Maroondah Health and Wellbeing Statistical Profile (Pdf, 2MB)

Maroondah City Council Health and Wellbeing Statistical Profile August 2017

Contents 1. Summary of Key Findings ...... 3 1.1 Population Profile ...... 3 1.2 Population Health ...... 3 1.3 Community Safety ...... 4 1.4 Liveability ...... 5 2 Population Profile ...... 6 2.1 Population ...... 6 2.2. Age Structure ...... 8 2.3. Gender ...... 10 2.4 Cultural Heritage & Diversity ...... 11 2.5 Housing Profile ...... 13 2.5.1 Household Types ...... 13 2.5.2 Housing Tenure ...... 14 2.5.3 Maroondah Housing Stress, 2011 ...... 15 2.5.4 Cost of Housing ...... 17 2.5.5. Forecast Dwellings and Development ...... 17 2.5.6 Social Housing and Homelessness ...... 18 2.6 SEIFA ...... 19 2.7 Education, Employment and Income ...... 21 2.7.1 Education ...... 21 2.7.2 Employment ...... 21 2.7.3 Income ...... 24 3. Population Health ...... 27 3.1 Self-reported Health...... 28 3.2 Avoidable Death Rate ...... 29 3.3 Life Expectancy at Birth ...... 30 3.4 Burden of Disease ...... 30 3.5. Lifecourse ...... 31 3.5.1 Infants and children ...... 31 3.5.2 Young people ...... 33

3.5.3 Older adults and disability ...... 35 3.6 Modifiable Risk Factors Contributing to Chronic Disease ...... 42 3.6.1 Healthy Eating ...... 43 3.6.2 Mental Wellbeing ...... 44 3.6.3 Physical Activity ...... 45 3.7 Sexual & Reproductive Health ...... 47 3.8 Health and Wellbeing, Chronic Conditions, Screening and Eye Health ...... 50 3.8 Social Capital ...... 51 3.9. Health Service Access & Utilisation ...... 52 4. Community Safety ...... 55 4.1 Perceptions of Safety ...... 55 4.2 Crime Rates ...... 56 4.3 Family Violence ...... 59 4.4 Child Abuse & Neglect ...... 59 4.5 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs...... 60 4.6 Gambling ...... 64 5. Liveability...... 65 5.1 Green Space ...... 65 5.2 Transport ...... 67 5.3 Walkability ...... 68 5.4 Food...... 69 5.5 Environmental Sustainability ...... 70 6. References ...... 74

1. Summary of Key Findings

1.1 Population Profile Summary Key findings - Population Profile include:

 Increase in population requires an integrated planning approach to consider and account for increased demand on infrastructure, housing and services.  The greatest period of population increase is forecast during 2017 -2021 (the lifecycle of the upcoming Maroondah Health and Wellbeing Plan) and consideration must be given to how this will be serviced.  Maroondah has a lower level of young workforce than Greater Melbourne  The largest proportional increase to a service age group between 2016 and 2026 is forecast to be Seniors aged 70 to 84, which is expected to increase from 8.7% to 10.4% of the total population.  Inequality in health outcomes for Indigenous & CALD persons need to be addressed  Maroondah’s percentage of humanitarian new settler arrivals (50.8%) is the highest in the state (9.3%).  The percentages of social housing and rental housing that is affordable (4.1%) are below the state measures (19.1%),  Lone person households account for a quarter of Maroondah’s dwellings, highlighting the need for adequate consideration to isolation and social inclusion initiatives.  The five areas with Maroondah with the highest level of disadvantage are: Ringwood Metropolitan Activity Centre Croydon Town Centre Kilsyth Ringwood Bayswater North  Setting based initiatives required to target pockets of disadvantage within Maroondah

1.2 Population Health Summary Key findings - Population Health include:

 Maroondah has a significantly higher estimate to both the EMR and Victoria for persons consuming sugar sweetened drinks daily.  Maroondah has a below EMR and Victoria estimated participation in both 2 yearly cholesterol checks and blood sugar or diabetes checks.  The percentage of people reporting high/very high psychological distress is above the state measure.  Maroondah has the second highest rate of hospital admissions for mental health related causes in the EMR and a higher rate than both Greater Melbourne and Victoria.  Chlamydia notification rates in Maroondah are markedly higher than the EMR and State average.  Maroondah has a very high rate compared to the EMR average of mothers under 20 years of age.

1.3 Community Safety Summary Key findings – Community Safety include:

 Crime rates in Maroondah are the third highest in the EMR, behind Knox and Monash.  Maroondah’s crime rate has increased by 16.4% between 2016 and 2017.  In the EMR Maroondah has the second lowest perception of safety, after dark  Maroondah has the third highest rate per 100,000 population of family violence incidents in the EMR.  Second highest proportion of adult population with lifetime risk from alcohol use  Second highest rate of persons who consumed alcohol at least weekly at levels likely to cause short-term harm  Third highest rate of alcohol related hospital admissions across both ‘all persons’ and persons aged 15-24 years  Highest rate of high alcohol hours (Fri & Sat 8pm – 6am) alcohol related assaults across both ‘all persons’ and persons aged 18-24 years  Third highest rate of alcohol related family violence  Highest rate of alcohol related family violence by persons, 18-24 years  Third highest percentage in EMR of persons smoking  Highest rate of ambulance attendance due to Crystal Methamphetamine  Highest rate of Illicit drug Emergency Department presentations  Maroondah has highest EGM expenditure per adult in the EMR.  The rates of child protection investigations and substantiations are below the state measures.

1.4 Liveability Summary Key findings - Liveability include:

 New open space land opportunities within Maroondah will need to come from existing site redevelopments, land swap negotiations or from planned acquisition utilising open space contributions as the investment mechanism  Maroondah has the second highest percentage of persons visiting green space on a weekly basis or more than the EMR and higher than Victorian percentage.  10.5% of Maroondah residents travelling to work use public transport which is lower than the EMR 12.7%  88.4% of households in Maroondah are within 400m of a bus stop.  The majority of Maroondah suburbs are car dependant  Maroondah has a higher incidents of food insecurity than both the EMR and Victoria.  The percentage of Maroondah households engaging in waste water recycling is lower than the EMR percentage.  Maroondah is ranked lowest in the in the EMR for installation of solar water heaters  The suburbs of Warranwood, Ringwood North, Ringwood, Croydon North and Croydon are areas with a high heat vulnerability index.  As with Greater Melbourne the EMR is expected to experience increasingly hotter drier conditions, resulting in; increased frequency, duration and severity of heat waves, decreased average rainfall and more severe, prolonged drought conditions, less regular but more intense rainfall and storm events and significant increase in bushfire danger days

2 Population Profile

2.1 Population The City of Maroondah includes the suburbs of Bayswater North, Croydon, Croydon Hills, Croydon North, Croydon South, Heathmont, Kilsyth (part), Kilsyth South, Park Orchards (part), Ringwood, Ringwood East, Ringwood North (part), Vermont (part), Warranwood and Wonga Park (part).

The 2016 Estimated Resident Population for the City of Maroondah is 114,979 with a population density of 18.57 persons per hectare.

Since 2011, Maroondah’s population has increased by 7,656 individuals with a 1.4% increase (1,701 individuals) between 2015- 2016.

Over the next 10 years (2016-2026), Maroondah’s population is expected to increase by 8,584 people to a total of 123,563 by 2026, at an average annual growth rate of 0.7%. The number of households in Maroondah is forecast to grow from 43,663 in 2016 to 48,680 in 2026, an increase of 5,017 during this period. The average number of persons per household is anticipated to fall from 2.55 in 2016 to 2.50 in 2026.

Graph 1: Maroondah ERP Change in number of people, 2006-2016

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Regional Population Growth, Australia (3218.0). Compiled and presented by .id , the population experts, August 2017.

Table 1. Forecast population, households and dwellings, 2011-2036 Maroondah City Forecast year Summary 2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036 Population 107,322 112,901 118,631 123,563 128,429 133,526 Change in population (5yrs) 5,579 5,730 4,932 4,866 5,097 Average annual change 1.02% 1.00% 0.82% 0.78% 0.78% Households 41,011 43,663 46,366 48,680 50,850 53,045 Average household size 2.58 2.55 2.52 2.50 2.48 2.48 Population in non private dwellings 1,683 1,761 1,862 1,952 2,102 2,202 Dwellings 42,336 45,105 47,940 50,371 52,650 54,953 Dwelling occupancy rate 96.87 96.80 96.72 96.64 96.58 96.53 Source: Population and household forecasts, 2011 to 2036, prepared by .id , the population experts, January 2015.

In 2016, the population density in the City of Maroondah was 18.57 per hectare. This figure was higher compared to Greater Melbourne, which had a population density of 4.73 persons per hectare (the Greater Melbourne however, does include very large areas of non-residential land). It is important to note that population density varies across the municipality.

Whilst 2016 population density data is not yet available, the population density in 2011 within Maroondah ranged from a low of 9.06 persons per hectare in Kilsyth South to a high of 21.71 persons per hectare in Croydon Hills.

The five suburbs with the highest population densities were:

 Croydon Hills (21.71 persons per hectare)  Ringwood East (20.46 persons per hectare)  Heathmont (19.72 persons per hectare)  Ringwood North (19.12 persons per hectare)  Croydon North (18.83 persons per hectare)

The greatest population change for the Maroondah City over the next 20 years is forecast for the period from 2017 to 2021. This period is expected to have a net increase of 5,730 people.

Table 2. Components of population change Maroondah City Forecast period Component 2017 to 2021 2022 to 2026 2027 to 2031 2032 to 2036 Births 7,812 8,029 8,157 8,399 Deaths 4,395 4,592 4,848 5,132 Natural increase/decrease 3,417 3,437 3,309 3,267 Net migration 2,213 1,405 1,407 1,731 Change in persons in non-private dwellings 101 90 150 100 Total population change 5,730 4,932 4,866 5,097 Source: Population and household forecasts, 2011 to 2036, prepared by .id , the population experts, January 2015.

2.2. Age Structure

Analysis of the service age groups of the City of Maroondah in 2016 compared to Greater Melbourne shows that there was a similar proportion of people in the younger age groups (0 to 17 years) and a higher proportion of people in the older age groups (60+ years). Overall, 22.2% of the population was aged between 0 and 17, and 21.5% were aged 60 years and over, compared with 21.7% and 19.0% respectively for Greater Melbourne. The major differences between the age structure of the City of Maroondah and Greater Melbourne were:

 A larger percentage of 'Empty nesters and retirees' (10.3% compared to 9.3%)  A smaller percentage of 'Young workforce' (13.8% compared to 16.3%)  A smaller percentage of 'Tertiary education & independence' (8.5% compared to 10.0%)

Graph 2. Age Structure – service age groups, 2016

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2016. Compiled and presented by .id , the population experts, August 2017.

