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Spilogale Pygmaea), ENDÉMICO DE MÉXICO TESIS

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Spilogale Pygmaea), ENDÉMICO DE MÉXICO TESIS UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGÍA SISTEMÁTICA EVIDENCIA MOLECULAR DE LA POSICIÓN FILOGENÉTICA DEL ZORRILLO MANCHADO PIGMEO (Spilogale pygmaea), ENDÉMICO DE MÉXICO TESIS QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: MAESTRA EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS (SISTEMÁTICA) PRESENTA: PAULA VARGAS PELLICER TUTOR PRINCIPAL DE TESIS: Dr. Fernando Alfredo Cervantes Reza Instituto de Biología, UNAM COMITÉ TUTOR: Dra. Ella Váquez Vázquez Instituto de Ecología, UNAM Dr. Joaquín Arroyo Cabrales Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas MÉXICO, D.F. Febrero 2014 2 UNAM – Dirección General de Bibliotecas Tesis Digitales Restricciones de uso DERECHOS RESERVADOS © PROHIBIDA SU REPRODUCCIÓN TOTAL O PARCIAL Todo el material contenido en esta tesis esta protegido por la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (LFDA) de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (México). El uso de imágenes, fragmentos de videos, y demás material que sea objeto de protección de los derechos de autor, será exclusivamente para fines educativos e informativos y deberá citar la fuente donde la obtuvo mencionando el autor o autores. Cualquier uso distinto como el lucro, reproducción, edición o modificación, será perseguido y sancionado por el respectivo titular de los Derechos de Autor. UN Mm¡D COORDINACiÓN posaPOSG DO ~ CieCienncia,a. lioológ;cutógi cu Dr. "isidro1dro Á"""Á'I'II.I ..... rtinesrlklez 0Intc10Di_IO'~""""' ~ dio AdmA(lm[nlnlstradónlstrxi6n ElCoIIt&col.", UUNAMN"'" Prlf:#: senll c nl ec Me permito inIoImIrlnIorr!Iir •a USIeGUSIeCI QUe en la oeunOln~ cIeIo;IeI SUbc:omit6~ por ~ de Coo«ioCoo __ .n_'bol."t... EC1OIogI,EcoIog l ~ 1 MManejoanejo IntegInteg/raI lI cI&do! E_temalEcoSIStemal CIIICIeI PosgraóoPosgraOo en Coenoas~ ~$~s. c:elI!_cell!_ el <lblb 22B8 de oc:tut>r~_ de 21113201 3., K_ ap-obó el oóguienteIigouiente ~jurIdo pIIr1I~ el . ~ dedio grwmgrMIo ""de IIlAEST.IIl.r.ESTRARI. EENH ClEJlCIASClEItCIAS 1IlOl.0000ASBfOl.OGtcAS (SlSTDú.ncAISlSf'EJlÁncA, deel-. lala ............... VARGASVARGAS PPELlICOELUCER PAULA"AULA -'-. -.. de ...-~ snSnO\MoIUOTIISIU .....mnlo la """'"_ 1*lIIOI~ "'f~1II'"E~1a mmolle' .... ' _.r'"' ... lo .,.-¡c16np<lM:lOn ""'gII1ClIJ,,"1IaI' ",litica del ___ ....M_nc_ ~p;g.meo [$..,tSp "W."'JI'" ... I'tlll"'''''¡", ..... ....,.• .....aiomkGoondMIko ..'" IMxico"~ ••, rMiudarMIioada bojeboja la dinIa:iOo,deI<il1iCCl6o. del DRDA. FERFERN.ANOON..... OO ALFREDO CECERVANTESRVANTES RREZA:EZA: ~ OR{IR EtROUEENRIOUE "wMARlulNezIHEtMEYER MEYEft Vocal OAA.Df!A ,T_ .......... ESCAUII'ffEESC\U\HTE ESI'\NIOISAESI'IHOSA ~: OAA.Df!A ElLAEllA GlORIAGl OR~ V~VAZQV€Z DOMINGUEZDOMIMGUEZ Suplente' ORA. JEH'I'JE!(Y SOlANClESCII.ANGE SOT\NOSOT\JYO vAzauEzvJ.zauez. ~ _ ORDIl.lWGUf.. UlGUEll ANGEl<NGE Ll ~~SAI.AS SAV.S ATENTAT E N TA ....MENT ENTEE ""PORPOR ....MI RAZA HA8LtJV.HA8U.AA EL ESPlRfTUESPIRITU" ellCd. ~U~ . D.F ..~ . 2. de<le eneroe'*'l de 20\201 4. MdJ1MMc.,,~07G.o ~07 · OR.\.IU.RlAORA. MARiA DEDELL CORO AARIZMENDIRIZMENDI ARAIAGAAAAIAGA COORDINADORACOORDINADORA OEDElL PROGRAIIAP ROGPJ.IU Edif. de PoqrIdoPosw-do P. 8.B. (COMado(COSlMIo Sur,xSur lk la Tom-Tom: 11 de HHumanidades)umanidadc$) CiudadCiudad Unj~milariaUnivmÍlaÑ. C.c.PP. 04S10 Mburo.Mbico. D.F. TTeld . S62S623-0173J..