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A Universal Amazigh Keyboard for Latin Script and Tifinagh
LES RESSOURCES LANGAGIERES : CONSTRUCTION ET EXPLOITATION A universal Amazigh keyboard for Latin script and Tifinagh Paul Anderson [email protected] 1. Introduction Systems of Amazigh text encoding and corresponding keyboard layouts have tended to be narrowly aimed at specific user communities, because of differences in phonology and orthography across Amazigh language variants1. Keyboard layouts for language variants have therefore lacked orthographic features found in other regions. This restricted focus impedes users' experimentation with the writing of other Amazigh regional variants and converged literary forms where they differ in orthographic features or in script. So far there has been no way to type more than a handful of Amazigh variants intuitively on any one layout even within one script. This fragmented development has meant that keyboard driver implementations have often lagged behind advances in technology, and have usually failed to take into account general keyboard layout design, ergonomy and typing speed, and solutions from other Amazigh regions or non-Amazigh languages. Some users even preferred to improvise key definitions based on their own understanding, which often resulted in mistaken use of lookalike letters and diacritics. Keyboard layouts have also failed to provide for Amazigh minority populations around the world, and have considered the multilingual context of Amazigh language use only locally. Several scripts are commonly used to write Amazigh variants, and even within a script there are different orthographies in use. Some orthographies are formal 1 I use the term 'language variant' since distinguishing 'dialect' and 'language' is not necessary here. ~ 165 ~ LES RESSOURCES LANGAGIERES : CONSTRUCTION ET EXPLOITATION standards. In others, some features are obsolete but still in use, some features are still disputed, and some features are regional usages or personal initiatives, or are required only for writing more phonetically. -
Plaquette De Présentation De Bépo Est Sous Double Licence CC-BY-SA Et GFDL ©2014 Association Ergodis, Avec L’Aimable Collaboration De Ploum
Installation moins Bépo s’installe sur la plupart des systèmes , de (Windows, OSX, BSD, Android) et est déjà inclus s dans GNU/Linux, Haiku et FirefoxOS. t m Vous pouvez également télécharger l’archive o « nomade » qui vous permet d’utiliser bépo a partout où vous allez sans avoir besoin d’installer m u préalablement un logiciel. x Rien n’est définitif ! il vous est toujours possible de e basculer en un clic sur votre ancienne disposition. d Apprentissage s u Bépo est conçu pour une utilisation en l aveugle à dix doigts, c’est plus facile P qu’on peut le penser et plus confortable. Choisissez un logiciel de dactylographie et pratiquez les exercices pendant 10 à 15 minutes par jour. la disposition de clavier L’apprentissage de bépo est simplifié par ergonomique, francophone et le fait que dès les premières leçons, vous libre écrivez de vrais mots et non des suites de lettres dénuées de sens. De plus, les caractères de la couche AltGr par l’association sont installés de manière mnémotechnique. Même sans pratique, vous n’oublierez pas les acquis de votre ancienne disposition : C’est comme le vélo, un petit temps d’adaptation et c’est reparti ! Claviers Un clavier avec un marquage particulier Tapez facilement à dix doigts n’est pas nécessaire et est même dans votre langue. contre-indiqué lors de l’apprentissage. http://bepo.fr/ Cependant, il existe des autocollants à coller sur vos touches permettant Notre communauté est prête à d’adapter un clavier existant et même répondre à toutes vos questions. -
The Yubikey Manual
The YubiKey Manual Usage, configuration and introduction of basic concepts Version: 3.4 Date: 27 March, 2015 The YubiKey Manual Disclaimer The contents of this document are subject to revision without notice due to continued progress in methodology, design, and manufacturing. Yubico shall have no liability for any error or damages of any kind resulting from the use of this document. The Yubico Software referenced in this document is licensed to you under the terms and conditions accompanying the software or as otherwise agreed between you or the company that you are representing. Trademarks Yubico and YubiKey are trademarks of Yubico AB. Contact Information Yubico AB Kungsgatan 37, 8 floor 111 56 Stockholm Sweden [email protected] © Yubico, 2015 Page 2 of 40 Version: Yubikey Manual 3.4 The YubiKey Manual Contents 1 Document Information 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Audience 1.3 Related documentation 1.4 Document History 1.5 Definitions 2 Introduction and basic concepts 2.1 Basic concepts and terms 2.2 Functional blocks 2.3 Security rationale 2.4 OATH-HOTP mode 2.5 Challenge-response mode 2.6 YubiKey NEO 2.7 YubiKey versions and parametric data 2.8 YubiKey Nano 3 Installing the YubiKey 3.1 Inserting the YubiKey for the first time (Windows XP) 3.2 Verifying the installation (Windows XP) 3.3 Installing the key under Mac OS X 3.4 Installing the YubiKey on other platforms 3.5 Understanding the LED indicator 3.6 Testing the installation 3.7 Installation troubleshooting 4 Using the YubiKey 4.1 Using multiple configurations (from version 2.0) 4.2 Updating a -