The largest proportional increase to a service age group between 2016 and 2026 is forecast to be Seniors aged 70 to 84, which is expected to increase from 8.7% to 10.4% of the total population. The largest service age group in 2026 is forecast to be the Parents and homebuilders aged 35 to 49 years, with a total of 26,217 persons.

Table 3. Forecast Age Structure – Service age groups, 2016

Maroondah City - Total Change between persons 2016 2026 2036 2016 and 2036 Age group (years) Number % Number % Number % Number Babies and pre-schoolers (0 to 4) 7,451 6.6 8,020 6.5 8,471 6.3 1,019 Primary schoolers (5 to 11) 9,465 8.4 10,539 8.5 11,196 8.4 1,731 Secondary schoolers (12 to 7,920 7.0 8,554 6.9 9,255 6.9 1,334 17) Tertiary education and independence (18 to 24) 10,155 9.0 10,288 8.3 11,187 8.4 1,032 Young workforce (25 to 34) 16,262 14.4 17,093 13.8 18,083 13.5 1,821 Parents and homebuilders (35 to 49) 23,936 21.2 26,217 21.2 28,222 21.1 4,286 Older workers and pre- retirees (50 to 59) 13,986 12.4 14,817 12.0 15,892 11.9 1,906 Empty nesters and retirees (60 to 69) 11,248 10.0 12,252 9.9 13,078 9.8 1,830 Seniors (70 to 84) 9,877 8.7 12,833 10.4 14,430 10.8 4,553 Elderly aged (85 and over) 2,600 2.3 2,950 2.4 3,712 2.8 1,113 Total persons 112,901 100.0 123,563 100.0 133,526 100.0 20,625 Source: Population and household forecasts, 2011 to 2036, prepared by .id , the population experts, January 2015.

2.3. Gender

Current official population estimates show that females in Maroondah comprise 51.6% of the population and males comprise 48.4%. Across the age groups for females and males, there are higher proportions of females compared with males in the older years. This pattern in respective age distributions reflects the longer life expectancies of women and is consistent with Victorian and Australian trends. It also suggests specific approaches by health planners to support the health and wellbeing of women who generally live longer than men but can also experience higher rates of morbidities associated with the older years.

Graph 3: Age Distribution of Females and Males in Maroondah, 2016 8.0

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Males Females

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2016. Compiled by Maroondah City Council, August 2017.

2.4 Cultural Heritage & Diversity At the 2016 Census, 566 residents of Maroondah identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (ATSI). The median age being 25 years and the dominant family type being couples with children, as per the non-Indigenous dominant family type. ATSI-identified females have a younger age profile compared with their non-ATSI counterparts, with relatively lower proportions aged 55 years and over. This pattern reflects the higher birth rates and lower life expectances of the ATSI-identifying population generally.

Within the context of this document and in alignment with the ABS, ancestry is being defined as the cultural association and ethnic background of an individual going back three generations.

An analysis of the ancestry responses of the population of Maroondah in 2016, shows that the top five ancestries nominated were;  English (41,324 people or 37.4%)  Australian (37,481 people or 34.0%)  Irish (12,621 people or 11.4%)  Scottish (11,345 people or 10.3%)  Chinese (6,473 people or 5.9%)

In combination these five ancestries account for 109,244 responses in total, or 98.98% of all responses.

The largest change in reported ancestries between 2011-2016 was an increase of +2,671 persons identifying as being of Chinese ancestry.

However, when considering country of birth and recent arrivals of overseas migrants to Maroondah in the last 5 years, the most significant countries of origin have been China 1,501 persons, Burma (Myanmar) 921 persons, India 572 persons and Malaysia 399 persons.

81.8% of recent overseas arrivals in Maroondah come from countries where English was not their first language, where as 16% of the total Maroondah population, came from countries where English was not their first language.

Graph 4: Maroondah Ancestry, 2016

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2016. Compiled and presented by .id , the population experts, August 2017.

Graph 5: Birthplace Maroondah, 2016

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2016. Compiled and presented by .id , the population experts, August 2017.

From a health and wellbeing perspective it is essential that culturally sensitive and appropriate initiatives are undertaken so as to assist in striving towards equity in health outcomes.

Within Maroondah 17.0% of residents speak a language other than English at home, with the most common languages other than English being Mandarin and Cantonese.

Maroondah’s percentage of humanitarian new settler arrivals (50.8%) is the highest in the state (9.3%). 12

2.5 Housing Profile

2.5.1 Household Types

Household and family structure are some of the most important demographic indicators. They reveal an areas residential role and function, era of settlement and provide key insights into the level of demand for services and facilities as most are related to age and household types’

Analysis of the household/family types in the City of Maroondah in 2016 compared to Greater Melbourne shows that there was a similar proportion of couple families with child(ren) as well as a higher proportion of one-parent families. Overall, 34.7% of total families were couple families with child(ren), and 11.0% were one-parent families, compared with 33.5% and 10.1% respectively for Greater Melbourne. There was a lower proportion of lone person households and a higher proportion of couples without children. Overall, the proportion of lone person households was 23.3% compared to 22.0% in Greater Melbourne while the proportion of couples without children was 23.8% compared to 22.9% in Greater Melbourne. (id. The Population Experts 2016)

Table 4: Maroondah Household Types, 2016 City of Maroondah - 2016 2011 Change Total households Greater Greater 2011 to Households by type Number % Number % Melbourne % Melbourne % 2016 Couples with 14,332 34.7 33.5 13,323 34.0 33.6 +1,009 children Couples without 9,854 23.8 22.9 9,507 24.2 23.5 +347 children One parent families 4,544 11.0 10.1 4,545 11.6 10.4 -1 Other families 448 1.1 1.4 432 1.1 1.4 +16 Group household 1,141 2.8 4.7 1,087 2.8 4.5 +54 Lone person 9,643 23.3 22.0 9,489 24.2 22.3 +154 Other not classifiable 1,205 2.9 4.5 638 1.6 3.4 +567 household Visitor only 194 0.5 0.9 214 0.5 0.9 -20 households Total households 41,361 100.0 100.0 39,235 100.0 100.0 +2,126 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2011 and 2016. Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.(Enumerated data), August 2017.

Table 5: Maroondah Forecast Household Types, 2016

Change between Maroondah City 2016 2026 2036 2016 and 2036 Type Number % Number % Number % Number Couple families with 14,429 33.0 15,372 31.6 16,393 30.9 +1,964 dependents Couples without 11,228 25.7 12,764 26.2 13,887 26.2 +2,659 dependents Group households 1,252 2.9 1,398 2.9 1,533 2.9 +281 Lone person households 11,021 25.2 12,746 26.2 14,225 26.8 +3,204 One parent family 4,948 11.3 5,531 11.4 6,066 11.4 +1,118 Other families 786 1.8 868 1.8 944 1.8 +158 Source: Population and household forecasts, 2011 to 2036, prepared by .id , the population experts, 2015.

In 2016, the dominant household type in the Maroondah City was Couple families with dependents, which accounted for 34.7% of all households. The largest forecast increase between 2016 and 2026 is forecast to Lone Person households, which will increase by 1,725 households and account for 26.2% of all households. (id. The Population Experts 2011) It is also very important to note that by 2026, Couples without dependent households are forecast to have increased by 1,536 to account for 25.7% of all households.

2.5.2 Housing Tenure Analysis of the housing tenure of the population in Maroondah in 2011 compared to Greater Melbourne shows that there was a larger proportion of households who owned their dwelling (31.7%); a larger proportions purchasing their dwelling (39.4%); and a smaller proportion who were renters (23.2%), Greater Melbourne’s figures being 29.0%, 34.3% and 28.8% respectively.

Table 6: Maroondah Housing Tenure, 2016 City of Maroondah - Households 2016 2011 Change (Enumerated) Greater Greater 2011 to Tenure type Number % Number % Melbourne % Melbourne % 2016 Fully owned 13,099 31.7 29.0 13,031 33.2 31.5 +68 Mortgage 16,274 39.4 34.3 15,906 40.5 35.3 +368 Renting 9,605 23.2 28.8 8,616 22.0 26.5 +989 Renting - Social 1,047 2.5 2.6 1,104 2.8 2.9 -57 housing Renting - Private 8,441 20.4 25.8 7,364 18.8 23.1 +1,077 Renting - Not stated 117 0.3 0.4 148 0.4 0.5 -31 Other tenure type 258 0.6 0.8 227 0.6 0.7 +31 Not stated 2,118 5.1 7.1 1,457 3.7 5.9 +661 Total households 41,354 100.0 100.0 39,237 100.0 100.0 +2,117 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2011 and 2016. Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.(Enumerated data), August 2017.

The number of persons in non-private dwellings in Maroondah in 2016 is estimated at 1,761. This is expected to increase to 1,952 in 2026 and then 2,202 persons in 2036. Between 2016 and 2036, Ringwood is forecast to experience the greatest change, with a gain of 140 persons in non-private dwellings, followed by Croydon North (50 persons) and Ringwood North (37 persons). This is due to an increase of persons aged 75 years and over, in non-private dwellings, which will predominantly be aged care.

2.5.3 Maroondah Housing Stress, 2011

Housing stress is defined as per the NATSEM (National Centre for Social and economic Modeling) model as households in the lowest 40% of incomes who are paying more than 30% of their usual gross weekly income on housing costs.

In 2011, 9.5% of Maroondah households, were experiencing housing stress compared to 10.7% in greater Melbourne.

While Maroondah had a lower proportion of households experiencing stress, it is important to note that this varied across the municipality. Proportions ranged from a low 5.3% in Warranwood to a high of 22.1% in Ringwood Metropolitan Activity Centre. The five areas with the highest percentages were: Ringwood Metropolitan Activity centre (22.1%) Croydon town centre (16.2%) Ringwood (12.2%) Kilysyth (11.2%) Bayswater North (10.7%)

Table 7: Maroondah Housing stress, 2011 City of Maroondah - Enumerated Area Number Total households Percent % Bayswater North 351 3,269 10.7 Croydon 976 9,725 10.0 Croydon Hills 102 1,721 5.9 Croydon North 228 2,616 8.7 Croydon South 154 1,660 9.3 Heathmont 242 3,355 7.2 Kilsyth 72 648 11.2 Kilsyth South 62 946 6.6 Ringwood 835 6,850 12.2 Ringwood East 389 3,850 10.1 Ringwood North 198 3,170 6.2 Warranwood 77 1,457 5.3 Bayswater North Community Renewal Area 234 2,279 10.3 Ringwood Metropolitan Activity Centre 154 697 22.1 Croydon Town Centre 143 878 16.2 City of Maroondah 3,714 39,235 9.5 Greater Melbourne 160,510 1,494,633 10.7 City of Knox 4,755 53,111 9.0 City of Manningham 2,867 39,517 7.3 Yarra Ranges Shire 5,152 52,274 9.9 Eastern Metropolitan Region 32,494 362,233 9.0 Victoria 215,220 2,031,211 10.6 Australia 878,404 8,181,750 10.7 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2011. Compiled and presented in atlas.id by .id, the population experts.

