Zygmunt Kazimierski 1) Marcin Mielnik 2)

International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018

1) Prof., Polish society for the history of technology (Warsaw, Poland) * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected]

2) PhD, Polish society for the history of technology (Warsaw, Poland) * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-986X

JULIAN URSYN NECESSES ABOUT THE KOSCIUSZKOW INSUANCE

JULIAN URSYN NIEMCEWICZ O INSUREKCJI KOŚCIUSZKOWSKIEJ

ЮЛИАН УРСЫН НЕМЦЕВИЧ О ВОССТАНИИ КОСТЮШКО

Abstract Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, a Polish writer and politician, fought for the good of his homeland throughout his life. The knowledge gained at the Knight's School allowed for many years to perform the function of Adam Czartoryski, adjutant general of the army of the Podolia region. During the deliberations of the Great Sejm, he actively joined in the efforts to strengthen the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He took an active part in the battles in defense of the Constitution of May 3. Niemcewicz demonstrated the greatest military activity during the Kościuszko Uprising as Tadeusz Kosciuszko's adjutant. His memories of these events seem to be an important source for learning the final act of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author with high professionalism and accuracy describes the events that took place then. Keywords: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Polish-Russian War 1792, Kosciuszko Insurrection, diaries

Streszczenie Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz polski pisarz, polityk, przez cały okres swojego życia walczył o dobro swojej ojczyzny. Wiedza zdobyta w Szkole Rycerskiej pozwoliła przez długie lata sprawować funkcję adiutanta generała wojsk ziemi podolskiej Adama Czartoryskiego. W trakcie obrad Sejmu Wielkiego włączył się aktywnie w działanie na rzecz wzmocnienia

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Аннотация Юлиан Урсын Немцевич, польский писатель и политик, на протяжении всей своей жизни боролся за благополучие своей родины. Знания, полученные в Рыцарской школе, позволили ему на протяжении многих лет служить адъютантом сухопутных войск Адама Чарторыйского в регионе Подолье. Во время встреч Великого Сейма он активно участвовал в укреплении армии Польско-Литовского Содружества. Он принимал активное участие в битвах за защиту Конституции от 3 мая. Немцевич продемонстрировал значительную военную деятельность во время восстания Костюшков качестве адъютанта Тадеуша Костюшко. Его воспоминания об этих событиях, похоже, являются важным источником для изучения заключительного акта истории Польско-литовского Содружества. Автор с высоким профессионализмом и точностью описывает события, которые тогда имели место. Ключевые слова: Юлиан Урсын Немцевич, Русско-польская война 1792, восстание Костюшко, дневники ______

Article history: Received: 21.05.2018 / Accepted: 15.06.2018 / Published: 30.06.2018 JEL Classification: N 400, Y 3 ______

Statement of the problem in general outlook and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks.

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz is known in the in the second half of the eighties, he was a scientific literature as well as in social deputy candidate for the Sejm of the awareness mainly as a politician or a writer. Republic of Poland. He took an active part Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was able to in the creation, defense of the Constitution participate in many important events thanks of May 3 and the Kościuszko Insurrection. to his extensive knowledge and functions. During the battle of Maciejowice, on His career began as the adjutant of prince October 10, 1794, he was taken prisoner by Adam Czartoryski, general of the Podole the Russians, where he remained until after region. He held this function until the the death of Tsarina Catherine. activity period of the Great Sejm. Already

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Despite military education, occupying the life of Julian Niemcewicz was carried various military positions in the Republic of out by A. Czaja (Czaja A., 2005; Czaja A., Poland, participating in the war with the 2002), S. Majchrowski (Majchrowski S., Russians in 1792 and the Kościuszko 1982); G. Pauszer-Klonowska (Pauszer- Insurrection two years later, he remains a Klonowska G., 1987) and K. Zbyszewski less known soldier. In Poland, research on (Zbyszewski K., 1999).

Aims of paper. Methods.

Rich experience and high activity in the of his view of his own predispositions, military role makes it justified to analyse participation and evaluation in the the memories of the national hero in terms Kościuszko Insurrection. Exposition of main material of research with complete substantiation of obtained scientific results. Discussion.

