Piston Motion Basics
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MACHINES OR ENGINES, in GENERAL OR of POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, Eg STEAM ENGINES
F01B MACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES (of rotary-piston or oscillating-piston type F01C; of non-positive-displacement type F01D; internal-combustion aspects of reciprocating-piston engines F02B57/00, F02B59/00; crankshafts, crossheads, connecting-rods F16C; flywheels F16F; gearings for interconverting rotary motion and reciprocating motion in general F16H; pistons, piston rods, cylinders, for engines in general F16J) Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Machines or engines, in general or of positive-displacement type References relevant to classification in this subclass This subclass/group does not cover: Rotary-piston or oscillating-piston F01C type Non-positive-displacement type F01D Informative references Attention is drawn to the following places, which may be of interest for search: Internal combustion engines F02B Internal combustion aspects of F02B 57/00; F02B 59/00 reciprocating piston engines Crankshafts, crossheads, F16C connecting-rods Flywheels F16F Gearings for interconverting rotary F16H motion and reciprocating motion in general Pistons, piston rods, cylinders for F16J engines in general 1 Cyclically operating valves for F01L machines or engines Lubrication of machines or engines in F01M general Steam engine plants F01K Glossary of terms In this subclass/group, the following terms (or expressions) are used with the meaning indicated: In patent documents the following abbreviations are often used: Engine a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power, Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, per se, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. Machine a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump. -
Positive Displacement Reciprocating Pump Fundamentals— Power and Direct Acting Types
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT RECIPROCATING PUMP FUNDAMENTALS— POWER AND DIRECT ACTING TYPES by Herbert H. Tackett, Jr. Reciprocating Product Manager James A. Cripe Senior Reciprocating Product Engineer Union Pump Company; A Textron Company Battle Creek, Michigan and Gary Dyson Director of Product Development - Aftermarket Union Pump, A Textron Company A Trading Division of David Brown Engineering, Limited Penistone, Sheffield ABSTRACT Herbert H. Tackett, Jr., is Reciprocating Product Manager for Union Pump Company, This tutorial is intended to provide an understanding of the in Battle Creek, Michigan. He has 39 years fundamental principles of positive displacement reciprocating of experience in the design, application, and pumps of both power and direct acting types. Topics include: maintenance of reciprocating power and • A definition and overview of the pump types—Including the direct acting pumps. Prior to Mr. Tackett’s differences between single acting and double acting pumps, how current position in Aftermarket Product both types work, where they are used, and how they are applied. Development, he served as R&D Engineer, Field Service Engineer, and new equipment • Component options—Covers aspects of valve designs and when order Engineer, in addition to several they should be used; describes the various stuffing box designs positions in Reciprocating Pump Sales and Marketing. He has been available with specific reference to their function and application, a member of ASME since 1991. and points out the differences between plungers and pistons and their selection criteria. • Specification criteria and methodology—What application James A. Cripe currently is a Senior information is needed by pump suppliers to correctly size and Reciprocating Product Engineer assigned supply appropriate equipment? to the New Product Development Team for Union Pump Company, in Battle Creek, • Additional topics—Volumetric and mechanical efficiency, net Michigan. -
Reciprocating Pump
Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals Vipan Bansal Department of Mechanical Engineering ([email protected]) Mechanical Engineering Fundamentals (MEC103) L T P Cr 4 0 0 4 Content 1) Fundamental Concepts of Thermodynamics 2) Laws of Thermodynamics 3) Pressure and its Measurement 4) Heat Transfer 5) Power Absorbing Devices 6) Power Producing Devices 7) Principles of Design 8) Power Transmission Devices and Machine Elements Lecture No. - 2 • Positive displacement Pumps Power Absorbing Devices The equipment's or devices that consume power for the working are called power absorbing devices. Examples: Pumps, Compressor, Refrigerators etc. Classification of Pumps Type of Pumps Positive Dynamic Displacement Reciprocating Rotary Centrifugal Axial Positive Displacement vs Dynamic Pumps S. No. Parameter Positive Displacement Pumps Dynamic Pumps 1 Flow Rate Low flow rate High flow rate 2 Pressure High Moderate 3 Priming Very Rarely Always 4 Viscosity Virtually No effect Strong effect 5 Energy added to In positive displacement pumps, In dynamic pumps, energy is added to fluid the energy is added periodically to the fluid continuously through the the fluid. rotary motion of the blades. Reciprocating Pump • Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pumps thus for the functioning of these pumps no priming (No need to fill the cylinder with liquid before starting) is required in their starting. • High pressure is the main characters of this pump. Reciprocating Pump • In reciprocating pumps, the chamber in which the liquid is trapped or entered, is a stationary cylinder that contains piston or plunger or diaphragm. • Reciprocating pumps are used in limited applications because they require lots of maintenance. • Piston pump, plunger pumps, and diaphragm pumps are examples of reciprocating pump. -