An analysis of the monthly housing loan repayments of households in Maroondah compared to greater Melbourne from the 2016 Census of Population and Housing shows that there was a smaller proportion of households paying high mortgage repayments ($2,600 per month or more), and a larger proportion of households with low mortgage repayments (less than $1000 per month).

Overall, 20.0% of households were paying high mortgage repayments, and 23.3% were paying low repayments, compared with 22.4% and 22.2% respectively in Greater Melbourne.

Analysis of weekly housing rental payments of households in Maroondah compared to greater Melbourne in 2016 shows that there were a smaller proportion of households paying high rental repayments of $450 per week of more (11.4% compared with 23.0%), and a similar proportion of households with low rental payments of less than $250 per week (16.3% compared with 17.0%).

2.5.4 Cost of Housing The median sale price recorded for Melbourne houses in 2016 was $527,450 which is lower than Maroondah’s 2016 median house sale price of $697,500.

Similarly, the median sale price for units across Melbourne was lower at $445,000 than Maroondah’s 2016 median unit sale price of $466,000.

Melbourne’s median sale price for vacant residential land was at $224,000 in 2016 whereas Maroondah’s was significantly higher at $371,000.

Table 8: Median property values – City of Maroondah Houses Units Land All values adjusted to Metro. Metro. Metro. Maroondah Maroondah Maroondah 2016 dollars Melbourne Melbourne Melbourne Current value $697,500 $527,450 $466,000 $445,000 $371,000 $1 % Change - past year -0.7 -13.0 -1.9 -8.7 -9.3 0.8 % Change - past 5 years 30.5 -1.7 12.4 -8.1 16.0 -3.1 % Change - past 10 years 69.4 22.2 47.9 16.2 47.8 28.4 Source: Land Victoria, A guide to property values 2016. Compiled and presented by www.socialstatistics.com.au

Within Maroondah the percentage of households with mortgage stress (8.5%) is below the state measure 11.4%). (Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Local Government Area (LGA) Statistical Profile)

2.5.5. Forecast Dwellings and Development

Residential development forecasts assume the number of dwellings in Maroondah will increase by an average of 444 dwellings per annum to 51,258 in 2031. The table below shows the quantity of new development assumed in each small area in Maroondah between 2011 and 2031.

Table 9: Maroondah Forecast Dwellings and Development, 2016-2036 City of Maroondah 2016 2026 2036 Change between Area Number % Number % Number % 2016 and 2036 City of Maroondah 45,105 100.0% 50,371 100.0% 54,953 100.0% +9,848 Bayswater North 3,615 8.0% 3,835 7.6% 4,070 7.4% +455 Croydon 11,835 26.2% 13,398 26.6% 14,745 26.8% +2,910 Croydon Hills 1,840 4.1% 1,881 3.7% 1,960 3.6% +120 Croydon North 2,965 6.6% 3,229 6.4% 3,472 6.3% +507 Croydon South - Kilsyth 2,641 5.9% 2,929 5.8% 3,185 5.8% +544 Heathmont 3,832 8.5% 4,286 8.5% 4,738 8.6% +906 Kilsyth South 986 2.2% 1,038 2.1% 1,114 2.0% +128 Ringwood 7,934 17.6% 9,699 19.3% 10,899 19.8% +2,965 Ringwood East 4,376 9.7% 4,689 9.3% 5,033 9.2% +657 Ringwood North 3,509 7.8% 3,715 7.4% 3,965 7.2% +456 Warranwood 1,572 3.5% 1,672 3.3% 1,772 3.2% +200 Source: Population and household forecasts, 2016 to 2036, prepared by .id the population experts, January 2015.

2.5.6 Social Housing and Homelessness

‘Secure and affordable housing is fundamental to the wellbeing of Australians. It provides a platform for a range of benefits, including stable employment, connection to the community and a sense of home. Unfortunately, a large number of Australians are not able to access affordable, suitable housing’. (AIHW 2016)

Social housing initiatives are designed to assist in meeting the needs of individuals who do not have access to affordable and suitable housing. The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare define social housing as:

‘rental housing that government or non-government organisations (including not-for-profit organisations) provide to assist people who are unable to access alternative suitable housing options.’ (AIHW 2016)

A selection of key social housing facts for Australia and Maroondah include:

Table 10: Social Housing, Affordable Rent, Homelessness, 2015-2017 Australia 817,300 Australians lived in social housing (2015) 62% of main tenants are women (2015) 200,000 households were on social housing waiting lists (2015) More than half of tenants are older (55+) or children (<14) (2015) Maroondah There are 1,347 social housing dwellings in Maroondah (2015) Social housing as a % of Maroondah’s total dwellings 3.3% (2015) 880 Maroondah dwellings are rented from the government housing authority 5,573 households in Maroondah receive rent assistance from the Australian Government (2017) Maroondah’s percentages of social housing and rental housing that is affordable (4.1%) are below the state measures (19.1%), while the median weekly rent ($390) is above the state measure ($340).(2015) Maroondah’s estimated homeless persons, per 1,000 of population 3.9% (2015)

Source/s: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Housing Assistance in Australia, 2016, Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Local Government Area (LGA) Statistical Profile and Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

2.6 SEIFA The SEIFA Index of Disadvantage measures the relative level of socio-economic disadvantage based on a range of Census characteristics. It is a good place to start to get a general view of the relative level of disadvantage in one area compared to others and is used to advocate for an area based on its level of disadvantage. At the time of publication, no information was yet available on SEIFA data arising from the 2016 Census of Population and Housing.

The index is derived from attributes that reflect disadvantage such as low income, low educational attainment, high unemployment, and jobs in relatively unskilled occupations. When targeting services to disadvantaged communities, it is important to also look at these underlying characteristics as they can differ markedly between areas with similar SEIFA scores and shed light on the type of disadvantage being experienced.

A higher score on the index means a lower level of disadvantage. A lower score on the index means a higher level of disadvantage. (.id The Population Experts)

Table 11: Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage, 2011 City of Maroondah's small areas and benchmark areas Area 2011 index Percentile Warranwood 1,109.2 97 Croydon Hills 1,098.7 95 Ringwood North 1,094.1 94 Kilsyth South 1,080.5 89 City of Manningham 1,071.4 85 Croydon North 1,071.2 85 Heathmont 1,069.2 84 Eastern Metropolitan Region 1,056.8 78 City of Knox 1,049.3 74 Croydon South 1,044.5 71 City of Maroondah 1,043.9 71 Yarra Ranges Shire 1,037.1 67 Ringwood East 1,036.3 67 Greater Melbourne 1,020.3 57 Croydon 1,017.4 56 Bayswater North 1,011.1 52 Bayswater North Community Renewal Area 1,010.8 52 Victoria 1,009.6 51 Ringwood 1,008.2 50 Australia 1,002.0 47 Kilsyth 995.7 43 Croydon Activity Centre 954.0 26 Ringwood Metropolitan Activity Centre 919.0 15 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2011. Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id , the population experts.

In 2011, the level of relative socio-economic disadvantage in Maroondah is lower than the state average. Warranwood had the lowest level of disadvantage in the City of Maroondah.

The five areas with Maroondah with the highest level of disadvantage are:  Ringwood Metropolitan Activity Centre  Croydon Activity Square  Kilsyth  Ringwood  Bayswater North

2.7 Education, Employment and Income

2.7.1 Education Educational Qualifications in this context relates to education outside of primary and secondary school and together with workforce participation rates are highly significant indicators of socio- economic status. At the time of publication, no information was yet available on post-secondary school qualifications arising from the 2016 Census of Population and Housing.

In 2011, 24,964 people in Maroondah, aged 15 and over, had a tertiary qualification (48.8%), which is a higher proportion in comparison to Greater Melbourne at 47.3%, whilst the comparison between those with no qualification is very similar at 42.5% and 42.4% respectively.

The table below demonstrates that over a 5 year period there was an increase in the number of individuals with tertiary qualifications and a decrease of individuals with no qualification or not stating qualification level.

Table 12: Maroondah Highest Educational Qualification Achieved, 2011 City of Maroondah - 2011 2006 Total persons (Usual residence) Change Greater Greater 2006 to Qualification level Number % Number % Melbourne % Melbourne % 2011 Bachelor or Higher 16,647 19.7 23.6 12,406 15.5 19.6 +4,241 degree Advanced Diploma or 8,317 9.9 8.8 7,024 8.8 7.7 41,293 Diploma Vocational 16,155 19.2 15.0 14,469 18.1 14.2 +1,686 No qualification 35,880 42.5 42.4 36,978 46.3 45.8 -1,098 Not stated 7,355 8.7 10.3 8,942 11.2 12.8 -1,587 Total persons aged 15+ 84,354 100.0 100.0 79,819 100.0 100.0 +4,535 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2006 and 2011. Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.(Usual residence data), August 2017.

2.7.2 Employment

The level of full or part time employment, unemployment and labour force participation indicate the strength of a local economy, social characteristics of the population and likelihood of inequalities in health and wellbeing outcomes. At the time of publication, no information was yet available on employment and labour force characteristics arising from the 2016 Census of Population and Housing.

In 2011 Maroondah had 52,977 individuals living within the municipality who were employed, of which 59.5% worked full time and 34.4% part time

Table 13: Maroondah Employment Status, 2011 City of Maroondah - 2011 2006 Total persons (Usual residence) Change Greater Greater 2006 to Employment status Number % Number % Melbourne % Melbourne % 2011 Employed 52,977 95.7 94.5 49,355 96.1 94.7 +3,622 Employed full-time 32,935 59.5 60.1 31,130 60.6 61.0 +1,805 Employed part-time 19,051 34.4 32.3 17,006 33.1 31.0 +2,045 Hours worked not stated 991 1.8 2.1 1,219 2.4 2.7 -228 Unemployed 2,386 4.3 5.5 1,998 3.9 5.3 +388 (Unemployment rate) Looking for full-time 1,259 2.3 3.1 1,135 2.2 3.2 +124 work Looking for part-time 1,127 2.0 2.4 863 1.7 2.1 +264 work Total Labour Force 55,363 100.0 100.0 51,353 100.0 100.0 +4,010 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2006 and 2011. Compiled and presented in profile.id by .id, the population experts.(Usual residence data), August 2017.

