i OBSERVE4:R Published by the American Psychological Society Vol. 10. No.4 July/August 1997 Art imitates life science... • Budgetary Politics ... In an editorial in The Chronicle of Higher On the Cover of a Magazine Education. APS looks at Advancement ofpsychological science is in vogue as behavioral science where science funding fits in strikes a pose on the cover of the nation's premier science journal the federal budget ...... 3

• Human CapiJallnitiative... cience magazine's June 6, 1997, cover looks a little APS and NSF sponsor unusual. Instead of the usual cancer cell stain, workshop to develop report on simulated 3-D protein molecule, or sun spots. the research opportunities ...... 4 S cover on this issue sports behavioral research! Portray­ • Health and Well-being... ing the science of behavioral genetics. the cover APS and SPSSI jointly sponsor represents a significant departure from Science's seminar at Smithsonian seemingly monotonic focus on things purely biology­ Institution ...... 6 and physics-related. • Giving Away Psychology ... A time-lapse-like pose of two aging human New Observer feature beings, monozygotic twins to be specific (and a rare examines public health and occurrence it is indeed), graces the world-known tobacco farming ...... 12 magazine's facade. Not that a cover says every­ • Ninth Annual APS thing. But. sure enough. the magazine is wrapped Convention ... in behavioral science and psychologists are spilling Coverage of annual meeting out from between the issue's covers: APS Fellow Irving includes highlights of Gottesman explains in a PERSPECTIVES column some of the basics symposia, sessions, satellite --rS~E=E?S~c=m=N~C=E~O~N~P~AG~E~8 meetings, and more ...... 14 PLUS ... • Research in a Free Market... Psychology United at Letters to the Editor features several views ...... 26 Ninth Annual Convention INSIDE Strong federal presence enhances meeting's utility for behavioral researchers APS Call for Fellows 10 The CognItion 01 Well-Being PS conventions always seem to deliver more than SSRC Fellowships 44 ...... I7'Cly 01 Amos T~ ol!£')' promised. Last year APS promised "earth­ Departments C<>1 tebomof1;: shaking science" at its eighth annual convention \Lrt)ru"a Flecnc>.soo A Presidential Column 2 n..""",,,l<,an,, in San Francisco and "delivered" a bona fide earthquake Miscellany 11 "-I'Ila" Nl), emsky Aebecea t> .. :r... • measured at 3.5 on the Richter Scale during the meeting! Giving Away Psychology 12 [)'<" ~ >lO- - •• ' 0 .. ,-.0 5:::"4<::, This year again, some 2,000 APS convention attend­ Letters to the Editor 26 Ch, ,<"'" J." .. S" ees got an extra bonus when they gathered for the Ninth Teaching Tips - c. Exemplary Examples 28 ', ' Annual APS Convention May 23-26 in Washington, DC. People 31 Under the unifying slogan "The United States of Psychol­ Members in the News 32 ogy," attendees not only enjoyed a serving of76 program Obituaries 36 The Student Notebook 40 hours--

American Psychological Society + 1010 Vermont Ave, NW + Suite 1100 + Washington, DC 20005-4907 + 202-783-2077 •The Future of Basic Research in Psychology