()I7J fF....u: : 5623-01725623-<11 72 hhnpnp:lfpcbio1.posfpcbio1.posgrnOOgrudo.uunamnam.mx 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS Al posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM) por recibirme y respaldar mis estudios de maestría. Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Y Tecnología (CONACYT) por otorgar la beca para estudios de Posgrado. Al proyecto PAPIIT No. IN215711 de la dirección general de Asuntos del personal Aacadémico, UNAM por el apoyo financiero otorgado al proyecto “Diversidad genética de mamíferos endémico de México, su historia evolutiva e implicaciones para su conservación” del que formó parte esta tesis. A los miembros del Comité Tutor, Dr. Fernando A. Cervantes Reza, Dra. Ella Vázquez Domínguez y Dr. Joaquín Arroyo Cabrales por el tiempo invertido para el enriquecimiento de este proyecto. 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS A TÍTULO PERSONAL Quedo agradecida con mi director de tesis, Dr. Fernando Cervantes Reza. Aprecio tus sugerencias, correcciones, asesorías; sobre todo las lecciones y retos que se desprenden de esta experiencia. A mis maestras, las maestras Julieta Vargas y Yolanda Horteleano, por intentar en mí, excelencia y formación profesional. Gracias por su guía y apoyo. Por la más incalculable ayuda que recibí durante mis recorridos a los rincones del Pacífico mexicano. Ángel León, Falco García, Miguel Castañeda, Lázaro Guevara, José Miguel Vargas, Leonora Torres, Carlos Alejandro Luna, Hanzel Silva, Ilse Pérez, Jairo Rosas, Leonardo Villagrana, Ivette Otero, Omar Gutiérrez, Moisés López, Juan Méndez, a los miembros de la Estación de Biología de Chamela (en especial al Dr. Jorge Vega), gracias a todos y todas por su entusiasmo, ayuda física y moral. Agradezco la colaboración de las siguientes instituciones KU, MSU, CNMA, LSMU, ASNH, ECOSUR, EBCH las cuales hicieron los préstamos de ejemplares absolutamente valiosos para este trabajo. Así como a Adam Ferguson de la Univerdidad de Texas Tech por sus asesorías tanto teóricas como prácticas. Toda mi gratitud a los consejos, afecto y ayuda de mi equipo mastozoológico (los mastos), que no solo fue de trabajo, sino de amistad y solidaridad que se mantuvo firme conmigo en este período: Bere Brito, Ángel, Laura, Moi, Luis Oso, Julieta, Lalo, Jési, Joel, Diana, Lázaro, Vania, Karla, Romano, Edwin. Finalmente, durante el tiempo que me tomó este proyecto, incluidas las idas y venidas, subidas, bajadas, las alegrías, frustraciones, los varios enojos y desvelos, recibí el amor y el permanente aliento de mi familia. Gracias José Miguel, Mamá, Papá, inmensos y extraordinarios como son, gracias por sus extensas formas de apoyo y cariño. 5 A la duda metódica, A la nostalgia desafiante, A la vida, A la muerte, En fin… a mi padre, En cada instante 6 ÍNDICE Resumen 12 Abstract 13 Introducción 14 Objetivo e hipótesis 27 Material y Métodos 29 Resultados 35 Discusión 57 Conclusiones 65 Literatura Citada 64 Apéndice I 76 Apéndice II 77 Apéndice III 79 7 INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1. Especies de zorrillos ampliamente distribuidas en México…..p.15 Figura 2. Especies de zorrillos con distribución restringida en México…..p.16 Figura 3. Árbol de parsimonia