How to Enter Foreign Language Characters on Computers
How to Enter Foreign Language Characters on Computers Introduction Current word processors and operating systems provide a large number of methods for writing special characters such as accented letters used in foreign languages. Unfortunately, it is not always obvious just how to enter such characters. Moreover, even when one knows a method of typing an accented letter, there may be a much simpler method for doing the same thing. This note may help you find the most convenient method for typing such characters. The choice of method will largely depend on how frequently you have to type in foreign languages. 1 The “ALT Key” Method This is the most common method of entering special characters. It always works, regardless of what pro- gram you are using. On both PCs and Macs, you can write foreign characters in any application by combining the ALT key (the key next to the space bar) with some alphabetic characters (on the Mac) or numbers (on PCs), pro- vided you type numbers on the numeric keypad, rather than using the numbers at the top of the keyboard. To do that, of course, also requires your NumLock Key to be turned on, which it normally will be. For example, On the Mac, ALT + n generates “ñ”. On the PC, ALT + (number pad) 164 or ALT + (number pad) 0241 generate “ñ”. A list of three- and four-digit PC codes for some common foreign languages appears at the end of this note. 2 The “Insert Symbol” Method Most menus in word processors and other applications offer access to a window displaying all the printable characters in a particular character set. -
Letter Frequency Analysis of Languages Using Latin Alphabet
International Linguistics Research; Vol. 1, No. 1; 2018 ISSN 2576-2974 E-ISSN 2576-2982 https://doi.org/10.30560/ilr.v1n1p18 Letter Frequency Analysis of Languages Using Latin Alphabet Gintautas Grigas1 & Anita Juškevičienė1 1 Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Vilnius University, Lithuania Correspondence: Anita Juškevičienė, Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Vilnius University, Akademijos str. 4, LT-08663, Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel: 370-5210-9314. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received: February 23, 2018; Accepted: March 8, 2018; Published: March 26, 2018 Abstract The evaluation of the peculiarities of alphabets, particularly the frequency of letters is essential when designing keyboards, analysing texts, designing alphabet-based games, and doing some text mining. Thus, it is important to determine what might be useful for designers of text input tools, and of other technologies related to sets of letters. Knowledge of common features among different languages gives an opportunity to take advantage of the experience of other languages. Nowadays an increasing amount of texts is published on the Internet. In order to adequately compare the frequencies of letters in different languages used in the online space, Wikipedia texts have been selected as a source material for investigation. This paper presents the Method of the Adjacent Letter Frequency Differences in the frequency line, which helps to evaluate frequency breakpoints. This is a uniform evaluation criterion for 25 main languages using Latin script in order to highlight the similarities and differences among them. Research focuses on the letter frequency analysis in the area of rarely used native letters and frequently used foreign letters in a particular language. -
Belgian AZERTY Keyboard
Belgians, Flemings: Demand your Swiss Keyboard! Serge Y. Stroobandt Copyright 2013–2015, licensed under Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Belgian AZERTY keyboard Three variants: French, Belgian and Tamazight (Berber). The AZERTY layout is used in France, Belgium and some African countries. It differs from the QWERTY layout in this: • The location of the [A] and [Q] keys are interchanged. • The location of the [Z] and [W] keys are interchanged. • [M] is moved to the right of [L] (where [; :] is on a US keyboard), • The digits [0] to [9] are on the same keys, but to be typed the shift key must be pressed. The unshifted positions are used for accented characters, • [Caps lock] is replaced by [Shift lock] , thus affecting non-letter keys as well. However, there is an ongoing evolution towards a [Caps lock] key instead of a [Shift lock] . It is used by most French speakers based in Europe, though France and Bel- gium each have their own national variations on the layout. Luxemburg and the French-speaking part of Switzerland use the Swiss QWERTZ keyboard. Most of the residents of Quebec, the mainly French-speaking province of Canada, use a QWERTY keyboard that has been adapted to the French lan- guage, although the government of Quebec and the Canadian federal gov- ernment stipulate and use the Multilingual Standard keyboard CAN/CSA Z243.200-92.[1][2][3] Het is de meest gebruikelijke indeling in België en in Frankrijk. Het toetsen- bord is ontworpen om gemakkelijk Franstalige teksten te kunnen invoeren, doch wordt niet alleen in Franstalige gebieden gebruikt: in heel België, waaron- der het Nederlandstalige Vlaanderen, is AZERTY de norm. -
