The Dream As Foetus
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NINAZU, the PERSONAL DEITY of GUDEA Toshiko KOBAYASHI*
NINAZU, THE PERSONAL DEITY OF GUDEA -The Continuity of Personal Deity of Rulers on the Royal Inscriptions of Lagash- Toshiko KOBAYASHI* I. Introduction 1. Historical materials from later periods For many years, I have examined the personal deities of rulers in Pre- Sargonic Lagash.(1) There are not many historical materials about the personal deities from Pre-Sargonic times. In as much as the materials are limited chiefly to the personal deities recorded in the royal inscriptions, not all aspects of personal deities are clear. In my paper "On Ninazu, as Seen in the Economic Texts of the Early Dynastic Lagas (1)" in Orient XXVIII, I discussed Ninazu, who appears in the administrative-economic texts of Pre-Sargonic Lagash. Ninazu appears only in the offering-lists in the reign of Uruinimgina, the last ruler of Pre-Sargonic Lagash. Based only on an analysis of the offering-lists, I argued that Ninazu was the personal deity of a close relative of Uruinimgina. In my investigation thus far of the extant historical materials from Pre-Sargonic Lagash, I have not found any royal inscriptions and administrative-economic texts that refer to Ninazu as dingir-ra-ni ("his deity"), that is, as his personal deity. However, in later historical materials two texts refer to Ninazu as "his deity."(2) One of the texts is FLP 2641,(3) a royal inscription by Gudea, engraved on a clay cone. The text states, "For his deity Ninazu, Gudea, ensi of Lagash, built his temple in Girsu." Gudea is one of the rulers belonging to prosperous Lagash in the Pre-Ur III period; that is, when the Akkad dynasty was in decline, after having been raided by Gutium. -
Women in the Ancient Near East: a Sourcebook
WOMEN IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST Women in the Ancient Near East provides a collection of primary sources that further our understanding of women from Mesopotamian and Near Eastern civiliza- tions, from the earliest historical and literary texts in the third millennium BC to the end of Mesopotamian political autonomy in the sixth century BC. This book is a valuable resource for historians of the Near East and for those studying women in the ancient world. It moves beyond simply identifying women in the Near East to attempting to place them in historical and literary context, follow- ing the latest research. A number of literary genres are represented, including myths and epics, proverbs, medical texts, law collections, letters and treaties, as well as building, dedicatory, and funerary inscriptions. Mark W. Chavalas is Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, where he has taught since 1989. Among his publications are the edited Emar: The History, Religion, and Culture of a Syrian Town in the Late Bronze Age (1996), Mesopotamia and the Bible (2002), and The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation (2006), and he has had research fellowships at Yale, Harvard, Cornell, Cal-Berkeley, and a number of other universities. He has nine seasons of exca- vation at various Bronze Age sites in Syria, including Tell Ashara/Terqa and Tell Mozan/Urkesh. ROUTLEDGE SOURCEBOOKS FOR THE ANCIENT WORLD HISTORIANS OF ANCIENT ROME, THIRD EDITION Ronald Mellor TRIALS FROM CLASSICAL ATHENS, SECOND EDITION Christopher Carey ANCIENT GREECE, THIRD EDITION Matthew Dillon and Lynda Garland READINGS IN LATE ANTIQUITY, SECOND EDITION Michael Maas GREEK AND ROMAN EDUCATION Mark Joyal, J.C. -
The Twelfth Planet
