International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Zygmunt Kazimierski 1) Marcin Mielnik 2) 1) Prof., Polish society for the history of technology (Warsaw, Poland) * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] 2) PhD, Polish society for the history of technology (Warsaw, Poland) * Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-986X JULIAN URSYN NECESSES ABOUT THE KOSCIUSZKOW INSUANCE JULIAN URSYN NIEMCEWICZ O INSUREKCJI KOŚCIUSZKOWSKIEJ ЮЛИАН УРСЫН НЕМЦЕВИЧ О ВОССТАНИИ КОСТЮШКО Abstract Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, a Polish writer and politician, fought for the good of his homeland throughout his life. The knowledge gained at the Knight's School allowed for many years to perform the function of Adam Czartoryski, adjutant general of the army of the Podolia region. During the deliberations of the Great Sejm, he actively joined in the efforts to strengthen the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He took an active part in the battles in defense of the Constitution of May 3. Niemcewicz demonstrated the greatest military activity during the Kościuszko Uprising as Tadeusz Kosciuszko's adjutant. His memories of these events seem to be an important source for learning the final act of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The author with high professionalism and accuracy describes the events that took place then. Keywords: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Polish-Russian War 1792, Kosciuszko Insurrection, diaries Streszczenie Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz polski pisarz, polityk, przez cały okres swojego życia walczył o dobro swojej ojczyzny. Wiedza zdobyta w Szkole Rycerskiej pozwoliła przez długie lata sprawować funkcję adiutanta generała wojsk ziemi podolskiej Adama Czartoryskiego. W trakcie obrad Sejmu Wielkiego włączył się aktywnie w działanie na rzecz wzmocnienia ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 365 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 armii Rzeczypospolitej. Brał czynny udział w walkach w obronie Konstytucji 3 maja. Naj- większą aktywność jako wojskowy Niemcewicz wykazał w trakcie Insurekcji Kościusz- kowskiej jako adiutant Tadeusza Kościuszki. Jego wspomnienia dotyczące tych zdarzeń zdają się być ważnym źródłem dla poznania aktu końcowego historii Rzeczypospolitej. Autor z dużą fachowością i dokładnością opisuje zdarzenia, jakie miały wtedy miejsce. Słowa kluczowe: Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Wojna Polsko-Rosyjska 1792, Insurekcja Kościuszkowska, pamiętniki Аннотация Юлиан Урсын Немцевич, польский писатель и политик, на протяжении всей своей жизни боролся за благополучие своей родины. Знания, полученные в Рыцарской школе, позволили ему на протяжении многих лет служить адъютантом сухопутных войск Адама Чарторыйского в регионе Подолье. Во время встреч Великого Сейма он активно участвовал в укреплении армии Польско-Литовского Содружества. Он принимал активное участие в битвах за защиту Конституции от 3 мая. Немцевич продемонстрировал значительную военную деятельность во время восстания Костюшков качестве адъютанта Тадеуша Костюшко. Его воспоминания об этих событиях, похоже, являются важным источником для изучения заключительного акта истории Польско-литовского Содружества. Автор с высоким профессионализмом и точностью описывает события, которые тогда имели место. Ключевые слова: Юлиан Урсын Немцевич, Русско-польская война 1792, восстание Костюшко, дневники ______________________________________________________________________ Article history: Received: 21.05.2018 / Accepted: 15.06.2018 / Published: 30.06.2018 JEL Classification: N 400, Y 3 ______________________________________________________________________ Statement of the problem in general outlook and its connection with important scientific and practical tasks. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz is known in the in the second half of the eighties, he was a scientific literature as well as in social deputy candidate for the Sejm of the awareness mainly as a politician or a writer. Republic of Poland. He took an active part Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz was able to in the creation, defense of the Constitution participate in many important events thanks of May 3 and the Kościuszko Insurrection. to his extensive knowledge and functions. During the battle of Maciejowice, on His career began as the adjutant of prince October 10, 1794, he was taken prisoner by Adam Czartoryski, general of the Podole the Russians, where he remained until after region. He held this function until the the death of Tsarina Catherine. activity period of the Great Sejm. Already ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 366 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Analysis of latest research where the solution of the problem was initiated. Despite military education, occupying the life of Julian Niemcewicz was carried various military positions in the Republic of out by A. Czaja (Czaja A., 2005; Czaja A., Poland, participating in the war with the 2002), S. Majchrowski (Majchrowski S., Russians in 1792 and the Kościuszko 1982); G. Pauszer-Klonowska (Pauszer- Insurrection two years later, he remains a Klonowska G., 1987) and K. Zbyszewski less known soldier. In Poland, research on (Zbyszewski K., 1999). Aims of paper. Methods. Rich experience and high activity in the of his view of his own predispositions, military role makes it justified to analyse participation and evaluation in the the memories of the national hero in terms Kościuszko Insurrection. Exposition of main material of research with complete substantiation of obtained scientific results. Discussion. The military education of Julian brigadier, a group guardian, every week Niemcewicz began with the admission to (Niecewicz J. U., 1868, p. 25). Niemcewicz the Knight's School on August 8, 1770. As remembered a graph, Fryderyk Moszyński, he recalls, the Cadet Corps was founded by quite differently. The son of August II and Stanisław August 1764. It consisted of sixty Mrs. Orzelska was described as cold, students. They were divided into three formal, ordered as the most well-ordained brigades, twenty cadets each and a brigadier banker. He spoke foreign languages, and and a sub-brigadier. In addition, the classes had many talents. On his initiative, the were attended by exteriors that were Allemande dance was introduced into the organized in the next brigade (Niemcewicz education program. J. U., 1868, pp. 23-24). Stanisław August All students remembered a high level of Poniatowski held the title of captain. requirements, discipline and transfer to the Although the monarch did not have any Kazimierz Palace (Niecewicz J. U., 1868, p. substantive function, he attached great 25). Breaking the rules prevailing in the importance to the proper functioning of the unit was threatened with corporal Knight's School. He often came in punishment. Niemcewicz, however, horseback surrounded by uhlans. He took considers them to be sporadic and active part in final examinations, observed necessary. The ideals taught in this way parades and ordered to send copies of were to bring great benefits to the homeland documents from this institution. The prince in the future. From that moment, each general, Adam Czartoryski, was extremely brigade had its own room, while each of the important and popular among the cadets. cadets was equipped with chests of personal Niemcewicz remembered him as a person belongings, a tin bowl and a basin. trying to temper the spirit of future soldiers. The session of the Great Sejm is the period He paid particular attention to matters of in which J. Niemcewicz showed the honour, integrity and, above all, patriotism. greatest hopes for improving the situation The Catechism for the cadets supported in of the homeland. In addition to the detailed raising young people. Each student knew it descriptions of the proceedings in his by heart, and he was obliged to recite the memoirs, he listed the most important, in contents contained there before the his opinion, successes of eliminating the ISSN 2450-2146 / E-ISSN 2451-1064 © 2018 /Published by: Międzynarodowy Instytut Innowacji Nauka-Edukacja-Rozwój w Warszawie, Polska This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) Kazimierski Z., Mielnik M. (2018) Julian Ursyn Necesses about the Kosciuszkow Insuance. International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences,1(7)2018: 365-374 DOI 10.5604/01.3001.0012.2708 367 International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences № 1(7)2018 Perpetual Council, resolutions on the place of fighting. In Niemcewicz's opinion, creation of a 100 000 army and tax reforms Igielsröm's nervous decisions, such as the (Niemcewicz J. U., 1868, pp. 91-92). The arrest of people suspected of wanting to adoption of the constitution