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The Roman and Islamic Spice Trade: New Archaeological Evidence

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The Roman and Islamic Spice Trade: New Archaeological Evidence Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep The Roman and Islamic spice trade: New archaeological evidence Marijke Van der Veen n, Jacob Morales 1 School of Archaeology & Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Tropical spices have long been utilized in traditional medicine and Received 21 May 2014 cuisine. New archaeological evidence highlights temporal changes in the nature and scale of the ancient Received in revised form spice trade and in the ancient usage of these plants. Furthermore, a study of their ‘materiality’ highlights 10 September 2014 that the impact of spices extends beyond their material properties. Here the botanical remains of spices Accepted 12 September 2014 recovered from archaeological excavations at a port active in the Roman and medieval Islamic spice trade are evaluated. Keywords: Materials and methods: Recent excavations at Quseir al-Qadim, an ancient port located on the Red Sea Archaeology coast of Egypt, have provided new evidence for the spice trade. Due to the arid conditions ancient Spices botanical remains were preserved in abundance and these included spices, as well as a wide range of Trade other food plants. Quseir al-Qadim was active as a transport hub during both the Roman and Islamic Quseir al-Qadim – – Globalization periods (ca. AD 1 250, known as Myos Hormos, and again during ca. AD 1050 1500, known as Kusayr), Materiality and the remains thus facilitate a study of temporal change in the trade and usage of these spices. Standard archaeobotanical methods were used to recover, identify and analyze these remains. Results: At least seven tropical spices were recovered from the excavations, as well as several other tropical imports, including black pepper (Piper nigrum), ginger (Zingiber officinale), cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum), turmeric (Curcuma sp.), fagara (cf. Tetradium ruticarpum), myrobalan (Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula) and betelnut (Areca catechu). A marked contrast between the two chronological periods in the range of spices recovered points to changes in the nature and scale of the trade between the Roman and medieval Islamic periods, while differences in the contexts from which they were recovered help to identify temporal changes in the way in which the spices were utilized during those periods. Conclusion: Archaeological and textual evidence suggest that in antiquity spices were used in ritual (funeral rites, offerings), in perfumery, and in medicinal remedies, with black pepper the only tropical spice regularly employed in cuisine. By the medieval period the culinary role of spices had grown significantly, both in the Middle East and in Europe, while retaining their importance in medicinal applications. In both time periods they were luxuries available only to the upper strata of society, but the material properties of spices and their elite status made them desirable to a wider section of society. In their pursuit of spices people became entangled in a meshwork of relationships, altered social realities and political power struggles. Globalization is one such entanglement, highlighting that the potency of spices goes far beyond their ability to stimulate our taste buds, delight our sense of smell and cure our ailments. & 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction definitions of the term spices also refer to a distant origin, and specifically a tropical one; for example, in the Oxford English The word spice derives from the Latin species, meaning a com- Dictionary (OED) spices are defined as “one or other of various modity of special distinction or value, not an ordinary item of strongly flavoured or aromatic substances of vegetable origin, obtained merchandise (Miller, 1969, 1). This usefully highlights the longstanding from tropical plants, commonly used as condiments or employment link between spices and trade, in contrast to herbs, for example, which for other purposes on account of their fragrance and preservative are more commonly associated with fresh leaves and gardens. Modern qualities”. Neither definition fully conveys the range of purposes for which these plants have been used, nor the array of plants included under the heading ‘spices’. n Corresponding author. Tel.: þ44 1162522611. Much of the modern literature on the spice trade is concerned E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Van der Veen). 1 Present address: Departamento de Geografía, Prehistoria y Arqueología, with the European engagement with spices during the 17th and 18th Universidad del País Vasco, Spain. centuries, the intense competition between the British and Dutch http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.036 0378-8741/& 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Van der Veen, M., Morales, J., The Roman and Islamic spice trade: New archaeological evidence. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.036i 2 M. Van der Veen, J. Morales / Journal of Ethnopharmacology ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ East India Companies, and the shift in this engagement from trade to Archaeological evidence for the spice trade and the spices territorial conquest. The trade has, of course, a much longer history; themselves was previously limited, but recently much new evi- both classical and medieval sources provide detail about its early dence has been generated through archaeological excavations at development (e.g. Warmington, 1928; Fischel, 1958; Miller, 1969; one of the key ports involved in the ancient and medieval Islamic Chaudhuri, 1985; Casson, 1989; Goitein and Friedman, 2008), while Indian Ocean trade, Quseir al-Qadim, located on the Red Sea coast the use of spices in daily life is known from a variety of texts, of Egypt, with further information generated by the excavations at including recipe books and medicinal treatises (e.g. Dioscorides De Berenike, located further south on the same coast (Fig. 1). Not only Materia Medica, 2000; Pliny Natural History, 1945; Riddle, 1985; have these provided valuable evidence for the nature of the Giacosa, 1994; Dalby, 2000a, 2000b; Rodinson et al., 2001; Zaouali, harbour constructions, the ships, the settlements and the range 2007; Dietrich, 2008; Freedman, 2008). of Eastern goods traded through these ports, but, importantly in Fig. 1. Location of the ports on the Red Sea coast of Egypt (from Van der Veen (2011), Fig. 1.1). Please cite this article as: Van der Veen, M., Morales, J., The Roman and Islamic spice trade: New archaeological evidence. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.036i Download English Version: https://daneshyari.com/en/article/5835526 Download Persian Version: https://daneshyari.com/article/5835526 Daneshyari.com.
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