The Twelfth Planet The Earth Chronicles, #1 by Zecharia Sitchin, 1920-2010 Published: 1976 J J J J J I I I I I Table of Contents Author‘s Note Prologue Genesis. & Chapter 1 … The Endless Beginning. Chapter 2 … The Sudden Civilization. Chapter 3 … Gods of Heaven and Earth. Chapter 4 … Sumer: Land of the Gods. Chapter 5 … The Nefilim: People of the Fiery Rockets. Chapter 6 … The Twelfth Planet. Chapter 7 … The Epic of Creation. Chapter 8 … Kingship of Heaven. Chapter 9 … Landing on Planet Earth. Chapter 10 … Cities of the Gods. Chapter 11 … Mutiny of the Anunnaki. Chapter 12 … The Creation of Man. Chapter 13 … The End of All Flesh. Chapter 14 … When the Gods Fled from Earth. Chapter 15 … Kingship on Earth. Sources About the Series Acknowledgements * * * * * Illustrations 1-1 Flintstones 1-2 Man has been preserved [attached] 1-3 Wearing some kind of goggles 2-4 Alphabets 2-5 Winged Globe 2-6 Layout of City 2-7 Cuneiform 2-8 Storage of Grains 2-9 Measuring rod and rolled string 2-10 Tablet of Temple [attached] 2-11 Ziggurat (Stairway to Heaven) 2-12 Cylinder Seal 2-13 Mathematical System 2-14 Surgical Thongs 2-15 Medical Radiation Treatment 2-16 Toga-style Clothing 2-17 Headdress 2-18 Head Jewelry 2-19 Horse Power 2-20 Harp Playing 2 Ancient Cities [attached] 3-21 Battle between Zeus and Typhon 3-22 Aphrodite 3-23 Jupiter 3-24 Taurus, Celestial Bull 3-25 Hittite Warriors 3-26 Hittite Warriors and Deities 3-27 Hittite Male and Female Deities 3-28 Meeting of Great Gods 3-29 Deities Meeting, Beit-Zehir 3-30 Eye Goggles of Gods 3-31 Goggles -
Similarities and Differences Between the Old Testament and the Ancient Near Eastern Texts
Andrews University Seminary Studies, Vol. 49, No. 1, 5-32. Copyright © 2011 Andrews University Press. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE OLD TESTAMENT AND THE ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN TEXTS ROBE R TO OU R O Adventist School of Theology Sagunto, Valencia, Spain Introduction In 1902, the noted Assyriologist Friedrich Delitzsch presented a series of lectures on comparative studies under the auspices of the German Oriental Society. Delitzsch’s lectures, entitled “Babel und Bibel,” claimed that the literature of the Bible was dependent on, and even borrowed from, the literature of Mesopotamia. He questioned the appropriateness of the traditional theological terminology used to describe the Bible (e.g., revelation, inspiration) in light of its now evident dependency.1 Delitzsch’s work spawned a movement called “Pan-Babylonianism,” which argued that all world myths and Christian Scriptures (OT and NT) were simply versions of Babylonian mythology.2 As the series developed, however, it became clear that the lecturer’s motives were not entirely pure. His interest was to minimize the values of OT teaching so that it could be contrasted with that of the NT.3 The widespread interest in finding connections between the Bible and other ANE cultures has bred its own reaction in the warning raised by several scholars against exaggerating the importance of such similarities, a practice baptized with the name “parallelomania.”4 Of particular concern has been the often tacit assumption that such parallels can be construed as evidence for a genetic connection between the cultures that share them. Despite such warnings, the pendulum of biblical studies has continued to swing back and forth with remarkable regularity over the generations, as initial archeological discoveries have led to enthusiastic claims of similarities with various biblical practices and the implied, if not always stated, conclusion that these constitute the source for the biblical practice in question. -
ANE Deities Compared Genesis 1-11 the Babylonians and Akkadians Adopted the Sumerian Pantheon with Little Changes
ANE Deities Compared Genesis 1-11 The Babylonians and Akkadians adopted the Sumerian pantheon with little changes. Gods were often renamed but their role and status in the pantheon generally remained the same. The dominance of Babylon, however, also led to the ascendancy of the god of Babylon: Marduk assumed power over An, Enlil, and Enki. Sumerian Aspect of Deity Babylonian/Akkadian An God of the heavens Anu Enlil God of the earth and air Enlil / Ellil Enki God of water; Ea god of wisdom and magic Ninhursag (Nimmah, Nintu, Ki) Mother-goddess Aruru Nanna-Sin Moon god Sin Utu Sun God; Shamash god of justice Ereshkigal Goddess