Map 1: Maroondah Unemployment Rate, 2011

Analysis of the employment status (as a percentage of the labour force) in Maroondah, in 2011 in comparison with Greater Melbourne, shows that there were a higher proportion in employment and a lower proportion unemployed. Overall, 95.7% of the labour force was employed (62.8% of the population aged 15+), and 4.3% unemployed (2.8% of the population aged 15+), compared with 94.5% and 5.5% respectively for Greater Melbourne.

It also revealed that female labour force participation in Maroondah is 59.6% which is higher than both the Greater Melbourne and Victorian percentage at 56.8% and 55.8% respectively. (Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017)

Graph 6. Commute to Work, Maroondah, 2011 The pie chart below depicts how many workers live locally and how many commute to and from other areas. In 2011, 36.3% of people who lived in Maroondah also worked in the area.

An analysis of employment by industry, in Maroondah 2011, shows that the five most popular industry sectors were;

 Health care and social assistance (12.1%)  Retail Trade (11.6%)  Manufacturing (11.5%)  Construction (10.4%)  Education & Training (8.5%) (Australian Bureau of Statistic, Data by Region, Local Government Areas, Maroondah (C), 2011)

. Table 14. Maroondah Unpaid Domestic Work, 2016

Hours per week Females Males < 30 63.5% 67.4% 30+ 13.9% 2.9% None 16.4% 24.0% Not stated 6.2% 5.7% Total 47,058 40281 Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing, 2016, Compiled and by Maroondah City Council, August 2017

In Maroondah males are more likely than females to spend less than 30 hours each week on unpaid domestic work. Males are more likely than females to do no unpaid domestic work during the week. And females are much more likely than males to spend 30 hours our more on unpaid domestic work each week.

2.7.3 Income

Analysis of individual income levels in Maroondah in 2016 compared to Greater Melbourne shows that there was a lower proportion of people earning a high income (those earning $1,750 per week or more) as well as a lower proportion of low income people (those earning less than $500 per week).

Overall, 11.2% of the population earned a high individual income, and 36.5% earned a low income, compared with 11.9% and 37.8% respectively for Greater Melbourne.

Consistent with individual incomes an analysis of household income levels for Maroondah in 2016 compared to Greater Melbourne shows that there was a slightly smaller proportion of high income households (those earning $2,500 per week or more) and a lower proportion of low income households (those earning less than $650 per week).

Overall, 22.4% of the households earned a high income and 16.0% were low income households, compared with 22.9% and 16.7% respectively for Greater Melbourne.

Graph 7. Maroondah Weekly Household Income, 2016

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing 2016. Compiled and presented by .id , the population experts, August 2017.

Map 2: Maroondah Low Income households, 2011

As noted within section 2.6. SEIFA, Maroondah scored 1,043.9 on the SEIFA index of disadvantage therefore reflecting a relatively low level of social-economic disadvantage. However, it must be noted (as demonstrated above on the Low Income Household distribution map) that there are significant pockets of disadvantage within Maroondah and the needs of the residents within these areas need to be accounted for in planning and development schemes.

Table 15. Percentage of Low Income, Welfare-dependent Families (with Children), EMR Comparison, 2014 AREA % Low income, welfare-dependent families (with children) Boroondara (C) 2.9 Knox (C) 7.1 Manningham (C) 4.8 Maroondah (C) 7.5 Monash (C) 5.6 Whitehorse (C) 5.3 Yarra Ranges (S) 8.1 Greater Melbourne 9.1 Victoria 9.8 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017. Complied by Maroondah City Council

Maroondah has the second highest percentage of low income, welfare dependent families in the EMR. Summary Key findings - Population Profile include:

 Increase in population requires an integrated planning approach to consider and account for increased demand on infrastructure, housing and services.  The greatest period of population increase is forecast during 2017 -2021 (the lifecycle of the upcoming Maroondah Health and Wellbeing Plan) and consideration must be given to how this will be serviced.  Maroondah has a lower level of young workforce than Greater Melbourne  The largest proportional increase to a service age group between 2016 and 2026 is forecast to be Seniors aged 70 to 84, which is expected to increase from 8.7% to 10.4% of the total population.  Inequality in health outcomes for Indigenous & CALD persons need to be addressed  Maroondah’s percentage of humanitarian new settler arrivals (50.8%) is the highest in the state (9.3%).  The percentages of social housing and rental housing that is affordable (4.1%) are below the state measures (19.1%),  Lone person households account for almost a quarter of Maroondah’s dwellings, highlighting the need for adequate consideration to isolation and social inclusion initiatives.  The five areas with Maroondah with the highest level of disadvantage are: Ringwood Metropolitan Activity Centre Croydon Town Centre Kilsyth Ringwood Bayswater North  Setting based initiatives required to target pockets of disadvantage within Maroondah

3. Population Health

The study of population health is focused on understanding health and disease in community, and on improving health and well-being through priority health approaches addressing the disparities in health status between social groups.

There are a number of population subgroups who do not enjoy the same level of health as the general population and identified as priority population groups. (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare)

Socioeconomic disadvantage is the greatest cause of health inequality in Victoria and while the greatest relative difference in health status for population groups is between Aboriginal Victorian and non- Aboriginal Victorians, there are also health inequalities between other population groups. (Health and wellbeing status of Victoria, Department of Health and Human Services, 2015)

There are several groups in Australia with worse health than the general population due to a range of environmental and socio-economic factors. These are described as priority population groups for health interventions. They include the following:

 Indigenous people  People in rural and remote areas  Socioeconomically disadvantaged people  Veterans  Prisoners  Overseas born people

There are a number of key indicators to consider in order to identify the population health of Maroondah and which subpopulations form Maroondah’s priority populations.  Self-reported health  Avoidable death rate  Life expectancy at birth  Burden of disease due to risk factors

3.1 Self-reported Health

The VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015 provides data on ‘subjective wellbeing’ which is assesed through the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI) (Cummins et al. 2003). The index includes ratings across seven domains; standard of living, health, achievements in life, community connection, personal relationships, safety and future security. (VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015)

Maroondah’s subjective wellbeing rating sits at 76.6 which is considered within the average range of ratings across Victoria. Collectively the range across the Eastern Metropolitan Region (EMR) also sits within average.

Table 16: Subjective Wellbeing Eastern Metropolitan Region, 2015 Area Estimate (Range 0-100) Maroondah 76.6 Yarra Ranges 78.8 Whitehorse 76.5 Monash 77.2 Manningham 78.4 Knox 76.2 Boroondara 78.8 Victoria 77.3 Source VicHealth indicators Survey, 2015, compiled by Maroondah City Council

3.2 Avoidable Death Rate

Maroondah is below both the Victorian and Greater Melbourne rates for all of the below identified avoidable mortality fields.

However, it must be noted that Maroondah has the highest rate of suicide in the EMR and is above the avoidable mortality rate (suicide) for Greater Melbourne.

Table 17: Maroondah Avoidable Mortality, 2010 - 2014 All Individual AMs for years 2010 – 2014, persons aged 0-74 AM Condition Number of deaths Average Annual ARS per 100,000 Persons Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD) 77 15.2 Cancer 156 30.7 Suicide & self-inflicted injuries 47 9.3 Colorectal cancer 51 10.1 Breast cancer 52 19.7 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary 33 6.5 Disease (COPD) Diabetes 16 3.2 Transport accidents 19 3.8 Circulatory system diseases 154 30.3 Cerebrovascular diseases 51 10.1 Respiratory system diseases 34 6.7 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017. Complied by Maroondah City Council

Table 18: Avoidable Mortality Rate, Suicide and self-inflicted injury 2010-2014, EMR Comparison AREA Average Annual ARS per 100,000 Persons, 0-74 years Maroondah (C) 9.3 Boroondara (C) 7.0 Knox (C) 9.0 Manningham (C) 6.4 Monash (C) 5.4 Whitehorse (C) 7.1 Yarra Ranges (S) 9.2 Victoria 9.6 Greater Melbourne 8.6 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017. Complied by Maroondah City Council

3.3 Life Expectancy at Birth

Table 19. Life Expectancy, 2007 Life Expectancy at Birth (years) Female Male Maroondah 84.8 80.6 EMR 85.5 80.1 Vic 84.5 80.4 Source: Department. Health & Human Services, Health Atlas, 2014

Maroondah’s life expectancy for both females and males is higher than the Victorian average, however is lower than then the EMR average for males and higher than the EMR average for females.

3.4 Burden of Disease

The 2001, Department of Health and Human Services Victorian Burden of Disease Study, provides a comprehensive assessment of the health status of the Victorian population. It quantifies the contribution to the ‘burden of disease’ of mortality, disability, impairment, illness and injury arising, from 176 diseases, injuries and risk factors in a single indicator, the Disability-Adjusted Life Year or DALY. The burden of disease, therefore, is a measurement of the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives into old age free of disease and disability. (Department of Health and Human Services, 2001, Victorian Burden of Disease Study).

The top 10 causes of years lost due to ill health, disability or death for males and females in Maroondah are as follows

Table 20. DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS (DALY), 2001 AND TOP 10 CAUSES Adjusted Life Years (DALY), Maroondah, 2001 Female Male Person

Cancer colon/rectum 159 176.7 335.7

Cancer lung 168.7 253.2 421.9

Cancer breast 338.1 1.5 339.6

Diabetes mellitus-NIDDM 222.1 301.9 524

Depression 343.3 336.8 680.1

Dementia 309.2 189.2 498.4

Ischaemic heart disease 492.3 614.3 1106.6

Stroke 387.2 273.5 660.7

COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) 171 213.9 385

Asthma 161.3 171.8 333.1

Source: DHHS Victorian Health Information Surveillance System (VHISS), compiled by Maroondah City Council

3.5. Lifecourse

Lifecourse must also be considered when planning for our community. The following research details outcomes across a range of health and wellbeing indicators for:

 Infants and Children  Young people  Older adults and disability

3.5.1 Infants and children

In 2010 Australia saw a record number of 297,900 births registered, with a fertility rate of 1.89 births per woman. Women continue to delay child birth with the median age being 30.7 years, up from 28.3 years in1990. Noteworthy is the decline in fertility rates of teenagers from 22 babies per 1000 teenage females in 1990 to 15.5 in 2010.