The military education of Julian brigadier, a group guardian, every week Niemcewicz began with the admission to (Niecewicz J. U., 1868, p. 25). Niemcewicz the Knight's School on August 8, 1770. As remembered a graph, Fryderyk Moszyński, he recalls, the Cadet Corps was founded by quite differently. The son of August II and Stanisław August 1764. It consisted of sixty Mrs. Orzelska was described as cold, students. They were divided into three formal, ordered as the most well-ordained brigades, twenty cadets each and a brigadier banker. He spoke foreign languages, and and a sub-brigadier. In addition, the classes had many talents. On his initiative, the were attended by exteriors that were Allemande dance was introduced into the organized in the next brigade (Niemcewicz education program. J. U., 1868, pp. 23-24). Stanisław August All students remembered a high level of Poniatowski held the title of captain. requirements, discipline and transfer to the Although the monarch did not have any Kazimierz Palace (Niecewicz J. U., 1868, p. substantive function, he attached great 25). Breaking the rules prevailing in the importance to the proper functioning of the unit was threatened with corporal Knight's School. He often came in punishment. Niemcewicz, however, horseback surrounded by uhlans. He took considers them to be sporadic and active part in final examinations, observed necessary. The ideals taught in this way parades and ordered to send copies of were to bring great benefits to the homeland documents from this institution. The prince in the future. From that moment, each general, Adam Czartoryski, was extremely brigade had its own room, while each of the important and popular among the cadets. cadets was equipped with chests of personal Niemcewicz remembered him as a person belongings, a tin bowl and a basin. trying to temper the spirit of future soldiers. The session of the Great Sejm is the period He paid particular attention to matters of in which J. Niemcewicz showed the honour, integrity and, above all, patriotism. greatest hopes for improving the situation The Catechism for the cadets supported in of the homeland. In addition to the detailed raising young people. Each student knew it descriptions of the proceedings in his by heart, and he was obliged to recite the memoirs, he listed the most important, in contents contained there before the his opinion, successes of eliminating the

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Perpetual Council, resolutions on the place of fighting. In Niemcewicz's opinion, creation of a 100 000 army and tax reforms Igielsröm's nervous decisions, such as the (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, pp. 91-92). The arrest of people suspected of wanting to adoption of the constitution was to be the riot, and taking control of the Warsaw crucial point of the works. arsenal directly led to the outbreak of The intervention of the Russian army, the fighting in the city itself. declaration of the Targowica Kapostas and Jan Kiliński were the Confederation, was considered as betrayal. initiators and the main leaders of the According to the assessment of the activities of the Poles. In conspiracy, they situation, Józef Poniatowski did not urged the public to take up the fight, which undertake appropriate offensive actions. began as planned on April 17. Suddenly for According to J. Niemcewicz, despite many Niemcewicz, the commander of the Polish wins of battles, e.g. near Zieleńce and artillery, Cichocki, came to the rescue. The Dubienka, he could not get any benefits. In author of the memories recognized him as a Polish literature, both battles are considered traitor because he was enjoying a success. Both on June 18 at the Battle of Ingielström's trust. It was not until the Zieleńce and on July 18 at the Battle of fighting that he felt the Polish heart beating Dubienka, hostile troops were detained. and decided to hand over the arsenal to the Losses on both sides were more or less fighting Varsovians without a fight. The equal. However, the aim of breaking the victory of the Targowica followers crown army failed (Derdej P., 2000, pp. 65- deprived the King, government and military 70, 87-92, Wolański A, 1996, pp. 173-177, of influence on the state condition. The only 296- 297). Niemcewicz himself, winning solution was to negotiate. For this reason, the war itself, depended on the strong will the assessment of Cichocki himself seems of the ruler, Stanisław August Poniatowski, to be wrong. Despite the concise form of the who joined the Targowica Confederation at message, he recognized the liberation of the a critical moment. city as a great success. He estimated the The news of the beginning of the Russians' losses of 3 000 killed and 1 800 Insurrection found him in Rome. Informed soldiers and 160 officers taken as prisoners by unknown Bernardine. The date of this (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 158). The event remains unknown; however, opinion coincides with dedicated research immediately after receiving this on the subject (Szyndler B., Insurekcja information, Niemcewicz immediately kościuszkowska 1794, Warszawa 1994, p.; goes back to his homeland. During the trip Kępka – Mariański W., Insurekcja he collects information about events that warszawska 1794, Warszawa 2012, p. 172). were initiated and took place in the first He involved the archive of the Russian days of the uprising (Niemcewicz J.U., ambassador among the valuable 1868, pp. 157-185). Taking over the achievements. The entire military operation function of the dictator of the uprising on ended on April 20 with the submission of March 23 and the victory at Racławice on civilian weapons to the arsenal. At the same April 4. The people of the Republic of time, insurgent authorities began to form. Poland were encouraged by the first The liberation of the capital was of great successes to support Kosciuszko's initiative importance for events throughout the and caused the entire country to become an country. As Niemcewicz decided, the arena of fighting in a short time. The capital whole army joined the Insurrection. This city was to become the most important statement does not reflect the actual