Toward a Historically Faithful Performance of the Piano Works of Anton´Inqweˇrt´Y
15 Toward a historically faithful performance of the piano works of Anton´ınQweˇrt´y William Gunther Brian Kell Google, Inc. Google, Inc. [email protected] [email protected] SIGBOVIK ’18 Carnegie Mellon University April −2, 2018 Concrete The great Czech composer Anton´ın Dvoˇr´ak (1841–1904) wrote many pieces for the piano, including the famous Humoresque No. 7 in G-flat Ma- jor [2]. Unfortunately, typical performances of these works today sound nothing like what the composer intended because most modern pianos are configured with a different keyboard layout. Through painstaking histor- ical research, we have reconstructed the original Dvoˇr´ak piano keyboard layout. We have applied this discovery by transposing the Humoresque so that it is playable on a modern piano, enabling the first historically faithful performance of this piece in over a century. 1 92 Figure 1: A Dvorak keyboard with the original or “classic” layout [3]. There are several variants of the Dvorak layout, but Dvoˇr´akwas a classical composer, so this is almost certainly the one he used. Furthermore, this layout has 44 white keys (not counting the spacebar, which is clearly used only for rests). That is exactly half of the number of keys on a piano. Thus we may confidently conclude that the left half of Dvoˇr´ak’s piano layout was just these 44 keys, while the right half was the same keys again with the Shift key held down. Figure 2: A modern QWERTY keyboard with the United States layout [4]. This layout has 47 white keys (not counting the spacebar), but obviouslythree of them are useless: nobody really needs the characters ‘~]}\| [1]. -
An Improved Arabic Keyboard Layout
Sci.Int.(Lahore),33(1),5-15,2021 ISSN 1013-5316; CODEN: SINTE 8 5 AN IMPROVED ARABIC KEYBOARD LAYOUT 1Amjad Qtaish, 2Jalawi Alshudukhi, 3Badiea Alshaibani, 4Yosef Saleh, 5Salam Bazrawi College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT: One of the most important human–machine interaction (HMI) systems is the computer keyboard. The keyboard layout (KL) dictates how a person interacts with a physical keyboard through the way in which the letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and symbols are mapped and arranged on the keyboard. Mapping letters onto the keys of a keyboard is complex because many issues need to be taken into considerations, such as the nature of the language, finger fatigue, hand balance, typing speed, and distance traveled by fingers during typing and finger movements. There are two main kinds of KL: English and Arabic. Although numerous research studies have proposed different layouts for the English keyboard, there is a lack of research studies that focus on the Arabic KL. To address this lack, this study analyzed and clarified the limitations of the standard legacy Arabic KL. Then an efficient Arabic KL was proposed to overcome the limitations of the current KL. The frequency of Arabic letters and bi-gram probabilities were measured on a large Arabic corpus in order to assess the current KL and to design the improved Arabic KL. The improved Arabic KL was then evaluated and compared against the current KL in terms of letter frequency, finger-travel distance, hand and finger balance, bi-gram frequency, row distribution, and most frequent words. -
Zergo Freedom Instruction Manual
Zergotech Freedom Instruction Manual Model: ZFR-006 2020 All Rights Reserved WELCOME Thank you for your purchase and welcome to the Zergotech Freedom. You are on your way to a healthier and more enjoyable typing experience. Zergotech’s mission is to create the most ergonomic and innovative keyboard available while keeping it as familiar to users as possible. Other ergonomic keyboards are too intimidating for the general user and the Zergotech Freedom finally delivers a solution that all typists can use. Our sliding palm rests make a truly enjoyable typing experience. INSTALLATION The Zergotech Freedom is a standard USB Human Interface Device. It is ‘plug-and-play’ ready as a computer peripheral with all operating systems. No additional firmware or software is required to operate the keyboard. GETTING STARTED SELECTING THE CORRECT KEYBOARD The Freedom can cater for US ANSI QWERTY, UK ISO QWERTY, German QWERTZ, and French AZERTY.While the Zergotech Freedom is neither strictly an ANSI or ISO standard, it accommodates all of the main features of these two standards. Refer to the KeyKortex programming guide for details on how to set up your keyboard.. 2 WRIST SLIDERS AND FIXED PALM RESTS SLIDING PALM RESTS Sliding palm rests are protected under patents owned by Zergotech Pty Ltd. Sliding palm rests are one of the main features and proven concepts of the Zergotech Freedom. Typing pain is greatly reduced by mobilizing the wrist and hands to roam freely around the keyboard. Hard to reach keys, especially the outer most keys and top number and F rows, are within easy striking range while maintaining a healthy aligned and ergonomic wrist position. -