of the underworld Nergal Ishkur Storm god Marduk (Adad, Ashur, Bel) Abzu Primordial sweet-water ocean Apsu (Enki’s abode) Nanshe The salt-water ocean Tiamat1 Dumuzi God of vegetation; god of the Tammuz underworld; shepherd god Inanna Fertility goddess; Ishtar goddess of love and war Ashnan God of grain Dagan Nidaba, Nisaba God of scribes, literacy, Nabu and wisdom Anunnaki2 Lesser gods, workers Anunnaki, Igigi2 Blue = the supreme gods (highest of the seven primary gods) Red = additional members of the seven primary gods Green = other important gods 1 Enuma Elish tells the story of Marduk’s victory over the sea monster Tiamat. 2 Anunnaki and Igigi are both collective terms for a group of otherwise nameless gods. It is uncertain whether or not they stand for the same group of gods. The Anunnaki seem to hold a higher position. Chart inspired by G. Herbert Livingston, The Pentateuch and Its Cultural Environment (pp. -
\Ыщ ^ PROBLEMS (F HITTITE ART Lo MS - 1
\ыщ ^ PROBLEMS (F HITTITE ART lo MS - 1 - W^iat is {f-W-tite art? What place does it occupy amo ng other arts of the Ancient ^ast? ?rhat means the паше/ Rarely any art has been so problema tic alt « __ 'Hwy-jaoaorn ara a Hittite/is derived from Mb±±tH3_L \ TçhittTm, used a couple of times^to designate not always the same, but people of an old native group in - -yria fi and neighböurjSS-jiÄ^W^Hebr. Khi ti, As syr, Khatti, E*. gyp t. He ta, all reflect an original khatti7~nâ!Hg~''ôî^b~ origines in middle AsiaMinor, who)!? spoke a language ф t <У <ЩР »'•j-kiiingiBQ» Щ a rare Caucasian уяг.^/Гу- and who had ootab-- Ш__№'1 a state of their own in the 5rd and the beginni ng of the 2nd millennium B.C.- s - . -nA- îè^^cA ,- i-tyU —- •"bout 1800^they »vere conquered by another nation, perhaps newcomers, who established a mighty empire and destroyed, in 1750, what regained of the old Sumero-Ak- 1 Ü№\ СЛАллЛ,, ЫАМ k-vv- ft 4 kadian glory in Babylonia. Ш«н__. ;тйтл i|4re\unknown, as is their name. 3й theft e; nlrn yrlnnguage somehow related to the Indo-Europ. family, which tihr— . «.1«. n»3ìiiwì nasili, "Nastan". Perhaps that *т& . al s^ their real ethnical name^ ^dt^-b^r//w^- é*«*? ,/ * Н4*СА*Э<Г . - ил** , jfëfaét,; &*4* /r Л u^a --, * 1\ C^U^CAJ - Hi . 2 - We know the. ."language well froe the thousands of doc- 4— uments fro® Boghazköi. -
Mesopotamian Early Dyanstic Bull-Lyres
XIV Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, 2013. Mesopotamian Early Dyanstic Bull-Lyres. Renate Marian van Dijk. Cita: Renate Marian van Dijk (2013). Mesopotamian Early Dyanstic Bull-Lyres. XIV Jornadas Interescuelas/Departamentos de Historia. Departamento de Historia de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza. Dirección estable: https://www.aacademica.org/000-010/2 Acta Académica es un proyecto académico sin fines de lucro enmarcado en la iniciativa de acceso abierto. Acta Académica fue creado para facilitar a investigadores de todo el mundo el compartir su producción académica. Para crear un perfil gratuitamente o acceder a otros trabajos visite: https://www.aacademica.org. Mesopotamian Early Dynastic Bull-Lyres Renate Marian VAN DIJK1 1. Introduction Among the most famous artefacts from Early Dynastic Mesopotamia are the stringed musical instruments decorated with bull’s heads which were excavated at the Royal Cemetery at Ur By Sir Leonard Woolley between 1922 and 1934. The bull-lyres from Ur are the most famous, but they are not the only examples. Although no other complete bull-lyre has been excavated, bull’s head protomes are known from various sites across Mesopotamia. There are also depictions of bull-lyres in glyptic and other art forms. While these instruments are often called harps (e.g. Perry 2013:10), they are actually lyres. The main difference between lyres and harps is that the lyre has two arms rising from the body or soundbox and ending at a crossbar to which the upper ends of the string are attached. -
Begone Dingir