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Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 368 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 situation. Some of the Polish Army troops Nemenczyn and Sola. Only after the arrival from before the Second Partition of Poland of the main Russian forces under the were incorporated into the army of Tsarina command of Mikhail Zubov and Catherine and could not participate in this Beningsnen in clashes at Knoryng and war. Due to, inter alia, Niemcewicz’s Cycjanov, he was forced to retreat. Thus, information, it is known about successful some successes were initially made. Along attempts to break through certain units and with the taking over of the post of connect them with the main army commander in chief in Lithuania, the (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 160). He military situation in Milohorskia began to mentions the arrival of Józef Kopcio with worsen. According to Niemcewicz, from 600 cavalrymen, and Wyżkowski with 1 the perspective of the headquarters of the 200 soldiers of unknown formations, and Dictator of the uprising, the commander several hundred soldiers of Łazniński. was guilty. Errors and, above all, lack of Lithuania was the second important active trust, prompted Kościuszko to agree with area distinguished by Niemcewicz. Here, the proposal of the officer staff of the generals and representatives of regional Lithuanian army to appoint a new patriotic elites joined the organization of commander-in-chief. It was General the army and defense of the country. The Mokronowski (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. division of society and elites was also in the 166). The events taking place during the area of interests of the writer. As Insurrection resulted in the surrender of Niemcewicz noted, General Niesiołowski, Kraków. This fortified city was handed Romuald Giedroyć, Antoni Prozor, Piotr over to Wieniawski's orders. For unknown Zawisza, Brigadier Sulistrowski had to put reasons, according to Niemcewicz, without a lot of energy into believing that General a fight, the former capital of Poland was Antoni Chlewiński would join the uprising subjected to the Prussian army. In addition (Szyndler B., 1972, p. 51). The example to this episode, he briefly presented events mentioned by Niemcewicz was a serious that took place in Chełmno and Lublin. problem for the entire Insurrection. Division of general Zajączek was to Generals, land majors often did not carry observe the Bug river line. On the news of out their duties properly, which caused the approaching enemy, at the joint problems in mobilising and concentrating meeting, the commander, Hauman, new troops. Wedeisztet, Wyszkowski, and Niemcewicz rather misrepresents the Chomentowski were to decide to attack the Insurrectionary readers in Lithuania. The opponent. The decisive battle was on 7 June local army was to go to Vilnius (Sikorski J., near Chełm (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 1975, p. 432). The concentration in this 162). According to Niemcewicz, guns were place could have been due to Jakub Jasiński of crucial importance. The Polish army had and his 300 soldiers, who managed to six of them, while twenty-eight belonged to liberate the city from enemy units on April the army of gen. Derfelden. The 23 and take commandant of Russian composition of the insurgent infantry, Arseniev and Szymon Kossakowski to which mostly consisted of just mobilised captivity. The latter was sent to a military inexperienced soldiers - scythemen, was court with an accusation of treason. significant. They were the first to be Together with other captured marketers, attacked by the enemy. When the retreats they were sentenced to death. Then Jasiński began, the rest of the units announced a successfully fought with the enemy at retreat. Officers, as you can imagine thanks