Human Capital Initiative report to highlight new directions in research

asic research in social psychology, cognitive science, The notion of "human capital," Brewer said, has been developmental psychology, behavioral neuroscience, broadened by psychologists to "represent the goal of optimizing B perception, attention: What has it discovered about human talent and productivity in aU spheres of life." Accord­ human functioning? What are the most promising future ingly, the report will "highlight areas of psychological research directions for basic psychological research? Pondering these that have implications for improving human potential," she said. and similar questions, some of psychology's most distinguished (See this issue's page-2 "Presidential Column" by guest colum­ scientists are charting what could be the future for many areas of nist Milton Hakel, chair of the HCI Coordinating Committee, for basic psychological research. a related discussion.) Funded jointly by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Brewer hopes the report on basic research in psychology and APS, experts in these areas and others are compiling a report will help "renew the di scipline-wide commitment to the scien­ as part of the Human tific priorities repre­ Capital Initiative (HCI), a sented by the HC!." national behavioral science Luce adds that basic research agenda begun in I think that the Hel workshop-with the continu­ psychological research the early I 990s under the ing dialogue among its participants and the will be presented in auspices of APS by resulting report-will have a dual benefit. It will tenns of "what we now representatives of a host of provide us with a portable summary of current know about the phenom­ psychology organizations. psychological knowledge and a guide to their ena and processes; some The HCI has since been practical implications. At the same time, it of what we need to learn, embraced and expanded by which will drive basic NSF, which funds basic should help to make our collective inquiry more research for the nex t fi ve research in virtuaUy all effective and cumulative. to 10 years; areas where scientific disciplines. (For ELKE WEBER the new know ledge may background on the HCI, OHIO STATE U NlVERSITY be applicable; and how see tbe accompanying these lines of research box.) The report wiU interact wi th other highlight some of the disciplines, in not only major theoretical and methodological accomplishments in the social sciences but the biological and physical sciences as psychology and identify specific basic research questions that well." need to be addressed to continue the momentum of discovery in the field. Capital Ideas In addition, the report will be used to "coordinate The workshop participants themselves express a great deal psychology's HCI with NSF's broader HCI program, which of enthusiasm for the project, both in tenns of the process and encompasses the social and behavioral sciences more generally," the goal. said APS Executive Director Alan Kraut, who is managing the "The process generated an exciting discussion of how basic project. "We need to make sure there's balance and a good fit research in core areas of psychology is relevant to the Human between the NSF initiative and the research agenda for basic Capital Initiative," said Roberta Klatzky of Carnegie Mellon research in psychology." University. "The result of the workshop was a broad and fruitful perspective on the importance of basic psychological research Mined and Refined for developing human capital." The HCI effort is co-chaired by Marilynn Brewer from Ohio Because they are so focu sed on advancing the science and State University, and R. Duncan Luce, of the University of the foundation of knowledge in the field, it is sometimes a California-Irvine. A several-day workshop was held in late challenge for basic researchers to talk in terms of the potential April to hammer out a framework for the document. Since then, uses for the knowledge that they produce. However, participants Brewer and Luce have been overseeing the drafting process in in the workshop seem to share a long-tenn vi sion in which basic which "nuggets" on basic research are being mined and refined. research in psychology plays a central role in addressing the (See the box listing workshop participants appearing at the end nation's problems. of this article on page 46.) "Although the problems facing our society appear over-

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psyc/wlogica/ Society whelming," said participant John • Cacioppo, "psychology has much to contribute toward solving these problems and much to gain from working toward solution s." Cacioppo, of Ohio State University, predicts that basic research in psychology can lead to improved techniques in decision-making and judgment, which in tum would allow people to change their health and social behaviors for the better. Such changes would represent Pictured (left to right) are (standing): Anne Treisman, Roberta Klatzky, Carol Fowler, Patrick "significant progress" to society Cavanagh, William Greenough, Joseph Young, Robin Vall acher. Susan Carey, Elke Weber, Alan "even if only a fraction of affected Kraul , Douglas Medin, John Cacioppo, Ervin Hafter, Dan iel Schaeler; (sitting) Daniel Kahneman, individuals can be persuaded to Steve Breckler, Michael McCloskey. Marilynn Brewer, Duncan Luee, Michael Gazzaniga. alter maladaptive behaviors," he said. Similarly, Daniel Schacter, of Harvard University, talks recovered memories and the effects of suggestion on children's about the "strength and importance of the basic research that recollections vividly underscore the importance of mnemonic psychology can offer." The noted expert and author on memory processes in everyday life- and the need for more basic research says: "The explosive controversies concerning the accuracy of that clarifies the relevant underlying mechanisms" of those processes.