POK3R User Manual
POK3R User manual Description: The Vortexgear POK3R is the perfect solution for limited spaces in situations. Built up 3 kinds of layout, it also features individually programmable keys with 3 layers customization options, all easily set through what you want. Main Specification: 1. Tiny size keyboard with 61/62 keys 2. Cherry MX inside 3. Arbitrary programming 4. PBT material Keycaps 5. 3 layers customization 6. Built-up 3 kind of layout (Qwerty, Dvorak, Colemak) 7. Metal bezel Package Content 1. Keyboard x 1 2. USB Cable x 1 Enjoy now for this fantastic tool and your typing feeling. Programming Instruction Note: The POK3R built in 4-layers. The default layer can not be programmed. Only layer 2~layer 4 can be. FN + R_ctrl, M,<,> and ? keys are fixed can not be programmed. Step 1. Choose the layer (FN+ <,> or ? key) which you want to programming. Step 2. Press FN + Right CTRL to enter the programming mode (Spacebar right LED steadily lit) Step 3. Press the key you want to program (Spacebar right LED flashing) Step 4. Key in the programming content and then press PN (Spacebar right LED steadily lit again) Step 5. Repeat step 2 and step 3 to program other keys. Step 6. Press FN + Right CTRL to exit programming mode ( Spacebar right LED off) More: · Support FN layer programming, you can select the FN combination key (e.g., FN + A) to program it · Under SELECT state (step 1), you can press PN + any key to view its content in a word processing Software (e.g., Notepad) · Support time delay, press 15ms key (FN + T) each time to delay 15ms, press 0.1s key (FN + G) each time to delay 0.1s, press 0.5s key(FN + B) each time to delay 0.5s. -
More Brands. More Products Lines. More Ways to Serve You. Over 10,000 Technology Skus from Over 70 Leading Technology Suppliers
Technology Category 2018 Line Card 2018 TECH More brands. More products lines. More ways to serve you. Over 10,000 Technology SKUs from over 70 Leading Technology Suppliers Printing & Scanning Devices • Laser Printers • Label Machines • Ink Jet Printers • Fax Machines • MFPs • Dot Matrix Printers • Wide Format • Printer Accessories • Scanners & Copiers Printing Supplies and Consumables • OEM Ink & Toner • Drums • Compatible Ink & Toner • Maintenance Kits • MICR Toner • Label Machine Supplies Tablet & Cell Phone Accessories • Cases, Covers, & Folios • Screen Filters/Protectors • Bluetooth Keyboards • Stands • Mobile Charging & Power • Stylus Consumer Electronics MAGNAVOX LOGO • Monitors • Security & Surveillance • TVs, Players & Recorders • Video/Audio Conferencing • Cameras & Camcorder • Radios, Stereos & CD Players • Telephones & Headsets • Projectors • Speakers & Headphones Computer Accessories and Peripherals • Input Devices • Pointers • Web & Conference Cameras • Remote Controls • Monitor Stands & Mounts • Copyholders k n • Ergonomic Keyboard • Computer Cleaning Supplies i L Platforms and Drawers • Mouse Pads • Monitor Filters/Privacy Screens • Wrist Rests • Computer Security Locks • Business Cases Networking • Cables & Adaptors • Cable Management • Routers/Modems • Switches & Hubs • Wireless LAN Equipment Power Products • UPS Backup Protection • Extension Cords • Surge Protection • Cord Concealers • Power Adaptors Data Storage • CD • External HDD • DVD • Flash Drives • Back-up Tapes • Flash Cards Office Electronics • Calculators -
Lock-In, Path Dependence, and the Internationalization of QWERTY Neil M
TRATHCLYDE S DISCUSSION PAPERS IN ECONOMICS LOCK IN, PATH DEPENDENCE, AND THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF QWERTY BY NEIL M KAY NO. 13-10 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE GLASGOW Lock-in, path dependence, and the internationalization of QWERTY Neil M. Kay Department of Economics, University of Strathclyde e-mail for correspondence: [email protected] 1 “Professor Kay’s simulation technique, applied to French and German texts and QWERTY’s European cousins, could show whether Sholes solution works in these other environments”. (Stephen Margolis,2013, A tip of the hat to Kay and QWERTY, Research Policy) 2 Abstract This paper looks at the emergence of what is described here as the QWERTY family of standards (QWERTY and its international adaptations QZERTY, AZERTY, and QWERTZ). QWERTY has been described as an inferior solution and an accident of history. However, the analysis here finds that each member of the family represented highly efficient adaptations to specific user needs and technical challenges encountered in their own environments. These findings may be seen to have wider implications given QWERTY’s role as paradigm case in the literature on increasing returns and path dependence, and these are pursued in the paper 3 1. Introduction Increasing returns and path dependence have become two of the most influential concepts in modern social science. Arthur (1983 and 1989) and David (1985) created much of the foundation for later work and while the initial applications were mostly economics-oriented, it has subsequently had major influences on areas as diverse as the location of cities, strategic management, and the development of languages and legal frameworks.