This is contrasted with a tripling of fertility rates for women in the 40‐44 age range, rising from 5.5 babies per 1000 women in 1990 to 14.8 babies in 2010. There is increasing demand for Assisted Reproduction Treatment (ART) in Australia, with 65,180 treatment cycles in 2010, up from 35,810 in 2005. Of these treatments, 17.2% resulted in live births, with 8.2% of these being multiple births and 48.2% resulting in deliveries by caesarean section. The average age of ART assisted mothers was 35.8 years.

Whilst the EMR holds about 20% of Victorian residents, it contributed 15.7% of Victorian births in 2011. Within the EMR, Whitehorse had the largest proportion of births, with 2.62% of Victorian births, and Manningham had the smallest with 1.44%. The number of new mothers in 2007 aged under 20 ranged from 1 for Boroondara (contributing 0.1% to births to women under 20) to 48 for Yarra Ranges (2.6%). Mothers aged 30 years and older comprised 70% of all births during 2007 and 2008 in the EMR, with the majority being born to mothers aged 30‐34 years (39%). Mothers 40 years + were significantly higher at 5% than mothers under 20 years at 1.2%. This reflects the National data trend. (Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, 2014)

In 2011, Maroondah had a total number of 1,394 births and a total of fertility rate of 1.88% which is the second highest in the EMR, behind Yarra Ranges (1.94%) and higher than the Victorian rate (1.8). Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017.

Table 21. Maroondah Fertility Rate, 2015 ______LGA measure LGA rank State measure Total fertility rate 1.9 60 1.8 Teenage fertility rate 6.0 51 10.4 ______Source: Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Local Government Area (LGA) Statistical Profile

Table 22. Antenatal Smoking, Low Birthweight & Breastfeeding, 2017 AREA % fully breastfed at 3 % low birth weight % smoking during months babies pregnancy (modelled estimates) Maroondah (C) 68.3 6.2 8.1 Knox (C) 70.1 6.2 11.0 Manningham (C) 66.6 6.0 4.0 Monash (C) 68.2 6.4 5.7 Whitehorse (C) 68.3 5.6 4.4 Yarra Ranges (S) 66.5 5.3 13.7 Victoria 63.4 6.3 15.0 Greater Melbourne 63.7 6.3 11.2 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017, compiled by Maroondah City Council

Maroondah has the third highest percentage of persons smoking during pregnancy in the EMR however was below both the Greater Melbourne and Victorian percentages.

Maroondah has the equal second highest percentage of low birth weight babies in the EMR, equal to Knox. However, again this was lower than both the Greater Melbourne and Victorian percentages.

Table 23. Children and Young Person Characteristics, 2015 Characteristic LGA measure State measure Babies with low birth weight 6.3% 6.6% Infants fully breastfed at 3 months 56.6% 51.8% Children fully immunised between 24 and 27 89.6% 90.5% months Children attending 3.5 year old maternal and 66.9% 66.1% child health checks Kindergarten participation 95.4% 98.1% Children with kindergarten fee subsidy 21.6% 26.8% Children with emotional or behavioural problems 4.1% 4.6% at school entry Children with speech or language problems at 15.2% 14.2% school entry Children developmentally vulnerable in one or 14.7% 19.5% more domains Children developmentally vulnerable in two or 5.7% 9.5% more domains Source: Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Local Government Area (LGA) Statistical Profile

3.5.2 Young people

Youth is a crucial period for establishing positive health and social behaviours. It is a time when young people are undergoing rapid emotional, physical and intellectual changes, and when they begin the transition from childhood to adolescence to independent adulthood.

Timely, accurate and comprehensive information on the health and wellbeing of young people is therefore essential. (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Youth Health and Wellbeing)

Table 24: Key Statistics for 12-25 year olds in the City of Maroondah

2011 2006

Number % of 12 to 25 year olds in Number % of 12 to 25 year olds in Maroondah Maroondah

Total population of young 18,592 100 18,450 100 people 12-25

Males 9,546 51.3 9,403 51.0

Females 9,046 48.7 9,047 49.0

Born in non-English speaking 1,520 4.1 1,017 2.8 country

Speaks language other than 1,951 5.2 1,421 3.9 English at home

Tertiary (University and 3,984 21.4 3,385 18.3 TAFE)

University 2,046 13.9 1,814 12.6

Other post-school 2,127 14.5 1,911 13.2

No qualification 9,564 65.1 9,457 65.4

Unemployed 968 9.4 800 7.9

Source: ID Consulting: profile.id, 2011, Maroondah Youth Profile 2016

Table 25: Youth Wellbeing Indicators, Maroondah 2010 Indicator Maroondah EMR VIC (C) Physical health & wellbeing % % % Proportion of adolescents who eat the minimum 17.5 20.4 19.0 recommended serves of fruit and vegetables every day Proportion of adolescents who describe themselves as 90.5 90.5 89.2 having good health Proportion of adolescents who do the recommended 14.9 12.3 12.3 amount of physical activity every day Proportion of adolescents who use electronic media 53.3 59.3 58.7 for more than two hours per day Behaviour & mental health Proportion of adolescents with the highest level of 13.1 14.1 13.0 psychological distress Proportion of adolescents who reported being 42.7 44.4 44.6 recently bullied Proportion of adolescents who have positive 71.5 64.1 61.1 psychological development Learning Percentage of Year 9 students at or above the national 95.1 96.0 93.0 minimum standard for reading Percentage of Year 9 students at or above the national 96.6 96.9 94.4 minimum standard for numeracy Year 12 or equivalent attainment rates at age 19 82.7 87.2 79.8 Safety Number of adolescents in Maroondah and Victoria 10.7 11.1 who were victims of crime against the person Rate per 1000 Rate per 1000 adolescents adolescents Crime against the person in Maroondah and Victoria 10.9 12.5 where the offender was an adolescent Rate per 1000 Rate per 1000 adolescents adolescents Lifestyle Proportion of adolescents, aged 15-17 years who have 26.3 16.0 ever used marijuana, 2009. Proportion of adolescents, aged 15-17years, who 58.3% 50.6% drank alcohol in the last 30 days Proportion of adolescents aged 15-17years, who 25.5% 18.4% smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days Proportion of sexually active adolescents who practice 63.7 55.6 58.1 safe sex by using a condom Proportion of adolescents who have a trusted adult in 73.8 71.8 70.8 their life in Maroondah, Source: ID: Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Adolescent Community Profile, City of Maroondah,2010

In 2009, 14.9 per cent of adolescents surveyed in Maroondah did the recommended amount of physical activity every day. This was higher than the proportion reported across Eastern Metropolitan Region (12.3 per cent), with the difference being non significant.

In 2009, 71.5 per cent of adolescents surveyed in Maroondah had positive psychological development. This was higher than the proportion reported across Eastern Metropolitan Region (64.1 per cent), with the difference being non significant.

In 2010, 95.1 per cent of Year 9 students in Maroondah were at or above the NMS in reading. This was lower than the percentage in the Eastern Metropolitan region (95.4 per cent) and higher than the percentage across Victoria (92.3 per cent)

In Maroondah, 26.3 per cent of 15 to 17 year olds had used marijuana in their lifetime, which was higher than, but not significantly different to the proportion in Victoria (16.0 per cent).

In 2009, 63.7 per cent of sexually active adolescents surveyed in Maroondah reported that they practiced safe sex by using a condom. This was significantly higher than that reported in Eastern Metropolitan Region (55.6 per cent) and higher than, but not significantly different to that reported across Victoria (58.1 per cent). (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, Adolescent Community Profile, City of Maroondah,2010)

3.5.3 Older adults and disability

According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) on the night of the Census 2011,

 Maroondah’s population aged 60+ was higher than the metropolitan average.  Maroondah had the highest proportion of persons aged 85+ in the Eastern Metropolitan Region  The largest age group in Maroondah was in the 40-44 year olds which accounted for 7.4% of the total population (Maroondah City Council Active & Healthy Ageing Initiative, Towards an Age-friendly Maroondah, 2015-202)

It is estimated that the number of people aged over 65 years in the EMR in 2015 was 180,407, or 16.5% of the total EMR population, compared with an estimated 15.1% of the Victorian population. Based on population forecasts, it is expected that this will increase to 22.5% for the EMR catchment by 2025, compared to an estimated 17.5% in Victoria (Public Health Information Development Unit, 2015).

In addition, the EMR is currently ranked 3rd out of 8 regions in Victoria for the prevalence of dementia and is forecasted to have the 3rd highest prevalence in 2050 (National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, 2016b).

In 2016, five of the EMR’s LGAs were ranked in the top 15 for the prevalence of dementia (National Centre for Social and Economic Modelling, 2016a). Maroondah is ranked lowest in the EMR for estimated number of people with dementia in 2016 and forecast for 2050. (Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017)

Planning adequately for the strengths and challenges an ageing population presents is essential According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) there are eight age-friendly domains that influence the health and quality of life of people as they age:

1. Outdoor spaces and buildings 2. Transportation 3. Housing 4. Social participation 5. Respect and social inclusion 6. Civic participation and employment 7. Communication and Information 8. Community support and health services

The following data provides insights into Maroondah’s aging population.

Graph 8: ABS 2014 ERP Persons aged 60+ years, EMR

11.8% 11.5% 10.8% 9.8% 10.0% 9.3% 9.5% 9.5%

7.5% 7.2% 6.2% 5.9% 5.6% 5.9% 5.8% 4.9% 5.2% 5.1% 4.3% 3.5% 3.2%

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

60-69 70-79 80+

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 9: Self-Assessed Health Status Fair/Poor self-reported Health Status

34% 33%

29% 28% 26% 24% 24% 22% 22% 21% 21% 20% 21% 18% 19% 19% 19% 18% 18% 17% 18% 17% 17% 15%15% 15% 14% 13%

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

60-69 70-79 80+ Average 18+

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 10: Aged Pension Recipients, Rate per 1,000

Inner East 547

Boroondara 369

Manningham 554

Monash 630

Whitehorse 619

Outer East 704

Knox 719

Maroondah 683

Yarra Ranges 704

Eastern 631

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 11: Projected % of population that needs assistance with 3 or more activities in 2015

42% 41% 39% 39% 39% 35% 34%

24% 25% 25% 23% 22% 21% 20% 19% 20% 19% 19% 16% 16% 16%

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

65 years plus 70 years plus 80 years plus

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 12: Percentage of EMR Population aged 75+ living alone

79.0% 76.8% 77.4% 75.3% 75.8% 74.7% 72.7%

38.9% 37.0% 39.0% 33.8% 33.8% 29.7% 26.7%

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

Percentage of total population aged 75+ living alone Percentage of females aged 75+ living alone

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 13. Percentage of persons aged 65+ that provided unpaid assistance 2011, EMR 19% 17% 17% 16% 17% 16% 16% 13% 13% 12% 12% 11% 11% 11%

8% 8% 8% 8% 6% 6% 6%

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

60-69 years 70-79 years 80 years plus

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 14. Elder Abuse EMR, rate per 1000 people 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.7

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

60-69 70-79 80+

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Maroondah has the highest rate in the EMR of persons aged 60-69 years experiencing elder abuse and the second highest rate of person 70-79 years experiencing elder abuse.