Basic Benefits The Human Capital Initiative Developing reports like the one currently BACKGROUND in progress is seen as an essential aspect of making the benefits of basic psychological research visible to the public. The Human Capital Initiative (HCI) is a national behavioral "We have learned a great deal about science research agenda that was developed over a several-year human cognition and behavior that has criti­ period by representatives of more than 70 scientific psychology cally important implications for human capital organizations, following a series of Behavioral Science Summits iss ues," notes Schacter. "We need to commu­ organized by the American Psychological Society. The process nicate thi s effectively to legislators and the began with an APS-convened Behavioral Science Summit held in general public." January 1990 in Tucson, Arizona, the first of many HCI-related This is echoed by Elke Weber, a workshop meetings. Soon after, the US Senate Appropriations Committee participant from Ohio State University. "If we took note of "a summit meeting of over 65 behavioral and psychologi­ want to help individuals or organi zations live cal scientific organizations" whose "partiCipants developed a human up to their full potential- and I think we have capital initiative ... outlining general psychology research themes." In plenty of underutilized knowledge to do so-­ then we have to continue to 'give psychology the same Senate report, the Committee urged the National Science away ,'" says Weber. Foundation and other research funding agencies "to examine the "The report will be useful within NSF as summit meeting documents with an eye toward behavioral science we con tinue to educate our coIl eagues in other funding initiatives in 1991." disciplines about the value and importance of The first HCI document was published in 1992 and was well research in psychology," said Steven J. received by Congress and federal research agencies. It made the Breckler, program director for social psychol­ case that six broad national concerns-work productivity, education, ogy at NSF. "It will also be useful within the aging, health and behavior, violence, substance abuse-are behav­ psychology research community as a resource ioral at their core and that a serious commitment to new behavioral and guide for those who plan to submit propos­ research is needed if we are going to seriously address them. The al s for funding." HCI was designed as a way to systematically bring science to bear "NSF is eager to fund high-quality basic on these problems, each of which involves questions of basic research on problems relating to the Human Capital Initiative," said Breckler. "The APS behavioral research. Since 1992, several HCI reports have been HCI workshop and report represent a valuable developed that outline more specific priorities for psychological research in these six broad areas. SEE HeI PAGE 46 APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society In an ongoing effort to trallslate psychological research findings into useful information for the lay public, both SPSSI and APS sponsored a Smithsonian seminar on health and well-being. Below are some highlightsfrom the public seminar. In thefall of1 995, APS sponsored an equally popular series on the influence of nature and nurture (see the January 1995 APS Observer). •SPSSI Smithsonian Institution Hosts Seminar on Health and Well-being could have been as easily billed ''Take Charge of Your Health coping strategies. Optintists are less likely to deny they had cancer, Day" at the Ripley Center, a granite and sandstone catacomb of less likely to disengage, more likely to use positive ways of coping I ecture halls, art exhibitions, and museum offices beneath tbe with it. and this has a positive impact on survival and reoccurrence "Castle" building of the Sntithsonian museum in Washington, DC. rates. Active coping styles and realistic acceptance of illness have However, the equally applicable shown sintilar results in other studies. Citing the work of Jeff Reed billing of "Building Healthy Lives" with AIDS patients, Scheier noted that those AIDS patients who did was the choice that enticed a lay not expect the worse and who had not audience of a record-breaking 110 psychologically disengaged lived attendees to an aU-day Sntitbsonian longer at each follow-up time point of Institution seminar on psychosocial 10, 20, and 48 months. "What I am aspects of health and well-being. suggesting is that coping may The event was cosponsored by mediate, or provide the mechanism the Society for the Psychological for this effect, and that optintists may Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) and cope in more adaptive ways." In the American Psychological Society, Scheier doing so, this may lead them to and the accent was on practical steps experience less distress and more that almost anyone could apply to positive outcomes. While Scheier's their own lives. research focuses on dispositional Four psychologists described the research behind four psycho­ optintism, he noted that twin studies logical and social factors (i.e., social suppon, optintism, meaning in from Sweden suggest that genetics is life, and self-efficacy) and physical and mental health outcomes. probably only one component and Ickovics The common theme of the four speakers was perhaps summed up that life experience is also important. best by Jeannette Ickovics of Yale University. "Biology isn' t SPSSI Past-President and former destiny," Ickovics said. ''The fact is that we can actively participate APS Board member Virginia O' Leary in enhancing our health by understanding how our mind and body outlined findings from her current line of research on people who are inextricably tied. We can make a lot of personal choices that thrive after suffering severe adversity. They not only bounce back impact on our health." This capacity to choose, she said, "gives us a but rise above their pre-trauma baseline of functioning. O'Leary sense of control" that is crucial in this process. identified thriving as a dramatic shift following trauma, noting that Michael Scheier of Carnegie Mellon University spoke of hi s it is contingent on confronting adversity actively, whether the work measuring the coping styles and strategies of optimists and individual takes that action deliberately or not. ''Thriving involves pessintists in various groups of people facing severe stress and the the effective mobilization of individual and social resources in impact of these strategies on health outcomes. He and hi s col­ response to the risk or threat in ways that lead the individual to fmd leagues devised ''The COPE," a IS-point instrument that includes deeper meaning in life," she said. Recent research by Sloan Alday coping approaches such as active coping and planning, seeking found that thriving, as measured by self-repon, is highly correlated social suppon, religion, acceptance, denial, mental and behavioral with meaning. disengagement, alcohoVdrug use, humor, and finding growth O' Leary described a change underway in psychology from the potential in the adverse experience. focus on a deficit/vulnerability model of how individuals respond to "Optimists tended to avoid denial and disengagement," noted life stressors, to