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Evaluating Ecological Impact of Commercial Trade on Surinamese Medicinal Plants Sold in the Netherlands

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Evaluating Ecological Impact of Commercial Trade on Surinamese Medicinal Plants Sold in the Netherlands Evaluating Ecological Impact of Commercial Trade on Surinamese Medicinal Plants sold in the Netherlands Master of Science thesis Joelaika Behari-Ramdas June-December 2007 University of Leiden Programme Biology Track: Sustainability and Biodiversity Preface This research is done on the occasion of my internship incorporated as a compulsory aspect in my Master of Science programme at the University of Leiden (programme Biology, track Sustainability and Biodiversity, January 2006- January 2008). I had the opportunity to conduct this research as part of the post-doc project on Surinamese medicinal plants leaded by Dr. Tinde van Andel at the University of Utrecht. Dr. T.R. van Andel is the ethnobotanical expert of the Guianas at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Utrecht branch. From the University of Leiden, Dr. M. Roos supported this research. Dr. Marco Roos is Assistant Professor and project leader of the research Group Plants of the Indopacific (PITA) at the National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Leiden branch. From here on I want to thank both of the supervisors for their support and trust in me to continue this research. I am especially appreciating Dr. T. R. van Andel her strength, which motivated me to continue research in ethnobotany. Last but not least, I am grateful to the Alberta Mennega Stichting, who supported this research by supplying an applied fund of € 400. This fund was additionally needed in order to buy plant material and to pay my traveling costs during fieldwork. Joelaika Behari-Ramdas, in the honour of: University of Leiden Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science Programme: Biology Track: Sustainability and Biodiversity University of Utrecht Faculty Beta Science National Herbarium of the Netherlands, Utrecht Period of research: May-December 2007 Alberta Mennega Stichting Ds. Van Haaftenlaan 28 3984 NR Odijk Website: http://www.alberta-mennega-stichting.nl 2 Summary Large numbers of people in third world countries use medicinal plants. In 2004 the annual global market for herbal remedies was estimated to be US$ 23 billion. With this we nowadays see that besides deforestation the increased marketing of medicinal plants is leading to over harvesting and species extinction (e.g. in Africa, Asia, and Brazil). Primary forest plant species are the most vulnerable for the harvest. In Suriname the Maroons are the main harvesters, sellers, exporters, and consumers of medicinal plants. In 2006 the export of medicinal plants to the Netherlands was estimated to be 55.000 kg annually. With the investigation in the Netherlands we examined if the trade of Surinamese medicinal plants has any ecological impact on the forest of Suriname. We were able to investigate 31 shops selling Surinamese medicinal plants. The investigation came up with 398 plant products, which belonged to 266 different plant species. Twigs with leaves were the most sold plant product. The average weight of plant material sold per shop was 179 gram/bundle and the average price was € 6/bundle. In total 65% of the investigated plant species were exclusively harvested from the wild, 28% were exclusively cultivated plant species. The bulk of medicinal plants (66%) were harvested from secondary forest and open vegetation. From primary forest 15% of the plant species were found harvested. The determined lianas, (hemi-) epiphytes and herbs, harvested from primary forest do not survive the harvest. At least one epiphyte ( Begonia glabra ), and three herbs ( Psychotria ulviformis ), (Renealmia floribunda and Renealmia monosperma ) are already indicated as rare species. The nearby resources of these species have depleted and people have to go deeper in primary forest to find them. Apart from these species, the trade in Surinamese medicinal plants seems to have little impact on the forest of Suriname. 3 1. Introduction Plants have been used since ancient times to heal and cure diseases and to improve health and wellbeing. Despite the ancient nature of the tradition, medicinal plants still form the basis of traditional or indigenous health systems. Reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) the majority of the populations in most developing countries use medicinal plants. The last three decades have seen substantial growth in medicinal plant use and herbal product markets across the world. Rapidly rising exports of medicinal plants during the past decade attests to worldwide interest in these products and in the traditional health systems (TITZ A, 2004 & WHO, 2003). In 2004 the annual global market for herbal remedies was estimated at approximately US$ 23 billion (Crabb, 2004). It is difficult to obtain precise information about the structure and scale of the international trade in medicinal plants. The exact volume of this trade is unknown, because it is believed that the greater