Table 26. Percentage of Population with a severe and profound disability living in the community who are 65 years plus Percentage AREA Percentage of People 65+ with severe and profound disability living in the community Inner East 12.10% Boroondara 10.90% Manningham 12.10% Monash 13.20% Whitehorse 12.00% Outer East 11.30% Knox 12.60% Maroondah 10.50% Yarra Ranges 10.60% EMR 11.80% Victoria 13.70 Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 15. Percentage of persons aged 60+ years who volunteer, Maroondah 2011

27% 26% 24%24% 23% 24% 21% 21% 20% 19% 19% 19% 18%18% 14% 15% 11% 10% 11% 10% 11%

5% 5% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3%

Boroondara Manningham Monash Whitehorse Knox Maroondah Yarra Ranges

60-69 years 70-79 years 80-89 years 90 yrs plus

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

Graph 16. Estimated number of people with dementia in 2016 and 2050 by LGA

Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Health and Wellbeing Needs of Older People Living in the Eastern Region of Melbourne, 2017

There will be an estimated increase of 4,160 persons, in Maroondah, with dementia between the years of 2016 1nd 2050.

Table 27. Percentage of people with a profound or severe disability (includes people in long-term accommodation), All ages, EMR, 2011 AREA % of people with a profound or severe disability (includes people in long-term accommodation), All ages, EMR, 2011 Maroondah (C) 4.6 Knox (C) 4.2 Manningham (C) 4.5 Monash (C) 4.6 Whitehorse (C) 4.3 Yarra Ranges (S) 3.8 Victoria 4.7 Greater Melbourne 4.5 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017, compiled by Maroondah City Council

Maroondah and Monash have the equal highest percentage of people with a profound or severe disability in the EMR. Accessibility, inclusiveness, and adequate service provision is required in planning for beneficial health and wellbeing outcomes for this cohort.

3.6 Modifiable Risk Factors Contributing to Chronic Disease

The Victorian Population Health Survey has been conducted annually, by the Department of Health and Human Services, since 2001. The aim of the survey is to provide quality, timely indicators of population health to inform evidence-based policy development and strategic planning across Victoria.

The following information details the survey’s findings for modifiable risk factors which contribute to chronic disease in Maroondah, the EMR and Victoria.

Information is presented on modifiable risk factors which include physical inactivity, smoking prevalence, alcohol consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, intake of sugar-sweetened drinks, overweight and obesity, hypertension and psychological distress.

Table 28. Modifiable Risk Factors, EMR 2014 Modifiable Risk Factors (point estimate %) SES Area Obese Sedentary Met NHMRC Met NHMRC Daily Current At Increased High, or very Total annual (BMI>_30kg/m2) behaviour vegetable Fruit consumer smoker risk of alcohol high level of household consumption consumption of sugar related harm psychological income guidelines guidelines sweetened on a single distress <$40,000.00 soft drinks occasion, either yearly, monthly or weekly EMR 15.1 3.6 6.0 48.1 9.8 9.8 42.0 11.6 12.9 Boroondara (C) 12.5 3.2 5.8 44.7 5.2 7.2 48.8 10.5 7.8 Knox (C) 18.2 3.1 3.4 48.9 8.5 13.3 37.4 7.2 17.4 Manningham (C) 13.9 4.2 9.0 52.5 8.2 8.8 36.1 8.7 11.1 Maroondah (C) 16.7 2.5 6.3 46.8 21.4 13.4 48.7 15.0 17.0 Monash (C) 14.4 5.2 5.7 46.5 10.2 10.8 36.7 12.6 12.8 Whitehorse (C) 14.7 3.5 6.8 54.3 7.3 5.2 43.5 8.5 11.5 Yarra Ranges (S) 16.4 16.4 5.7 43.9 10.7 8.9 44.8 20.0 13.7 Victoria 18.8 3.6 6.4 47.8 11.2 13.1 42.5 12.6 18.7 Estimates that are (statistically) significantly different to the corresponding estimate for Victoria are identified by colours as follows above or below Source: Department of Health and Human Services, Victorian Population Health Survey 2014, Modifiable risk factors contributing to chronic disease in Victoria. Complied by Maroondah City Council

3.6.1 Healthy Eating

The weight of epidemiological evidence shows that consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks has significantly contributed to the obesity epidemic (Malik, Schulze & Hu 2006; Vartanian, Schwartz & Brownell 2007; Woodward-Lopez, Kao & Ritchis 2011).

Recent public health interest has focused on the associations between consumption of added sugars and adverse health outcomes. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is not only associated with weight gain but also with increased risk of other health problems such as dental caries, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (Department of Health and Human Services, Victorian Population Health Survey 2014, Modifiable risk factors contributing to chronic disease in Victoria.)

Maroondah has a significantly higher estimate to both the EMR and Victoria for persons consuming sugar sweetened soft drinks daily.

Maroondah residents ate an average of 2.5 serves of vegetables per day, which is significantly higher than the Victorian average of 2.2. Maroondah residents reported eating an average of 1.6 serves of fruit each day, which is the same as the Victorian average. On average, Maroondah residents drank 5.3 cups of water per day. This is similar to the Victorian average of 5.4. (Vic Health, VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015 Results)

3.6.2 Mental Wellbeing

The percentage of people reporting fair or poor health status is below the state measure, and the percentage of people reporting high/very high psychological distress is above the state measure.

Additionally, Maroondah has the second highest rate of hospital admissions for mental health related causes in the EMR and a higher rate than both Greater Melbourne and Victoria.

Table 29. Hospital Admissions for Mental Health Related Conditions,2012/2013 AREA Mental Health Related Admissions, all hospitals ASR per 100,000 Boroondara (C) 1, 852.3 Knox (C) 1, 917.4 Manningham (C) 1, 280.6 Maroondah (C) 1, 946.9 Monash (C) 1, 1719.5 Whitehorse (C) 2, 484.1 Yarra Ranges (S) 1, 317.4 Greater Melbourne 1, 363.4 Victoria 1, 271.2 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017, compiled by Maroondah City Council

3.6.3 Physical Activity

Table 30. Physical Activity Indicators, Maroondah, 2015

Source: Vic Health, VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015 Results 45

Maroondah City Council plays an integral role in the provision and facilitation of physical activity opportunities through both the provision of services and infrastructure and the strategic planning and development of environments that support Active Living. (Maroondah City Council, Physical Activity Strategy 2015-2020)

Compared to all Victorians, a similar proportion of Maroondah residents engaged in no physical activity during the week (14.4%, Victoria = 18.9%).

A similar proportion of Maroondah residents engaged in physical activity four or more days per week compared with the Victorian estimate (40.2%, Victoria = 41.3%). The three most popular non-organised physical activities in Maroondah were walking (51.7%), cycling (13.2%), and gym or fitness (11.6%). (Vic Health, VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015 Results)

3.7 Sexual & Reproductive Health

In 2014 and 2015 Women’s Health East lead a regional needs analysis in the Eastern Metropolitan Region (EMR) to identify barriers for women in achieving optimal Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH).

Analysis of the evidence, demographic data and consultation findings revealed that within the EMR, women who were most likely to experience SRH inequities included young women, those from migrant, newly arrived and culturally diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal women, those who have experienced violence from men, women with disabilities and women of diverse sexual and gender identities. The associated priority needs of these women were explored and recommendations were made regarding each of these priorities. These were endorsed by the Eastern SRH Regional Strategic Reference Group in November 2015 and are as follows:

Table 31. Sexual and reproductive Health Priorities, EMR, 2016

Source: Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Need Analysis, 2016

Maroondah’s findings that speak to each of the identified priority areas are as follows:

Table 32. EMR Chlamydia data, 2013

Source: Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, Maroondah 2014

Chlamydia notification rates in Maroondah are markedly higher than the EMR and State average.

Table 33. Hepatitis B Data, Medicare Local Areas, 2011

Source: Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, Maroondah 2014

Chronic Hepatitis B is a significant burden of disease – many people don’t know they have it and long term illness can lead to liver cancer and death. Transmission – sexually transmitted, needle sharing, and most commonly through mother to baby transmission at birth. (Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, Maroondah 2014)

Table 34. Cervical Screening Data, EMR, 2013

Source: Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, Maroondah 2014

Regular cervical screening is an example of adequate SRH literacy for women- it indicates that women have an understanding of the need for cervical screening, the recommended timing and that they have access to appropriate services.

Table 35. Birth Rate (young women)EMR, 2013

Source: Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, Maroondah 2014

The birth rate for young women is a strong indicator for poor access to long term contraception, emergency contraception, surgical and medication abortion. However, it is important to remember that pregnancies for young women are not always unintended. Maroondah has a very high rate compared to the EMR average – anecdotally, young women face barriers to healthcare access for SRH, particularly around lack of public transport. However, there are also areas of social and economic disadvantage in Maroondah, which correlates with higher teenage pregnancy rates. (Women’s Health East Women’s Sexual & Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, Maroondah 2014)

3.8 Health and Wellbeing, Chronic Conditions, Screening and Eye Health

The content of this section includes information on self-reported health and wellbeing, chronic disease prevalence, biomedical checks and screening and eye health in Maroondah, the EMR and Victoria.