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Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 369 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 to Niemcewicz's memoirs, decided that all July 9. Soon after the arrival of Kościuszko, units were announced to be withdrawn. If sections of the defense of the city and their we accept this thesis, general Zajączek is commander were designated. The Chief fully responsible for failure. He could not defended the capital in the area of properly maintain communications Mokotów, Zajączek near Czysty, and between individual departments. Such an Mokronowski from the side of Marymont. assessment would not be entirely true. Niemcewicz calculated the strength of the Vedelszt and Wyszkowski officers had to garrison at 17 000, while the enemy units at be aware of the way in which they were told 50 000 soldiers (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. to inform the troops about the decision to 165). At the same time, he noted that the withdraw from the battlefield. Therefore, enemy troops could not definitely start the guilt of the officers may be considered organized offensive actions. All three more serious than the guilt of Zajączek. months of fighting were limited to small However, later decisions caused a bad skirmishes. At Kosciuszko's initiative, reputation of the general. The entire Lublin many excursions were carried out to region was provided without a fight. He eliminate artillery. According to was not able to persuade his subordinates to Niemcewicz's opinion, the effectiveness of further fight and as a result he directed all these activities was not great. Nevertheless, units to the capital. it brought concrete results in the form of the An extremely important role in destruction of enemy forces. The scythes Niemcewicz's memoirs was played by the were often used for this type of actions. battle of Szczekociny on June 8. Under the cover of the night, they Kosciuszko was to make a decision to approached the enemy positions, then ran gather more troops under his direct with great cries to the embankments. As he command. For this reason, he hid near recalls, each such skirmish was fierce and Połaniec. The units were to come from the they were always characterized by a flash conscription and from the arriving units only by fire from guns, the cry of terrifying called by the Chief. Denisov tried to stop it. and fighting people who were horribly He was to instruct his troops, by destroying frightened. This statement proves the fact nearby villages, to cut off the Poles from that Niemcewicz himself participated in supply (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 161). At direct fighting many times. On the basis of the same time, Kosciuszko learned about diaries, the question of speculation whether the approaching Prussian army. Concerned he was the commander of the attacking by this fact, the Polish leader made the troops or just an observer. decision to attack the Russian forces. The The key moment was the attack of the description of the battle of two armies is Prussian army carried out on July 28 on missing here. The reader learns only about Wola and Młociny, where the Poles lost the initial successes of the Poles, which several guns. The constant heavily firing of turned into a defeat after the arrival of the the city began at this moment. However, it Prussian troops. The deaths of generals turned out to be completely ineffective. At Wodzicki and Grochowski were considered the same time, Dąbrowski managed to push as irreparable losses by Niemcewicz. In his the Russians from Wilanów. It did not memoirs, he distinguished Adam Poniński, cause any damage to the morale of both Kropiński, and Paweł Bieliński. soldiers and civilians. In his diary, he The consequence of the described events mentions the interweaving of social life and became the siege of the capital lasting from warfare. One day during the supervision

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Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 370 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 with Kosciuszko of the section at Czyste, Poland and the terrible command of Niemcewicz was invited by the President of Frederick William II. The ceasefire would Warsaw, Zakrzewski, for supper. In the be in favour of the Prussians, who could streets of the city, there were peculiar expect to suppress the uprising within their events that proved the courage of the borders. Then, without consequences, they inhabitants, for whom children collected proceeded to further actions against the cannonballs from the streets and Insurrection. However, what advantages transported them to the arsenal would the insurgents have? A short period (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 166). of fighting only with Russian troops would The civilians deserved special attention. not lead to major changes in favour of the They took part in fights as part of their Poles. It resulted from the forces and values abilities and participated in the fighting, as of both armies of invaders. Niemcewicz did Niemcewicz points out, mainly with the not comment this subject. He showed only Prussians. Only professional soldiers the answer of Zajączek. Aware of the lack participated in offensive operations. In his of specific benefits not wanting to talk in diaries, he recognized Colonel Krasiński, vain, he gave him the answer that the Lieutenant Colonel Jabłonowski, Brigadier Prussian King, having broken the covenant Kopcia, Kołysko, Dunikowski as the most himself, into which he drew the Poles by distinguished (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. himself, should not expect the nation once 167). The latter died during the fighting. A betrayed, trust him again (Niemcewicz gunner, Zaferin, was another distinguished J.U., 1868, p. 168). officer. He attacked Wola at night, where he After the most spectacular success of the took the control over the Prussian battery Polish army during this campaign, the and destroyed nine guns. At the same time, question arose how the situation could be he captured a certain number of prisoners. used. Was the strategic situation improved? The author of the diary did not provide the Could the insurgents afford to rest after the dates of this operation. It should be departure of the enemy troops, as assumed that this was some time before the Niemcewicz described. The lack of an last attack on the Prussian infantry adequate number of troops was becoming bayonets, which took place on September 5. more and more noticeable During this The next day, the allied troops retreated. period, the information about the accession Not long after this incident, the Prussians of the Austrian Empire to war came. Under attempted to start peace negotiations. At the command of General d'Harnoncourt, the Czyste, during the retreat of the enemy, troops of our southern neighbour occupied Manstein came to general Zajączek. The the Sandomierz and Chełmno lands. official mission of this legation was to meet Engagement in the fight against Germany Prussians with prisoners of war who were and the Russians did not allow to oppose then in Warsaw. It was only after a long this aggression. conversation that he tried to investigate According to Niemcewicz's analysis, there Zajączek on the possibility of a ceasefire. were three basic aims to be achieved. First At this point, you can ask yourself what of all, it was necessary to support the forced the Prussian King to take such steps? uprising in Greater Poland. Then, the main Could the Polish side benefit from such an army of Suvorov and Derfelden could not agreement? As is commonly mentioned in be joined with the approaching army of the literature, the failure of the first siege Fersen (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 169). was caused by the uprising in Greater

