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Egress As Part of Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings

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Egress As Part of Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings MASTER EGRESS AS PART OF FIRE SAFETY IN THESIS HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS Redesign of Koningin Julianaplein Yang Sun | EGRESS AS PART OF FIRE SAFETY IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS MASTER OF SCIENCE THESIS Yang Sun January, 2013 The work described in this thesis was cooperated with DGMR Bouw B.V., their support was gratefully acknowledged. Egress as Part of Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings 1 Author: Yang Sun Student No.: 4121988 Place, date: Delft, January 2013 Graduation Committee: Committee chair Prof. Ir. Rob Nijsse TU Delft, Building Engineering External supervisor Bj rn Peters DGMR Bouw B.V., the Hague ö Supervisor Ir. Roel Schipper TU Delft, Building Engineering Supervisor Prof. Dr. Ir. Serge Hoogendoorn TU Delft, Transport and Planning Master Program of Building Engineering Building Technology and Physics Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology DGMR Bouw B.V. Department of Fire Safety The Hague, the Netherlands 2 Abstract Egress as Part of Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings 3 ABSTRACT The process of evacuating some large high-rise buildings may take upwards of several hours. One question that needs to be asked, however, is whether it is feasible and desirable to completely evacuate the high-rise building in fires. This research seeks to remedy this problem by proposing one or more efficient egress plan(s) for high-rise buildings. Investigation into a number of Dutch projects, international fire codes and state-of-the-art literature laid the foundation for this study. Four egress plans have been presented from a worldwide perspective for a specific certain building: Koningin Julianaplein in The Hague, the Netherlands. At least ten egress possibilities have been presented with respect to different fire scenarios. Assessment results of all egress possibilities suggest that partial evacuation appears to be the most appropriate strategy for Koningin Julianaplein, which results in a reduction in egress time by as much as 50% (defend-in-place) and 43% (relocation). While for office towers under relatively high occupant loading, phased evacuation has positive effect on the egress efficiency in comparison with traditional simultaneous evacuation. Key words: high-rise building, building fires, egress, evacuation, fire safety 4 Acknowledgements ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praises and thanks to my Lord for granting me the capability to accomplish this thesis, and for all the grace and blessings He has been bestowed upon me during this research. Glory to God in the highest. To be able to finish the study, I have been supported by many people. I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to all of them. Special thanks to all the committee members: the committee chairman Prof. Ir. Rob Nijsse who has made this research possible, and thanks to his efforts in organizing all meetings. I am particularly grateful to Bj rn Peters for offering ö me the opportunity to work at DGMR Bouw B.V., and instructing me with very valuable advice in every discussion. Thanks to my subject supervisor Dr. Ir. Serge Hoogendoorn and Ir. Roel Schipper for guiding me with their patience and feedback. I hereby acknowledge Serge’s PhD students Dorine Duives and Kongjin Zhu for their help in the basic theory of traffic engineering. Also, I would very much appreciate the support from Ir. Karel Terwel for providing sufficient information before the start of my graduation thesis. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all my colleagues in the fire safety department of DGMR, The Hague office. Peter van de Leur has guided me since my internship. He explains everything in an extremely clear way that all difficult problems become more easily comprehensible. I would like to sincerely thank Michael Haas for his patient guidance in every discussion. Moreover, he provided the original version of relevant chapters from the book he is working on (Dutch title: Basisboek FSE - Naslagwerk voor Fire Safety Engineers). Michiel Campagne, my office roommate, who helped me with understanding the basic fire safety design concept as well as many pertinent provisions in NEN norms. Alexander Winthorst showed me the Dutch way of calculating the theoretical egress time, checking the flow/storage capacity, and provided adequate assistance on numerous related design issues. Further, I wish to extend my sincerest thanks to Auke van Dam, Minke Minlius, Mirjam Elsas, Pauline Wilting, Ralph Boekholtz, Ronald Kappert, Sabrina Bannink and Sander van Rosmalen for their much-appreciated assistance in carrying out all kinds of problems. In addition to work, due to the culture differences between China and the Netherlands, we shared lots of pleasant experiences. I truly enjoyed working at DGMR. More importantly, words are inadequate to express my gratitude to my parents for their unreserved love, support and encouragement throughout my two-year overseas study. Also, a very special thanks to all my brothers and sisters in our Church: Pastor Chow and Pastor Yuen, Christy, Collie, Daniel, Erlin, Martha, Mengqiu, Philip, Rachel, Sala, Sharon, Susanna, Qijing and Yuanming et cetera, for their care through prayers in all kinds of circumstances. To my great housemates Himawan and Ronald, thank you for supporting me day by day. Sincere thanks to all my friends in the Netherlands, especially Baihui Song, Bihao Song, Chao Chen, Chongxi Zhao, Ethan Leung, Jianping Xu, Jonathan, Qian Feng, Sarah, Xiaoliang Ge, Yifan Pan, Ying Cui, Yao Cheng, Yun Cao, and Zhan Luo et cetera. Furthermore, I wish to express my deep appreciation to my closest friends back in Beijing for sharing my happiness and sadness, contributing valuable study materials for my Egress as Part of Fire Safety in High-rise Buildings 5 internship and final thesis, thanks goes to Duanduan Yu, Ning Yang, Shan Gao, Shiyang Liu, Siruo Jia, Wei Feng, Yan Liu, Yao Chen, Yifan Feng, Ying Gu, Ying Zhao, Yuling Gao, Zhangyu Zeng and so forth. Last but not least, I hope this thesis would contribute to the improvement of the high-rise egress design industry in the Netherlands, and the entire world. Delft, January 2013 6 Contents CONTENTS Abstract .................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Contents ................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................. 10 List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 15 1.1 General Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 16 1.2 Characteristics of High-rise Fires .................................................................................................................................. 17 1.2.1 Fire and Smoke Spread ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.2 Compartmentation ................................................................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.3 Fire Egress....................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.4 Involvement of Fire Department .......................................................................................................................... 20 1.3 Fire Damage ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 2 Research Question and Approach ...................................................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.2 Research Question .................................................................................................................................................................... 24 2.3 Thesis Objective .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Research Approach .................................................................................................................................................................. 26 2.5 Constraints ........................................................................................................................................................................................
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