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A Comparison of the Strombus (Mollusca) Colonies of Trinidad and Grenada Peter L

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A Comparison of the Strombus (Mollusca) Colonies of Trinidad and Grenada Peter L A comparison of the Strombus (Mollusca) colonies of Trinidad and Grenada Peter L. Percharde Percharde, P.L. 1978. A comparison of the Strombus (Mollusca) colonies of Trinidad and Grenada. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1977- 1978, 16-20. Percharde, P.L. 1978. A comparison of the Strombus (Mollusca) colonies of Trinidad and Grenada. Living World, Journal of The Trinidad and Tobago Field Naturalists’ Club, 1977- 1978, 16-20. By Peter L. Percharde diving survey in the waters of Grenada. Observations made on Trinmar Limited, Point Fortin. the Strombus colonies and on individual specimens collected, revealed considerable differences in shell morphology, habitat ABSTRACT and depth range, as compared to specimens from Trinidad. On the observations made, it is considered by the author that al­ UNDERWATER observations on the genus Strombus around the though separated by only eighty to ninety miles, these two mol­ coasts of Trinidad and Grenada show that the same species are luscan faunas appear to have very little relationship to each other common to the two areas but that they are today living under and must have been separated for a considerable period, if indeed very different conditions. Grenada is surrounded by clear, oceanic any closer relationship or shallow water connection has ever water which supports the growth of reef corals while Trinidad, existed between the two. being close to the South American continent and the mouths of To the palaeontologist, who uses fo ssil molluscs as strati­ the Orinoco River, is surrounded by continental water of variable graphie indicators, it is important to be able to relate palaeoe­ salinity and carrying much suspended material. In addition, the cological information to the ecology and behaviour of Recent water at 100 feet depth on the north coast of Trinidad was found forms , especially wh en the depth range of a species is being determined. to be some 15° F. colder than it is off Grenada due to cold up­ This study reveals that considerable variation in shell morA welling in the former case. Deep water and strong ocean currents phology and depth range of habitat can exist in the same species effectively separate Strombus colonies in the two islands which of molluscs living in these two differing environmental areas. lie 90 mi les apart. The ecological differences as they affect the five species in­ The Genus Strombus in the Caribbean volved include the discovery that there is a tendency for colonies Of the five widely distributed species of Strombus in the to be found considerably deeper in Grenada where the higher Western Atlantic, all five can be found in colonies, small groups water temperatures and better light penetration allow this. Habi­ or as si ngle individual specimens in both Trinidad and Grenada. tat differences illustrated by this study of Strombus species These are Stl'ombus pugilis Linne, S. raninus Gmelin, S. costatus point to the care necessary in drawing paleoecological conclu­ Gmelin, S. gigas Linn e, S. gallus Linne. There are also uncon· sions by extrapolation from the Recent to fossil forms. firmed reports of specimens of the endemic Brazilian species S. golitJth Schroter being found off the south coast of Grenada; the INTRODUCTION author received this information from conch fishermen divers in It is now recognized that species and aggregations of mol­ Grenada. It is significant that in this same area, the author has luscs which normally are to be found in habitats associated with collected specimens of the Brazilian species - Fasciolaria auran­ coral reefs and clear oceanic waters can also be found in habitats tiaca Lamarck. Ne ither of these two species has been found in on adjacent coasts or around islands situated close to continental Trinidad waters. areas. These continental waters are rich in suspended terrigenous Strombus pugilis. S4mm. Collected in 1S' (5.5m) and nitrogenous material. water depth. Gaspar Grande Island, Trinidad. Grenada represents a habitat area of clear oceanic water This shell has deep orange colouring. whilst Trinidad is typical of an offshore island with a continental water system. The islands of Trinidad and Grenada are situated in the so utheastern sector of the Caribbean Sea (Fig. 1). Trinidad is the larger island, being 1,864 sq. miles in area, and lies just off the Venezuelan coast. Trinidad is situated on the continental shelf of South America. The smaller island of Grenada, 120 sq. miles, lies almost ninety miles due north of Trinidad and is separated from the con­ tinental shelf, by a 20-mile-wide, deep water channel, 400 - 500 fathoms in depth (732 - 914 m). Grenada