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The Chief of the Inspectorate of Lithuanian The basic aim of Kościuszko was to prevent Army, stationed in Grodno, began new the connection of the Russian forces. It was activities. These troops commanded by only late in the evening that two travellers Mokronowski did not present greater were found in Sierakowski’s quarters. His combat strength. Only Bielak’s regiment, troops shrunk, as Niemcewicz calculated, as Niemcewicz described, had greater to 2 500 soldiers. 21 cannons were lost, and combat efficiency. Eastern Mazovia was the entire cavalry dispersed. The next day, not controlled by the Russians, but the Kniaziewicz connected with the Chief. journey through this area was not safe, due However, as Niemcewicz notes in to the numerous Cossack patrols. As it retrospect, it was a strange thing not to call seems their operations were to be the basic for Poniński’s unit of 4 000 soldiers. It identification of the area before the next could go out to the enemy's back and make offensive. it retreat. Initially, it was to observe the They gave great hope to the successes of Vistula River crossings and prevent Fersen Henryk Dąbrowski in Greater Poland. At from crossing. After the failure of this the order of Kosciuszko, he went with his mission, it remained without orders for corps to help the insurgents. He defeated some time. This caused a significant delay the army of general Sekuli near Bydgoszcz. in the later merger with the main Polish As a result of this victory, the city itself and forces. Additionally, after discussions, it the Prussian commander were under the was decided not to wait for support Polish control. involving 2000 infantry, 10 squadrons of Unfortunately, on September 17, rides and 12 guns, sent by Zajączek. On Sierakowski’s division fought an October 7, the army under Kosciuszko's unmatched battle with Suvorov’s army near orders moved on. They headed to Żelechów Krupczyce (Powstanie kościuszkowskie and then to Korytnica. At the end of the day, 1794. Dzieje militarne, pod red. Tadeusza Kosciuszko assigned his headquarters to Rawskiego, Warszawa 1996, t. II, p. 168 – the last place in the destroyed noble estate. 179). After a fierce battle, the Polish At that time, a number of Russian soldiers general managed to retreat to Brest. At the were captured by Poland. Podczaski was same time, as Niemcewicz informs, he sent among them. This major came from the to Kosciuszko full information about the Bracławskie province. As a Pole, he was situation and the request for support. The afraid of being blamed for betrayal. He was Chief immediately sent three battalions of promised to give his life for providing infantry and an unspecified number of rides information on the quantity, condition and under the command of general location of the troops. The information Kniaziewicz. Then, he decided to go to the obtained in this way was not taken front line personally. Together with seriously. As Niemcewicz himself Niemcewicz, they left the camp near mentions, largely influenced by his Mokotów on October 6. At four in the opinion, Kosciuszko decided to accept the morning the next day, they approached battle (Niemcewicz J. U., ..., p. 170). Sierakowski's Division. They met with two At the order of the Chief, at nine in the bad news: about the disintegration of the morning on October 9, the army sets off Polish division and Fersen's crossing over towards Maciejowice. The aim was almost the right bank of the Vistula Rover near reached at four in the afternoon Maciejowice (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. 171). Kosciuszko and his adjutant decided to