Common sumerian words for magickal purposes Akhkharu = Vampire Alal = Destroyer Alla Xul = Evil God Barra! = Begone Dingir Xul = Evil God Edin Na Zu = Go to the desert! (a form of exorcism) Gelal = Incubus Gigim Xul = Evil Spirit Gidim Xul = Evil Ghost Idimmu = Demon Idpa = Fever Kashshaptu = Witch Lalartu = Phantom Lalassu = Spectre Lilit = Succubus Maskim Xul = Evil Fiend (Ambusher, Lier-In-Wait) Mulla Xul = Evil Devil Rabishu = Sam As Maskim Xul Telal = Wicked Demon (Warrior) Uggae = God Of Death Uruku = Larvae Utuk Xul = Evil Spirit Names of People|Gods|Places / Words for People|Gods|Places ADAR = Star of NINASU AMAUSHUMGALANNA = Lord of Bread of Life ('date clusters') ANSHAR = Foremost of the Heavens ANSHARGAL = Great Prince of Heaven ANU = the Heavenly One BADTIBIRA = Land (bright land) Where the Ores are Made Final BUZUR = God of the Deep Mines (God Who Solves Secrets) DAMKIANNA = Mistress of Earth and Heaven DUMUZI = Son Who is Life EA = He Whose House is Water EANNA = House of Anu EBABBAR = House of the Rising Sun EDIN (valley of Edin) = Land of Mas EENGURRA = House of the Lord Whose Return is Triumphant EGISNUGAL or GISNU = House Causing Light EHURSAGKALAMMA = Mountainhead for all the Lands EKUR or KUR or KURGAL = House Mountain (great mountain) EKUR = House Which is Like a Mountain EMEURANNA = House of the ME's of ANU's Hero ENKI = Lord of Earth ENLIL = Lord of Airspace EZINU = Goddess of the Grain GIBIL = One of Fire GULA or BAU = Lady Who the Dead Brings Back to Life HEBAT = Lady of the Skies HURSAGMU = Mountain of the Sky-Chambers -
With Roots in the Abzu and Crown in the Sky: Temple Construction in Between Myth and Reality
With roots in the Abzu and crown in the sky: Temple construction in between myth and reality - A study of the Eninnu temple of the Gudea cylinders as divine house and cosmic link. Fig. 1: Statue of Gudea. Anne Rebekka Øiseth A dissertation presented to Institutt for Kulturstudier at the University of Oslo, for partial fulfilment of the degree of Master in History of Religion. August 2007 2 Preface The major background work for this dissertation consisted in reading through the entire text of the Gudea cylinders, from the original hand-copies of the cuneiform to comparing various translations. The opportunity to go through the text in this manner has been a priceless aid in the further work with this dissertation, and provided me with a familiarity with the Cylinders I would never otherwise have obtained. Hence, my sincerest thanks go to those individuals who made this a possible and, not least, entertaining and inspiring undertaking! I worked through Cylinder A together with Mr. Alexander Lange Ziesler, much of the time in his sitting room encouraged by his impressive red cat and many a strong coffee, during the best part of a year of regular reading sessions. Thank you for sharing so generously of your time and knowledge! Partly preceding and overlapping this period, we read through Cylinder B at the weekly seminar of the Norwegian Institute of Palaeography and Historical Philology, which is lead by Professor Jens Braarvig. It was here I was first introduced to the Gudea text and became inspired and encouraged to make its study my own project. -
When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 391 773 SO 026 102 TITLE When Kingship Descended from Heaven: Masterpieces of Mesopotamian Art from the Louvre. INSTITUTION Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery. PUB DATE 92 NOTE 35p. AVAILABLE FROMEducation Department, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560 ($10 plus $4.50 shipping and handling; packet includes six color slides). PUB TYPE Audiovisual/Non-Print Materials (100) Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner)(051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Ancient History; Area Studies; *Art History; Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; Leaders; Leadership Styles; Social Studies IDENTIFIERS Dynasties; Mesopotamia; *Mesopotamian Art; *Mesopotamian Culture ABSTRACT This teaching