Reciprocating Pump
Reciprocating Pump Nazaruddin Sinaga Efficiency and Energy Conservation Laboratory Diponegoro University Positive Displacement Pump Linear Type Reciprocating Type Rotary Type Piston Pump Diaphragm Pump Causes a fluid to move by trapping a fixed amount of it and then forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe. Also known as “Constant Flow Machines” Pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a reciprocating motion in a closed fitting cylinder. Crankshaft-connecting rod mechanism. Conversion of rotary to reciprocating motion. Entry and exit of fluid. Cylinder. Suction Pipe. Delivery Pipe. Suction valve. Delivery Valve. Triplex No generation of head. Because of the conversion of rotation to Crank-shaft Rotation linear motion, flow varies within each pump revolution. Flow variation for the triplex Quintuplex reciprocating is 23%. Flow variation for the quintuplex pump is 7.1%. Crank-shaft Rotation Reciprocating Pump Provides a nearly constant flow rate Centrifugal over a wider range of pressure. Pressure Pump Fluid viscosity has little effect on the flow rate as the pressure increases. Flow Rate They are reciprocating pumps that use a plunger or piston to move media through a cylindrical chamber. It is actuated by a steam powered, pneumatic, hydraulic, or electric drive. Other names are well service pumps, high pressure pumps, or high viscosity pumps. Cylindrical mechanism to create a reciprocating motion along an axis, which then builds pressure in a cylinder or working barrel to force gas or fluid through the pump. The pressure in the chamber actuates the valves at both the suction and discharge points. The volume of the fluid discharged is equal to the area of the plunger or piston, multiplied by its stroke length. -
High Efficiency VCR Engine with Variable Valve Actuation and New Supercharging Technology
AMR 2015 NETL/DOE Award No. DE-EE0005981 High Efficiency VCR Engine with Variable Valve Actuation and new Supercharging Technology June 12, 2015 Charles Mendler, ENVERA PD/PI David Yee, EATON Program Manager, PI, Supercharging Scott Brownell, EATON PI, Valvetrain This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information. ENVERA LLC Project ID Los Angeles, California ACE092 Tel. 415 381-0560 File 020408 2 Overview Timeline Barriers & Targets Vehicle-Technology Office Multi-Year Program Plan Start date1 April 11, 2013 End date2 December 31, 2017 Relevant Barriers from VT-Office Program Plan: Percent complete • Lack of effective engine controls to improve MPG Time 37% • Consumer appeal (MPG + Performance) Budget 33% Relevant Targets from VT-Office Program Plan: • Part-load brake thermal efficiency of 31% • Over 25% fuel economy improvement – SI Engines • (Future R&D: Enhanced alternative fuel capability) Budget Partners Total funding $ 2,784,127 Eaton Corporation Government $ 2,212,469 Contributing relevant advanced technology Contractor share $ 571,658 R&D as a cost-share partner Expenditure of Government funds Project Lead Year ending 12/31/14 $733,571 ENVERA LLC 1. Kick-off meeting 2. Includes no-cost time extension 3 Relevance Research and Development Focus Areas: Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) Approx. 8.5:1 to 18:1 Variable Valve Actuation (VVA) Atkinson cycle and Supercharging settings Advanced Supercharging High “launch” torque & low “stand-by” losses Systems integration Objectives 40% better mileage than V8 powered van or pickup truck without compromising performance. GMC Sierra 1500 baseline. Relevance to the VT-Office Program Plan: Advanced engine controls are being developed including VCR, VVA and boosting to attain high part-load brake thermal efficiency, and exceed VT-Office Program Plan mileage targets, while concurrently providing power and torque values needed for consumer appeal. -
I Lecture Note