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Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 372 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 check the area. Unexpectedly for both of (Niemcewicz J. U., ..., p. 173). However, them, as Niemcewicz himself mentions, thanks to the numerical advantage and they were attacked by a more unknown greater firepower, the Poles were suffering Cossack unit. Only thanks to the more and more losses. An important intervention of Kaminski's regiment after moment, which he pointed out, was to be an an hour of fighting managed to force the independent attack by soldiers of Colonel enemy unit to retreat. After this incident, Krzycki. This forced manoeuvre caused a soldiers began to dig trenches as part of gap in the insurgent ranks and provoked the preparations for the upcoming battle. attack of the cavalry of the opponent. At the Unfortunately, there was not enough time command of Kościuszko, Niemcewicz tried for the insurgents to complete these works. to avert danger as the head of the Brest- Kosciuszko's headquarters were taken over Lithuanian squadron. During the fight, he by Andrzej Ordynat Zamoyski. He also became wounded and was taken as a organized his forces. General Sierakowski prisoner, and his unit escaped from the took command of two Fusilier regiments battlefield. and Działyński's regiment. Kniaziewicz, The participation, role and involvement that on the other hand, was to command an Niemcewicz brought to the uprising unknown number of infantry, a regiment of remains respectable. During the fight, he cavalry, a regiment of Uhlans Kaminski, performed many military functions, mainly two squadrons of the Crown Guard, and as the adjutant. We learn from the two militia squads of the Brest-Lithuanian memories about the observer function he province. Poniński's Division was to stay performed during the first siege of Warsaw, on the Wieprza River, near Białek, in while during the battle of Maciejowice, he accordance with the decisions taken on attacked the enemy. Despite many October 6 in Sierakowski’s camp (Szyndler mentions of the participation in direct B., 2001, p. 325). It was only in the evening fights, one cannot present the full of October 9 that the Chief, as Niemcewicz characterization of Niemcewicz as a points out, sent an order to Poniński to join soldier. It is relatively easy to describe his the main army. This decision is usually character. He is always perceived as an regarded in the literature as being late and energetic, self-confident person. the same erroneous. These units were too Undoubtedly, Kosciuszko made decisions far away from the battlefield to support the based on the opinion of Niemcewicz. He main forces (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, p. had to enjoy the Chief’s trust as a person 172). assessing the situation on the battlefield as The battle of Maciejowice was described an expert and able to predict the next by Niemcewicz quite generally. The manoeuvres of the opponent. However, you Russians attacked first. At first, the fight cannot observe significant skills in involved the heaviest 12-pound guns. The independent commanding of troops. It is Polish side had only three of them. not possible for the researcher to analyse Significant disproportions were attempted Niemcewicz's activity in terms of dealing to balance with better accuracy. For this with the duties of the adjutant. Perhaps the reason, the Chief of the uprising led key question remains, how did he deal with successfully their fire. A better location of the realities of direct combat? A number of the troops gave, according to Kościuszko's relating questions arise. Could the attack of adjutant, a significant advantage over the the Brest-Lithuanian regiment led by enemy in the first phase of the battle Niemcewicz result in favour of the Poles?

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Conclusions.

Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz inscribed himself allows to indicate mistakes made by him. in the pantheon of the heroes of the fight for As he notes, in his youth, he was too freedom of the homeland. He fought for it optimistic. He could not reliably calculate with a pen, his own administrative or his own strength and opponent. At the same military knowledge. His memories will time, he never analysed problems related to remain an important historical source the production of weapons and ammunition showing the political life and realities of the in his memoirs from this period. In life of the state and the Polish society. At summary, Niemcewicz cannot be classified the same time, he shows the author himself as capable theoreticians or senior officers from a less important part - as an army ready to conduct military operations by officer. Obligatory, extremely perceptive, himself. The sense of observation should be with professional knowledge and great considered as his assets, thanks to which he charisma - this is the image of a man seems to be an influential person in the head emerging to readers. At the same time, it of the Chief.

References:

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)

Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 374