packet, designed for students in grades 6 through 9, explores the role of rulers in ancient Mesopotamian society and examines the depiction of those rulers in Mesopotamian art. Students are encouraged tc compare present-day political leaders with ancient Mesopotamian ruters. The guide includes:(1) background information for teachers;(2) introductory activities for students; (3) descriptions and discussions for each of six "Slides" included with the packet;(4) follow-up activities for students; (5) an annotated bibliogrti2hy; (6) a glossary; and (7) a chronology of Mesopotamian dynasties. (MM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by -
Metoo-Potamia (Or Systemic Gender Inequality in Mesopotamia) by Greta Van Buylaere
#MeToo-potamia (or systemic gender inequality in Mesopotamia) By Greta Van Buylaere The contributions of women to Mesopotamian society, while significant, are largely invisible to contemporary eyes. They are underrepresented, and their achievements mostly ignored, in the cuneiform records. Composed mainly by men, the sources offer us only a partial picture of women’s public and private duties, responsibilities and achievements. It is clear that, just like today, men restricted women’s personal and professional lives in order to change the gender balance to their advantage. However, things may have been different 5000 years ago… In the oldest stories, like Enmerkar and En-suḫkeš-ana, there are women who were esteemed for their wisdom and inventiveness, their care for others and their femininity. But with the growing power of men and male professionals, especially in medicine and healing, women’s activities become less visible and are progressively restricted to the household. Women who do not conform to the norms set by men are perceived and presented in increasingly negative ways. By the first millennium BCE, female professionals and their esoteric wisdom are frowned upon; scholarship and learning are the prerogatives of men. Non-normative women, such as women performing cultic functions and/or midwifery, are regarded as a threat, which led to their demonization as “witches” in anti-witchcraft rituals. Systemic gender inequality is nothing new. The constrained conditions for women in first millennium BCE Mesopotamia are interesting to consider in light of the contemporary call for more gender equality and diversity in the workplace and in positions of leadership. -
The Gods Išum and Ḫendursanga: Night Watchmen and Street-Lighting in Babylonia
The Gods Išum and Ḫendursanga: Night Watchmen and Street-lighting in Babylonia A. R. GEORGE, SOAS, University of London* The ancient Mesopotamian gods Išum and Ḫen- tion is given formal expression in god-lists and other dursanga have been studied separately and together.1 academic texts, such as the Old Babylonian (hereafter, It is not the purpose here to repeat the evidence and OB) Nippur god-list (SLT 123 iv 18′–19 and dupls.), ideas put forward in these studies, but to explore OB Diri Nippur 10: 10–11, the later Weidner god-list a role of these two gods that has repercussions for (KAV 63 iv 24 and dupls.), and Aa I/7 c 6′. These are our knowledge of the urban environment in ancient well known and will not be illustrated by quotation Mesopotamia. here. An additional attestation, however, is furnished by a fragmentary three-column list known from the library of the temple of Nabû at Nimrud,2 and an The Names of Išum unpublished Late Babylonian fragment documented From at least the Old Babylonian period, the two by copy and transliteration in the Nachlass of the late gods were identified as one deity, Ḫendursanga in W. G. Lambert (Folios 1693, 7522). The list gives Sumerian contexts, Išum in Akkadian. Their equa- four or five entries on Išum-Ḫendursanga and then his wife, Ninmug: * Abbreviations used in this article unless otherwise stated fol- CTN IV pl. 133 ND 5556 ii′ 12′–17′ low the CAD (The Assyrian Dictionary of the University of Chicago dPA [Chicago, 1956–2010]).