Machine Dynamics – I Lecture Note By Er. Debasish Tripathy ( Assist. Prof. Mechanical Engineering Department, VSSUT, Burla, Orissa,India) Syllabus: Module – I 1. Mechanisms: Basic Kinematic concepts & definitions, mechanisms, link, kinematic pair, degrees of freedom, kinematic chain, degrees of freedom for plane mechanism, Gruebler’s equation, inversion of mechanism, four bar chain & their inversions, single slider crank chain, double slider crank chain & their inversion.(8) Module – II 2. Kinematics analysis: Determination of velocity using graphical and analytical techniques, instantaneous center method, relative velocity method, Kennedy theorem, velocity in four bar mechanism, slider crank mechanism, acceleration diagram for a slider crank mechanism, Klein’s construction method, rubbing velocity at pin joint, coriolli’s component of acceleration & it’s applications. (12) Module – III 3. Inertia force in reciprocating parts: Velocity & acceleration of connecting rod by analytical method, piston effort, force acting along connecting rod, crank effort, turning moment on crank shaft, dynamically equivalent system, compound pendulum, correction couple, friction, pivot & collar friction, friction circle, friction axis. (6) 4. Friction clutches: Transmission of power by single plate, multiple & cone clutches, belt drive, initial tension, Effect of centrifugal tension on power transmission, maximum power transmission(4). Module – IV 5. Brakes & Dynamometers: Classification of brakes, analysis of simple block, band & internal expanding shoe brakes, braking of a vehicle, absorbing & transmission dynamometers, prony brakes, rope brakes, band brake dynamometer, belt transmission dynamometer & torsion dynamometer.(7) 6. Gear trains: Simple trains, compound trains, reverted train & epicyclic train. (3) Text Book: Theory of machines, by S.S Ratan, THM Mechanism and Machines Mechanism: If a number of bodies are assembled in such a way that the motion of one causes constrained and predictable motion to the others, it is known as a mechanism. -
WSA Engineering Branch Training 3
59 RECIPROCATING STEAM ENGINES Reciprocating type main engines have been used to propel This is accomplished by the guide and slipper shown in the ships, since Robert Fulton first installed one in the Clermont in drawing. 1810. The Clermont's engine was a small single cylinder affair which turned paddle wheels on the side of the ship. The boiler was only able to supply steam to the engine at a few pounds pressure. Since that time the reciprocating engine has been gradually developed into a much larger and more powerful engine of several cylinders, some having been built as large as 12,000 horsepower. Turbine type main engines being much smaller and more powerful were rapidly replacing reciprocating engines, when the present emergency made it necessary to return to the installation of reciprocating engines in a large portion of the new ships due to the great demand for turbines. It is one of the most durable and reliable type engines, providing it has proper care and lubrication. Its principle of operation consists essentially of a cylinder in which a close fitting piston is pushed back and forth or up and down according to the position of the cylinder. If steam is admitted to the top of the cylinder, it will expand and push the piston ahead of it to the bottom. Then if steam is admitted to the bottom of the cylinder it will push the piston back up. This continual back and forth movement of the piston is called reciprocating motion, hence the name, reciprocating engine. To turn the propeller the motion must be changed to a rotary one. -
INTERCOOLING-SUPERCHARGING PRINCIPLE: Part II- High-Pressure High-Performance Internal Combustion Engines with Intercooling-Supercharging
INTERCOOLING-SUPERCHARGING PRINCIPLE: Part II- High-pressure High-Performance Internal Combustion Engines With Intercooling-Supercharging Lin-Shu Wang ABSTRACT generation of industriallutility powerplants and the vehicle Since Brayton, Beau de Rochas, and Otto (1876) first propulsion engines. put forth the importance of compression before igni- tion/combustion, simple cycle internal-combustion engines have evolved into three successful types: gasoline engine, 1. INTRODUCTION diesel engine, and gas turbine. Raising compression ratio In Part 1 (Wang 1995) of this two-part paper. the leads to simultaneous increases in thermal efficiency and original formulation of the intercooling-supercharging engine specific power output. A large part of the continu- principle was introduced as a means for reducing exhaust ous improvement in performance of these three types of enthalpy loss from "simple-cycle" internal con~bustion engines has been achieved with increasing peak cycle engines. The focal point was the thermal efficiency pressure. improvement in engine systems-without requiring high Even designed at optimal peak cycle pressure, however, temperature heat exchanger. significant heat loss remains in the exhaust of internal In reviewing the simulation-study results, it was realized combustion engines. In Part 1 of this two-part paper the that the optimization procedures used were awkward or intercooling-supercharging principle was introduced as a ineffectual. In Part 2 the optimization procedure is means that reduces exhaust heat loss. In Part -
A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications Mahdi Darzi [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Energy Systems Commons Recommended Citation Darzi, Mahdi, "A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications" (2019). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4019. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4019 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications Mahdi Darzi Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the Energy Systems Commons A Framework for Energy Optimization of Small, Two-Stroke, Natural Gas Engines for Combined Heat and Power Applications Mahdi Darzi Dissertation submitted to Benjamin M. -