de la familia Mephitidae, resultado de un análisis de 760pb de DNAmt…..p.17 Figura 4. Árbol de consenso mayoritario de la familia Mustelidae y sus subfamilias, basado en parsimonia…..p.19 Figura 5. Análisis de parsimonia del grupo Caniformia. Árbol combinado de caracteres morfológicos, y los genes 16s y Cyt b…..p.21 Figura 6. Análisis de Parsimonia de la familia Mephitidae utilizando el gen mitocondrial D-loop…..p.22 Figura 7. Distribución geográfica del género Spilogale en Norteamérica…..p.24 Figura 8. Ejemplar de Spilogale pygmaea…..p.25 Figura 9. Distribución geográfica de Spilogale pygmaea…..p.26 Figura 10. Hipótesis de la posición filogenética de Spilogale pygmaea con respecto al resto de los zorrillos…..p.27 Figura 11. Hipótesis filogenética del zorrillo pigmeo (Spilogale pygmaea) con relación a su distribución geográfica y de las especies del género Spilogale…..p.28 Figura 12. Localidades de salidas a campo en el periodo 2009-2012. Los círculos morados…..p.29 Figura 13. Especies de carnívoros utilizadas como grupos externos para el estudio…..p.30 8 Figura 14. Combinación de primers usados para la amplificación de ADN degradado en tres fragmentos del Citocromo Oxidasa Subunidad I…..p.31 Figura 15. Combinación de primers usados para la amplificación en fragmentos de DNA degradado del gen Citocromo b…..p.32 Figura 16. Localidades geográficas donde se ha registrado la presencia de Spilogale pygmaea…..p.35 Figura 17. Ubicación geográfica de la comunidad La Tuza de Monroy, Oaxaca…..p.36 Figura 18. Ubicación del sitio de colecta mencionado en el texto, el cual representa la zona de matorral adyacente a las zonas de pastoreo…..p.37 Figura 19. Hembra juvenil del zorrillo pigmeo Spilogale pygmaea colectada en La Tuza de Monroy, Oaxaca…..p.37 Figura 20. A) Zona de matorral espinoso; B) Sitio donde fue colectado el ejemplar de Spilogale pygmaea…..p.37 Figura 21. Análisis de Máxima Verosimilitud de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae y Mustelidae), basado en secuencias de 1150pb de DNAmt del gen Cyt b…..p.46 Figura 22. Ánalisis de Máxima Verosimilitud de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares Norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae y Mustelidae), basado en secuencias de 650pb de DNAmt del gen COI…..p.47 Fig 23. Anáisis de Máxima Verosimilitud de de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares Norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae y Mustelidae), basado en secuencias concatenadas de DNAmt de los genes Cyt b y COI…..p.48 Figura 24. Análisis de Parsimonia de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares Norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae y Mustelidae), basado en secuencias de 1150pb de DNAmt del gen Cyt b…..p.50 9 Figura 25. Análisis de Parsimonia de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares Norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae y Mustelidae), basado en secuencias de 650pb de DNAmt del gen COI…...p.51 Figura 26. Análisis de Parsimonia de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae y Mustelidae), basado en secuencias concatenadas de DNAmt de los genes Cyt b y COI…..p.52 Figura 27. Análisis de inferencia bayesiana de la familia Mephitidae con ejemplares norteamericanos y grupos externos (Procyonidae
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