is mainly of volcanic Strombus origin, situated at the southern end of an island chain, whilst Trinidad consists predominantly of Mesozoic and Tertiary sands, pugilis. clays and shale of continental origin-. The waters separating these 66mm. two islands are strongly influenced by the South Equatorial Collected in 60' Current, which sets to the west with an almost constant velocity (1S.2m) water of 1'/2 - 3 knots. depth. Grenada Around the coasts of Trinidad, the waters are often laden south coast. This with clay and s ilt ~ also the salinity varies considerably with the shell has pale yellow colouring. season, owing to the close proximity of the numerous mouths of the Orinoco River system. In consequence, coral reefs are only Slrombus pugilis found near the sister island of Tobago, 18 miles to the northeast This bright orange, colonial gastropod has been studied of Trinidad. However, small patches of corals do exist around the in some detail in Trinidad waters by the author, who did not ex· coasts of Trinidad, and in the past these were quite extensive, as pect to find it in Grenada. However, during dives in the deeply revealed by dredging at Pointe-a-Pierre and Chaguaramas in the indented bays on the south coast of Grenada, small colonies of Gulf of Paria. S. pugi/is were found ·and observed living on a calcareous mud Grenada possesses many areas of both shallow water and bottom in several locations. Off Calivigny Island and Fort Jeudy deep water coral reefs and many pat'Ches of coral heaos are to be small colonies were observed. All specimens were a pale yellow found off all the coasts of the island. In deeper water the bot­ colour as compared to the orange colouration of specimens from tom material is a calcareous mud with many areas of coral rubble Trinidad . They were on average smaller and possessed longer and grit. shoulder spines than Trinidad specimens. Trinidad has a rich marine molluscan fauna and Grenada is The depth range of their habitats was 50 - 60 feet (15.2m also quite rich with several rare species being reported collected. - 18.2m) as compared to 20 - 35 feet (6.1m -10.7m) in Trini­ In two previous papers on the Slrombus species of Trini· dad. All the specimens examined were very active and extensive dad and Tobago, the author reported in detail on the ecology, tracks were found in the substrate of their habitat areas. No speci­ behaviour and habitats of these species (Percharde 1968, 1970) . mens were found to be buried and no specimens were observed In July 1972, the author was able to carry out an extensive engaged in oviposition. There were larger patches of algae grow· L IV ING WOR LD, 1977 17 Continued ing on the substrate in the habitat areas and the clear water Strombus rainus. allowed a much better penetration of sunlight, even at this in­ 95mm. Collected in 20' (6m) creased depth. water depth. North Coast of Trinidad. Strombus raninus This species, which is the most widely distributed and pos­ sibly the most adaptable species of the genus in Trinidad waters, was also found in several locations in Grenada. Specimens were collected at Grand Mal Bay on the west coast from both deep water (100 ft., 30.4 m) and shallow locations (15ft., 4.6m) also Apertural view from several locations on the south coast. No colonies were ob­ showing typical served, but a young form with a new thin lip was collected by nodular spire and M.R. Percharde in Grand Mal Bay whilst diving. varice-like ridges. This One morphological feature was immediately apparent in latter feature is much all the S. raninus shells observed and examined in Grenada, as more pronounced in compared to specimens from Trinidad; this was the marked at­ specimens from the tenuation of the second shoulder, or dorsal sp ine on all the South Coast of Trinidad . adult forms '(see fig.). Also, the parietal wall of the aperture on many specimens was a bright red, not pink or salmon colour. The spires of most of the specimens examined were quite smooth and lacked the small nodules and varice like ridges of Trinidad specimens. It is considered that that species is not as common in Grenada as it is in Trinidad. In none of the areas examined by the author whilst diving, were any red algae found 'in Grenada. This red alga is a feature of the habitat areas of S. raninus here in Trinidad waters. Strombus costatus Apical view showing In Trinidad, this medium-sized member of the genus is enlarged dorsal spines. very rarely found in true colonies and as mentioned in previous papers on Strombus it is usually a shallow water, sand or grit substrate dweller. Consequently, it was with considerable sur· prise that the author found a very large colony in 120 - 130 feet (36.5 - 39.5m) of water in Grand Mal Bay off the west coast of Grenada. The individuals were all found on a calcareous mud bottom in a deep inlet between two coral reefs.
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