RECIPROCATING-PUMPS.Pdf
http://localhost:8101/moodle/file.php/14/Lesson_30.htm Module 10. Pumps Lesson 30 RECIPROCATING PUMPS 30.1 Introduction Reciprocating pumps create and displace a volume of liquid by the action of a reciprocating element. The pump consists of cylinder, piston or plunger and drive arrangement for to and fro motion of the piston. These pumps are called positive displacement pump as they delivers volume of the fluid filled in the cylinder irrespective of the delivery head and develops higher pressure as compared to centrifugal pumps. However, liquid discharge pressure is limited only by strength of structural parts. A pressure relief valve and a discharge check valve are normally required for reciprocating pumps. Reciprocating pump is used in milk homogenizer in dairy industry in order to develop high pressure. Reciprocating pumps can be further classified into two types, as given below. i) Piston Pumps ii) Diaphragm Pumps 30.2 Piston Pump Hand pump is a simplest form of piston pump used in villages for lifting water from the tube well. Though, these pumps are replaced by sub-mersible electrically operated pumps even in villages. The piston pump is one of the most common reciprocating pumps for a broad range of applications prior to the development of high speed centrifugal pumps. Reciprocating pumps are used in low flow rate applications with very high pressure. Fig. 30.1 Hand pump 30.2.1 Working of reciprocating pump Fig. 30.2 shows a single acting reciprocating pump having piston which moves forwards and backwards in a close fitting cylinder. The movement of piston in the cylinder is obtained by connecting the piston rod to crank by means of connecting rod. -
Compression Ratio Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions and Combustion in a Carbureted and PFI Small Engine
2007-01-3623 Compression Ratio Effects on Performance, Efficiency, Emissions and Combustion in a Carbureted and PFI Small Engine William P. Attard, Steven Konidaris, Ferenc Hamori, Elisa Toulson and Harry C. Watson University of Melbourne Copyright © 2007 SAE International ABSTRACT little information exists on small engines of this scale (~400 cm3), particularly modern four valve, pent roof This paper compares the performance, efficiency, designs. Comparatively, engines found in small emissions and combustion parameters of a prototype 3 passenger vehicles in today’s marketplace are usually two cylinder 430 cm engine which has been tested in a more than twice the cylinder capacity of the test engine. variety of normally aspirated (NA) modes with Hence, whether the previously found performance, compression ratio (CR) variations. Experiments were efficiency and emissions quantitative results due to CR completed using 98-RON pump gasoline with modes variations from larger, lower speed engines hold to small defined by alterations to the induction system, which engines of this scale is questioned. Several important included carburetion and port fuel injection (PFI). differences involving in-cylinder flow, combustion and The results from this paper provide some insight into the frictional/temperature affects may be expected as a CR effects for small NA spark ignition (SI) engines. This result of the reduced bore size and increased engine information provides future direction for the development speed. of smaller engines as engine downsizing grows in Carburetion is explored together with PFI as the majority popularity due to rising oil prices and recent carbon of these small scale engines still operate with the dioxide (CO2) emission regulations. -
Crank and Slider
Crank and Slider Introduction A crank and slider mechanism converts: rotary motion into reciprocating motion reciprocating motion into rotary motion. Crank A crank is a lever that is attached to a shaft. It is used to apply torque to the shaft or conversely, when the shaft is rotating, torque is applied to the lever. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Two examples of cranks are illustrated above. Figure 1 shows a bicycle crank, that is part of a chain and sprocket mechanism on a bicycle. Force is applied to the pedals attached to the crank in order to apply torque to the centre shaft and sprocket attached to it. Figure 2 shows a simple windlass used to haul rope that is usually would around a windlass. Modern versions of windlass mechanisms are used as yacht winches to haul the various ropes and steel cables (sheets and halyards) on yachts. Both of the examples above illustrate force being applied to the crank handle/pedal in order to apply torque to a shaft. Slider The most common type of slider used in crank and slider mechanisms is the piston used in internal combustion engines. Fuel is injected into a petrol engine cylinder. A spark causes the petrol to explode in the cylinder. The explosion forces the piston to move downward in the cylinder. A linkage called a connecting rod links the piston to the crank. The downward movement of the piston applies torque to the crank. As the crank rotates past the bottom of the stroke it begins to lift the piston to the top of the cylinder and push out the exhaust gases.