as goal setting, planning, problem- information, visit Information Gateway’s webpage on child solving, mental flexibility, and abstract thought. The maltreatment prevention and home visiting programs extent of AHT damage may not be fully understood at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/ until a child matures, as potential deficits may prevention-programs/homevisit/homevisitprog/. present during development (Savage, 2012). Neuroscience is rapidly developing potential new Healthy brain development can be encouraged after birth therapeutic opportunities for traumatic brain through supportive services such as continued home injuries, including gene expression, immune system visits and other parent education programs. Information treatment, stem-cell use, and drug protocols (Su, Gateway’s website features extensive resources on Veeravagu, & Grant, 2016). A range of interventions protective factors that professionals can use to strengthen can be pursued after a child’s brain injuries have families and help prevent trauma, including the following: been medically stabilized, depending on the child’s Nurturing and attachment age and the type and extent of damage. Parental education regarding child and youth Interventions may assist children to varying development degrees—from achieving very basic skills (e.g., Parental resilience feeding, chewing, and swallowing) to more advanced capabilities (e.g., speech and higher Social connections cognitive functions) (Castelli, 2012). For more Concrete supports for parents information, consult the International Brain Injury Social and emotional competence for children Association website at www.internationalbrain.org. This material may be freely reproduced and distributed. However, when doing so, please credit Child Welfare Information Gateway. This publication is available online at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/braindevtrauma/. 3 Supporting Brain Development in Traumatized Children and Youth https://www.childwelfare.gov The webpage on protective factors, which also includes and growing. This is important to the developing brain the most current Children’s Bureau resource guide, can because it lowers stress and reinforces a sense of well- be accessed at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/ being. You can help parents and caregivers understand preventing/promoting/protectfactors/. the importance of consistency for children
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