Table 36. Health and Wellbeing, Chronic Conditions, Screening and Eye Health, EMR 2014 Biomedical checks Health Chronic Disease Status Area Last GP Had Had a Had a Had an Had a Had a Fair or Type 2 Anxiety or Arthritis Cancer Heart visit was blood cholesterol blood examination mammogram pap poor self- diabetes Depression Disease 12 months pressure check in sugar or for bowel in the smear in reported or more check in previous 2 diabetes cancer in previous 5 previous health ago previous years check in the previous years 2 years 2 years previous 5 years 2 years (50+ years) EMR 10.5 78.6 58.9 52.1 46.8 74.3 74.4 18.5 4.7 21.4 17.5 8.0 6.5 Boroondara 11.3 76.8 53.2 47.7 48.8 76.7 63.2 17.9 1.4 17.8 15.8 5.7 7.1 (C) Knox (C) 10.5 74.2 61.0 52.7 43.0 74.0 76.6 17.2 5.5 20.3 20.2 8.8 6.2 Manningham 9.7 85.2 61.5 54.4 47.4 79.9 78.8 16.7 3.0 15.2 14.7 9.7 8.6 (C) Maroondah 8.8 81.0 51.0 43.1 46.5 76.8 74.3 18.5 3.2 33.2 19.6 9.2 4.5 (C) Monash (C) 8.8 79.0 64.5 54.4 49.5 72.2 76.3 18.8 5.5 17.6 16.5 7.5 5.9 Whitehorse 10.8 80.3 63.2 59.4 48.5 70.2 77.7 20.8 8.6 21.4 16.9 7.5 6.4 (C) Yarra Ranges 12.9 78.3 55.1 49.4 44.3 72.4 74.0 19.4 4.6 27.1 19.3 9.0 6.6 (S) Victoria 10.4 79.9 59.5 53.1 46.1 73.0 72.1 20.3 5.3 24.2 19.8 7.4 7.2 Estimates that are (statistically) significantly different to the corresponding estimate for Victoria are identified by colours as follows above or below Source: Department of Health and Human Services, Victorian Population Health Survey 2014, Health and wellbeing, chronic conditions, screening and eye health. Complied by Maroondah City Council

Maroondah has a below EMR and Vic estimated participation in both 2 yearly cholesterol checks and blood sugar or diabetes checks.

3.8 Social Capital

Social capital is defined as the ‘resources that are accessed by individuals as a result of their membership of a network or a group’ (Berkman, Kawachi et al. 2014). Research shows that higher levels of social capital are associated with better health outcomes. (Department of Health and Human Services, Victorian Population Health Survey 2014, Inequalities in the social determinants of health and what it means for the health of Victorians)

The below information details social capital indicators in Maroondah, the EMR and Victoria.

Table 37. Social Capital Indicators, EMR 2014 Social & Civic Trust % Social & Support Networks % Community & Civic Engagement % Social Environment % Area Feel Agree Feel there Able Able Able to get Membership Attendance Volunteerism Multiculturalism Daily Neighbourhood Social safe most are to get to get help from of an at a local makes life in social tenure (<10 isolation walking people opportunities help help neighbours organized community their area better contact years) among down can be to have a real from from group group (10+ adults street trusted say on family friends (sport) people)) (high or after important very dark matters high) EMR 63.9 42.7 36.2 84.1 81.5 51.1 24.7 55.8 24.3 60.7 46.6 59.4 15.8 Boroondara 68.9 50.4 45.9 80.1 83.3 47.7 24.2 57.7 24.7 73.2 49.9 62.4 16.5 (C) Knox (C) 63.5 33.4 32.0 83.7 82.8 53.3 19.5 50.9 22.3 55.6 46.0 59.2 16.3 Manningham 68.5 39.6 30.2 86.7 78.4 47.2 26.3 54.4 23.5 61.7 44.1 62.1 13.6 (C) Maroondah 56.5 35.0 34.2 85.2 79.9 54.7 21.5 59.6 22.1 45.6 44.2 56.0 13.2 (C) Monash (C) 58.4 44.9 34.1 81.8 78.2 49.1 21.9 45.6 19.7 59.9 43.2 55.5 17.8 Whitehorse 65.2 48.0 40.2 87.0 85.3 57.2 32.9 58.2 27.6 70.2 47.4 68.1 12.6 (C) Yarra Ranges 64.5 43.9 33.6 86.7 82.4 48.7 26.9 68.3 30.7 51.1 50.2 51.5 18.4 (S) Victoria 60.8 38.2 35.2 81.6 79.7 51.2 25.7 58.7 23.2 55.4 47.5 56.2 17.3 Estimates that are (statistically) significantly different to the corresponding estimate for Victoria are identified by colours as follows above or below Source: Department of Health and Human Services, Victorian Population Health Survey 2014, Inequalities in the social determinants of health and what it means for the health of Victorians. Complied by Maroondah City Council

It should be noted that findings of the VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015, place Maroondah as significantly less favourable than the Victorian estimate for perceptions of safety – walking alone after dark, 47% and 55.1% respectively.

3.9. Health Service Access & Utilisation

Access to and utilisation of health services should be equitable for all, however there are many factors that can impact upon a persons ability to obtain the health services they may require, such as socio-economics, language, cultural sensitivity and infrastructure.

The below information provides a summary of Maroondah’s health service access and utilisation data. Access and utilisation rates of health services in Maroondah are not significantly different to state measures.

Table 38. Maroondah Health Service Access and Utilisation Data, 2015

Source: Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Local Government Area (LGA) Statistical Profile

Summary Key findings - Population Health include:

 High level of older females living alone  Lower than EMR average for male life expectancy  Health promotion initiatives to be undertaken to assist in addressing avoidable mortality and top 10 burden of disease findings  Maroondah has the highest rate of suicide in the EMR and is above the avoidable mortality rate (suicide) for Greater Melbourne.  Maroondah has the highest rate in the EMR of persons aged 60-69 years experiencing elder abuse and the second highest rate of person 70-79 years experiencing elder abuse  Maroondah and Monash have the equal highest percentage of people with a profound or severe disability in the EMR. Accessibility, inclusiveness, and adequate service provision is required in planning for beneficial health and wellbeing outcomes for this cohort.  There will be an estimated increase of 4,160 persons, in Maroondah, with dementia between the years of 2016 1nd 2050.  Maroondah has a significantly higher estimate to both the EMR and Victoria for persons consuming sugar sweetened drinks daily.  Maroondah has a below EMR and Victoria estimated participation in both 2 yearly cholesterol checks and blood sugar or diabetes checks.  The percentage of people reporting high/very high psychological distress is above the state measure.  Maroondah has the highest rate of hospital admissions for mental health related causes in the EMR and a higher rate than both Greater Melbourne and Victoria.  Chlamydia notification rates in Maroondah are markedly higher than the EMR and State average.  Maroondah has a very high rate compared to the EMR average of mothers under 20 years of age.

4. Community Safety

4.1 Perceptions of Safety

Neighbourhoods which are perceived as safe, foster community participation. encourage physical activity, community connectedness and add to the health and well-being of local residents and visitors. Neighbourhood safety can only be achieved through the development and support of partnerships, within local communities, with business, residents, community groups, police, agencies and councils, which identify local solutions to local issues. The built environment and the way neighbourhoods are designed and maintained, impact greatly on perceptions of safety and are critical factors in any strategy for improving safety in neighbourhoods. (Community Indicators Victoria) Table 39. Perception of Safety, After Dark, EMR, 2014 AREA Estimated number of people aged 18 years and over who felt very safe/safe walking alone in local area after dark ASR per 100 Boroondara (C) 70.8 Knox (C) 50.9 Manningham (C) 62.9 Maroondah (C) 53.0 Monash (C) 57.5 Whitehorse (C) 59.1 Yarra Ranges (S) 61.4 Greater Melbourne 51.9 Victoria 53.0 Source: Population Health Information Development Group (AIHW), Social Health Atlases of Australia: Local Government Areas, 2017, compiled by Maroondah City Council

Most (91.4%) Maroondah residents agreed that they felt safe walking alone during the day, which is similar to the Victorian estimate (92.5%). (Vic Health, VicHealth Indicators Survey 2015 Results)

However, Maroondah has the second lowest perception of safety, after dark, in the EMR and is equal to the Victoria rate.

4.2 Crime Rates

Crime rates in Maroondah are the third highest in the EMR, behind Knox and Monash.

Overall Maroondah’s crime rate has increased by 16.4% between 2016 and 2017.

Property and deception offences are the highest offence division in Maroondah which is consistent across the EMR

Table 40. Recorded Offences, EMR 2016-2017 AREA Number of Recorded Offence 2016-2017 Boroondara (C) 8, 540 Knox (C) 12, 340 Manningham (C) 5, 248 Maroondah (C) 9, 331 Monash (C) 11, 631 Whitehorse (C) 8, 359 Yarra Ranges (S) 8, 804 Source: Crime Statistics Agency, Crime by Location, Maroondah, 2017, compiled by Maroondah City Council

Graph 17: Maroondah Crime Rate per 100,000 population, 2017

Source: Crime Statistics Agency, Crime by Location, Maroondah, 2017

Graph 18: Maroondah Crime, Offence Division, 2017

Source: Crime Statistics Agency, Crime by Location, Maroondah, 2017

Table 41. Maroondah Crime Statistics, 2013-2017

Source: Crime Statistics Agency, Crime by Location, Maroondah, 2017

4.3 Family Violence

Family violence has long-term health and wellbeing consequences for those affected by it. The experience of family violence has an impact on victims/survivors as well as perpetrators and others exposed to it (e.g. children). Studies show that women subjected to family violence are more likely than other women to experience low self esteem, anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts and post traumatic stress disorder, and are at higher risk than other women of mental health disorders and physical health conditions. (Women’s Health East Maroondah Demographic Profile, 2012)

Maroondah has the third highest rate per 100,000 population of family violence incidents in the EMR.

Table 42. Family incident rate per 100,000 population by region and local government area - April 2016 to March 2017

AREA Family Incident Rate per 100,000 Boroondara (C) 463.4 Knox (C) 1, 045.1 Manningham (C) 623.1 Maroondah (C) 1, 015.4 Monash (C) 725.1 Whitehorse (C) 633.8 Yarra Ranges (S) 1, 019.2 Source: Crime Statistics Agency Victoria, Family incident rate per 100,000 population by region and local government area, 2017

4.4 Child Abuse & Neglect

Maroondah’s rate of child protection investigations and substantiations are below the state measures, however are the highest in the EMR.