part of it passes through unofficial channels (e.g. hand luggage) (Lewington, 1992a). Deforestation and the increased marketing of medicinal plants have resulted in over harvesting and species extinction as for example in Africa, Asia, and Brazil (Sheldon et al, 1997). It has been said that as many as 35.000-70.000 species of plants have been used at one time or another for medicinal purposes. By far the greater number of species is employed in herbal medicine and is used in unrefined or semi-processed form, often in mixtures, which sometimes also contain non- botanical ingredients (Farnsworth & Soejarto, 1991). Studies in the tropical and temperate region show that medicinal species can be well represented in disturbed landscapes, successional areas, and managed vegetations (Shanley, 2003). In addition to habitat being a critical factor in determining species abundance, the plant parts used, the manner in which medicinal products are harvested also affect population structure and availability. Primary forest plant species are the most vulnerable for over harvesting. Little is known about the sustainability of harvesting strategies currently employed to harvest barks, roots, and exudates from the trees. Particular vulnerable are those species occurring at low densities, those whose roots are harvested, and those whose bark or oil is extracted unsustainably (Cunningham, 2000). In Suriname the Maroons are the main harvesters, traders, exporters and consumers of medicinal plants. In 2006 van Andel et al (in press) estimated the export of medicinal plants from Suriname to the Netherlands. This estimation was made for air parcels and was established to be 55.000 kg annually. At the other hand, also with containers and hand luggage medicinal plants are sent and brought to the Netherlands. With this the estimated value may lay even higher. Regarding the export amount, the question arises if the trade of Surinamese medicinal plants has any ecological impact on the forest of Suriname. In this report the investigation of 31 shops in the Netherlands is described. According to the determined growth forms and habitats conclusions are drawn on the effects of this trade on the forest of Suriname. 1.1 Research question Until recently, except for a few publications, the Surinamese medicinal plants were not documented very well. For the last decade, quite a few researches have been done on Non Timber Forest Products (e.g. Verwey, 2003; van Andel et al, 2003) and on medicinal plants among some ethnic groups in Suriname (e.g. Raghoenandan, 1994; Behari-Ramdas, 2005; Van Andel et al, in press). A study at a Surinamese Maroon shop in Amsterdam (van Andel & van ‘t Klooster, 2000) showed that about 2000 kg plant material was imported weekly for commercial purpose. In 2006, van Andel et al (in press) collected data on the diversity, source, and volume of medicinal plants being sold in Suriname: about 136.000 kg plant material (worth over US$ 1million) is being sold annually on the domestic market. As part of this study the export to the Netherlands was also estimated. About 55.000 kg medicinal plant material is being exported annually to the Netherlands. With respect to the export, the question arises if the trade of Surinamese medicinal plants in the Netherlands has any possible negative impact on the forest of Suriname. 4 1.2 Personal motivation With my internship during the bachelors study in Suriname (2004-2005) I already did research on medicinal plants sold by the Maroon people at markets in Paramaribo. The aim of my research was to make an inventory of the medicinal plants and plant products sold by the Maroons (Behari-Ramdas, 2005). At the other hand, in the Netherlands van ‘t Klooster (2000) did research on Surinamese medicinal plants sold by a Surinamese Maroon shop in Amsterdam. As a student of the University of Leiden, it was possible for me to do research in the Netherlands. Regarding the research of van ‘t Klooster (2000), I was stimulated to do research on the trade of Surinamese medicinal plants in the Netherlands. Shop in Rotterdam (Picture by L. Niekoop) Shop in Amsterdam (picture by L. Niekoop) 1.3 Methodology Fieldwork was carried out together with Ms. Lucienne Niekoop, MSc student at the Free University of Amsterdam. Literature study on the trade of Surinamese medicinal plants was done in advance. A draft field guide containing drawings, photographs, names and uses of Surinamese plants, encountered earlier in the Netherlands before, was made. This field guide was made by means of the reports of van Andel & van ‘t Klooster (2007) and van Andel et al, in press. With the help of our supervisor all the possible shops selling Surinamese medicinal plant and plant products were traced out. In total 31 shops were investigated: 16 were situated in Amsterdam, 11 in Rotterdam, three in Den Haag, and one in Almere. The shops could be divided into 14 shops specialized in selling Surinamese medicinal plants, 14 shops specialized in selling tropical consumption products, two market stalls (1 regularly and one occasional), and one hair fashion shop (selling vegetable oil for hair care).
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