Table 43: Child Protection, Family Service and Youth Justice Utilisation, Maroondah, 2015

Source: Department of Health and Human Services, 2015 Local Government Area (LGA) Statistical Profile

4.5 Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs

The following range of indicators demonstrate that there are a number of domains in which Maroondah would benefit from focusing initiatives towards. Across the EMR Maroondah has the:

 Second highest proportion of adult population with lifetime risk from alcohol use  Second highest rate of persons who consumed alcohol at least weekly at levels likely to cause short-term harm  Third highest rate of alcohol related hospital admissions across both ‘all persons’ and persons aged 15-24 years  Highest rate of high alcohol hours (Fri & Sat 8pm – 6am) alcohol related assaults across both ‘all persons’ and persons aged 18-24 years  Third highest rate of alcohol related family violence  Highest rate of alcohol related family violence by persons, 18-24 years  Third highest percentage of persons smoking  Highest rate of ambulance attendance due to Crystal Methamphetamine  Highest rate of Illicit drug ED presentations

Table 44: Tobacco, Alcohol, and Other Drugs Indicators, EMR, 2012-2016

Indicators Boroondara Knox (C) Manningham Maroondah Monash Whitehorse Yarra (C) (C) (C) (C) (C) Ranges (S) Proportion of adult population with lifetime risk 68.4 56.8 59.0 67.0 48.1 64.5 62.3 from alcohol use Consumed alcohol at least weekly at levels likely to 7.2 6.7 7.0 9.1 5.3 7.4 16.9 cause short-term harm - persons aged 18+ Hospital admission per 10,000 alcohol related 57.8 49.4 39.2 53.7 43.6 76.9 38.4 Hospital admission per 10,000 aged15-24yrs 20.4 27.1 16.7 35.9 22.9 36.8 23.6 Alcohol Assault HAH Rate Total 3.5 9.2 4.0 11.0 4.4 4.8 8.8 Alcohol Assault HAH Rate 18-24yrs 10.9 28.9 6.3 39.7 7.1 10.0 16.1 Alcohol Family Violence Rate Total 8.1 22.0 8.6 18.9 9.9 8.8 21.4 Alcohol Family Violence Rate 18-24yrs 9.3 25.7 6.8 28.7 9.6 8.5 26.5 % of adults smoking 9.4 17.6 12.4 13.7 9.3 11.6 19.5 Crystal Methamphetamine Ambulance Rate Total 1.2 2.1 0.9 2.5 1.4 1.2 2.4 Source: Inner East Primary Care Partnership, Core Indicator Set for Inner East Catchment Planning, 2017, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

Graph 19: Illicit ED Rate, all persons EMR, 2016

Source: Turning Point, Victorian Alcohol and Drug Interactive Statistics and Mapping, 2016, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

Graph 20: Illicit ED Rate, 15-24 years EMR, 2016

Source: Turning Point, Victorian Alcohol and Drug Interactive Statistics and Mapping, 2016, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

Graph 21. Alcohol Related Family Violence, all persons, EMR 2016

Source: Turning Point, Victorian Alcohol and Drug Interactive Statistics and Mapping, 2016, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

Graph 22. Alcohol Related Family Violence, 18-24 years, EMR 2016

Source: Turning Point, Victorian Alcohol and Drug Interactive Statistics and Mapping, 2016, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

Graph 23. Alcohol Assault HAH Rate, 18-24years, EMR, 2016

Source: Turning Point, Victorian Alcohol and Drug Interactive Statistics and Mapping, 2016, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

4.6 Gambling

Maroondah has the third highest number of electronic gaming machines (EGM’s) in the EMR and the highest EGM expenditure per adult in the EMR.

Table 45: Gambling on EGM’s, EMR, 2016-2017

Area # of EGM’s per # of Venues per Player Losses to Expenditure per LGA (April ’17) LGA (April’17) EMG’s per LGA adult per LGA (month of April ‘17) (2016) Boroondara (C) 162 4 1,536,184.64 141.68 Knox (C) 766 11 6,051,833.29 593.54 Manningham (C) 519 7 4,298,889.19 576.47 Maroondah (C) 759 10 5,256,552.49 730.28 Monash (C) 946 15 8,695,564.39 723.28 Whitehorse (C) 430 6 4,295,925.37 394.99 Yarra Ranges (S) 442 9 2,405,563.80 246.43 Source: Victorian Commission for Gambling and Liquor Regulation, Gambling and Research, Gambling Data, 2017

Summary Key findings – Community Safety include:

5. Liveability

5.1 Green Space

Maroondah’s open space network does not include the large state owned regional parkland sites that some other municipalities benefit from.

It also has limited ‘green wedge’ zoned land where development is restricted, as opposed to some other outer ring Councils that have large green wedge areas. This increases the pressure to ensure open spaces are allocated, utilised and improved in accordance with a defined strategy. Decision making must become more strategic and evidence based to ensure the open space assets are equitably provided as resources for the whole community and for the long term preservation of the environment.

The opportunity for new open space land to become available to the Maroondah community through land developments into the future is very limited. Rather, land assets will need to come from existing site redevelopments, land swap negotiations or from planned acquisition utilising open space contributions as the investment mechanism. (Maroondah City Council, Open Space Strategy, 2016)

Maroondah has the second highest percentage of persons visiting green space on a weekly basis or more than the EMR and higher than Victorian percentage.

Map 3. Maroondah Open Space, 2017 (green polygon)

Source: Maroondah City Council, Intramaps

Table 46. Proportion of LGA Which is Green (% total area of LGA), EMR Comparison, 2013 Area % of LGA total area which is green Boroondara (C) 37.1 Knox (C) 43.7 Manningham (C) 49.3 Maroondah (C) 42.0 Monash (C) 36.6 Whitehorse (C) 38.6 Yarra Ranges (S) 58.7 Victoria Source: Social Statistics, City of Greater Dandenong, Indicators of Health and Wellbeing, 2013

Table 47. Percentage of Visits to Green Spaces, 2011 Area Visits to green spaces greater than or equal to once a week Boroondara (C) 65.4% Knox (C) 49.6% Manningham (C) 49.7% Maroondah (C) 55.8% Monash (C) 53.3% Whitehorse (C) 48.5% Yarra Ranges (S) 50.9% Victoria 50.7% Source: Vic Health, VicHealth Indicators Survey 2011

5.2 Transport

A selection of Maroondah’s transport statistics are below:

Table 48. Transport Limitations, Maroondah 2011

Source: Community Indicators Victoria, 2011

Graph 24. Method of Travel to Work, 2011

In 2011, there were 5,465 people who caught public transport to work (train, bus, tram or ferry) in the City of Maroondah, compared with 37,440 who drove in private vehicles (car – as driver, car – as passenger, motorbike, or truck). Analysis of the method of travel to work of the residents in the City of Maroondah in 2011, compared to Eastern Metropolitan Region, shows that 10.5% used public transport, while 71.7% used a private vehicle, compared with 12.7% and 68.1% respectively in Eastern Metropolitan Region. (.id The Population Experts)

88.4% of households in Maroondah are within 400m of a bus stop. (Booz & Co., Knox/Maroondah/Yarra Ranges Bus Service Review: Final Report 2010)

5.3 Walkability

Walkability refers to how well the built environment in different areas supports walking for transport.

Table 49. Maroondah Walk Score, by suburb, 2016 Walk Score - Results 2016 Walk Suburb Score Rating Ringwood 63 Somewhat Walkable

Croydon 60 Somewhat Walkable

Ringwood East 57 Somewhat Walkable

Heathmont 55 Somewhat Walkable

Croydon South 49 Car -Dependent

Ringwood North 48 Car -Dependent

Bayswater North 48 Car -Dependent

Kilsyth 45 Car -Dependent

Croydon Hills 43 Car -Dependent

Croydon North 38 Car -Dependent

Warranwood 30 Car -Dependent

Source: Walk Scores, 2017, Compiled by Maroondah City Council

5.4 Food

The extent to which households can reliably maintain a supply of quality food is sometimes termed ‘food security’. A number of inquiries have been made into levels of food security among the general population, chiefly emphasizing the affordability of food. (Social Statistics- Profiles of Health and Wellbeing – Victoria)

The following information provide insight into levels of food security within Maroondah.

Table 50. Experience of Food Insecurity, Maroondah, 2011

Source: Community Indicators Victoria, 2011

Maroondah has higher incidents of food insecurity than both the EMR and Victoria.

5.5 Environmental Sustainability

Climate change is a major issue for Australian communities, with many emerging risks, as well as opportunities. The Greater Melbourne metropolitan region has already become warmer and drier, a climate trend likely to continue into the future (Victorian Government 2015). Many of the risks we face are not new. However, the experts suggest that there are likely to be changes to the climate as well as change in duration, frequency and severity of some weather events, including drought, flooding and extreme heat events. We can expect more hot days and warm spells, less rainfall but more intense downpours and storm events, and more bushfire weather conditions.

Adaptation and mitigation are complementary strategies for reducing and managing the risks of climate and change. (Maroondah City Council Climate Change Risk and Adaptation Strategy, 2017)

Information below provides insights into selected indicators for undertaking evidence informed action.

Table 51. Waste Water Recycling, 2011

Source: Community Indicators Victoria, 2011

The percentage of Maroondah households engaging in waste water recycling is lower than the EMR percentage.

Table 52. Kerbside Collection Diverted from Landfill, 2015-2016

Source: Department of Land, Water, Environment and Planning, Know Your Council Performance Summary Maroondah 2015-2016

Table 53. Maroondah Solar Panel Installation, 2001-2014 Solar Installations 2001-2014 Accumulative Total Solar Installations - Small-scale 3778 solar panel system installations (no.) Solar Installations - Solar water 1521 heater installations (no.) Source: Australian Bureau of Statistic, Data by Region, Local Government Areas, Maroondah (C), 2011

Maroondah is ranked 5th in the EMR for installation of solar panel system installations and lowest in the in the EMR for installation of solar water heaters.

The spatial distribution of heat related vulnerability in the Maroondah area suggests that areas of high risk (marked as red on the figure) are concentrated in our municipality. These are areas with a higher concentration of aged persons and households where English is not the primary language.

Map 4: Heat Vulnerability Index, Maroondah, 2010

Source: Monash University, Heat Vulnerability Index 2010

The following map shows the spatial distribution of emergency ambulance callouts between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2010 on extreme heat days defined using a daily mean temperature threshold of 34 degrees Celsius. The highest numbers of emergency ambulance calls (marked as red on the figure) were in Warranwood, Ringwood North, Ringwood, Croydon North and Croydon.

Map 5: Emergency Ambulance Callouts on Extreme Heat Days, Maroondah 2002 - 2010

Source: Monash University, Heat Vulnerability Index

Summary Key findings - Liveability include:

6. References

Australian Bureau of Statistics, Data by Region, Local Government Areas, Maroondah (C), 2011 http://stat.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary®ion=24410&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA&geoc oncept=REGION&maplayerid=LGA2014&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS& datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA®ionLGA=REGION®ionASGS=REGION

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Monash University http://www.monash.edu/news/articles/6639

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