a strength or resiliency model, noting in particular Scheier. ''They used active coping, planning, and seeking of Martin Seligman's shift in research from learned helplessness to emotional suppon and advice about what to do at rates far higher learned optintism. After tracing the hi story of some of the stress than those of pessimists. They also used more religion and tried to and childhood resiliency research, O'Leary described the results of grow with the adverse experience," he said. a review conducted by her and colleagues suggesting that "meaning Scbeier described a breast cancer study demonstrating that in life" is frequently associated with positive outcomes following optintists are less likely by far to use the more negative types of CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychologjc:nJ Sociery FROM PREVIOUS PAGE have suffered a heart attack and return home to live in socia1 • isolation are three times more likely to die from a second heart challenge. attack in the next four years than men who have suffered a heart O'Leary suggested that fmding meaning allows for adaptive attack and have a social support system. Research repeatedly shows functioning even in the most severe of challenges such as the that "with intimate connections, we don't get sick as frequently, and holocaust, noting the groundbreaking research of the Jerome Frank when we do get sick, we recover better. We manage stress better in this area. She also described a study by Shelley Taylor in which and have a better quality of life." gay men who were HIV positive and Jeanette Ickovics finished the day by discussing the mecha­ who had lost a life partner, but who nisms by which stress influences the body, highlighting the role of had found meaning through the loss, the neuroendocrine and immunological systems. She explained that had maintained their level of immune while acute stress can be adaptive, the influence of chronic stress on functioning one year later when the body can be observed in studies of susceptibility to illness, compared to a similar group who had severity of i11ness, and recovery from illness or injury. She not found meaning in the experience. described several studies demonstrating these effects. Ickovics Similarly, she noted a study by noted the work of Sheldon Cohen in one European study, in which Maureen Ryan that found that healthy people were exposed to either a placebo or five to seven "constructed meaning" and self­ varieties of cold virus. Regardless of the nature of the strain (mild esteem had a direct beneficial effect or severe), the amount of stress before exposure to the virus on women's adjustment to breast predicted the percentage of patients who got colds. cancer. Ickovics also described the long line of work by Janice Kiecolt­ O'Leary commented that initial Glaser and colleagues, including one study examining the impact of research among colleagues has shown O'Leary stress on recovery. In this study, caregivers of Alzheimer's patients, that in some cases as much as 30 took longer to heal a small wound made in their forearm than age­ percent of people who have been matched controls. At six weeks, fewer than 20 percent of the challenged by an extreme physical or emotional event bounce up caregivers had a completely healed wound, while 70 percent of the beyond their previous levels of emotional well-being. Throughout controls did. her presentation she cited many unsung "thrivers" and a few famous Jckovics noted that while the genetic revolution will lead to ones, notably Christopher Reeve. "Christopher Reeve has managed important changes in health and treatment, behavioral factors playa to imbue his situation with a special kind of meaning," O'Leary significant role in health, and lifestyle changes can be made to said. "Instead of saying 'If it hadn't been for this I would still be a decrease susceptibility to illness and improve health outcomes. movie star, making millions,' he has said, 'No, there's a reason for Paraphrasing Martin Luther King's statement that the ultimate this, and I can make a contribution.' So Reeve has been testifying measure of a man or woman is not where he or she stands in before Congress in order to increase research money for spinal cord moments of comfort and convenience but where he or she stands at injury and has established a related foundation. He has woven his times of challenge and controversy, Ickovics stated "This applies to situation into his life narrative in such a way as to make it centrally what we do in response to our stress and life circumstances." meaningful." "We can't avoid life stresses and problems, but we can engage Psychologist Wayne Sotile of Wake Forest University pointed in a variety of stress-reduction techniques. [You 1 can exercise, do out that most of the research on resilience has focused on individual yoga, do meditation, do hypnosis, acupuncture or massage, or factors (such as optimism, humor, self-esteem, self efficacy) that whatever works for you; it might be ballroom dancing or bowling, promote the ability to cope. His work, on the other hand, is or it might be coming to Smithsonian lectures or going for a walk concerned with a broader level of analysis: how couples and on the Mall. Whatever works for you is the thing that you need to families cope with stress. Sotile described his work with cardiovas­ engage in to take charge of your health, to reduce stress, and to have cular diseased patients and their families, particularly how stress can a positive impact on your health outcomes," she said. be managed in healthy ways by individuals and couples. He began by pointing out that "it's human nature for us, when The SPSSIIAPS seminar, Building Healthy Lives, was chaired by stressed, to think ourselves into more distress. But stress-hardy SPSSl's Washingtoll, DC, representative, Paula Skedsvold. people are able to catch themselves before they transform stress into more distress," he said. "And what stress-hardy people in relation­ ships do is pause and check out how they are defining what they are facing. Because our ways of thinking may be lenses that literally shape what we see." In supporting these points, Sotile made reference to the research on optimism and self-efficacy. "What differentiates stress-hardy folks from others is what you think. The way you think affects the way you feel. The way you feel affects the way you deal ... And what matters most in determining how you cope is your self-efficacy." Sotile then described how caring in relationships aids recovery, citing three epidemiological studies demonstrating that men who

APS OBSERVER JulylAugust 1997 American Psychological Societ), • =

•SCIENCE FROM PAGE I in supporting the magazine. N. D. C. Hodges had served for a year as the first editor, but Cattell's rein lasted until Willard about behavioral genetics research and complex traits. The focal Valentine was appointed editor in October of 1945. point of the issue is a REPORT by APS Fellows Gerald McClearn and Robert Plomin and APS Member Nancy Pedersen Psychology Under Wraps (with co-authors) presenting their research findings from A casual review of science Swedish longitudinal twin data revealing the nature of genetic cover art over the last few influence on cognitive abilities. In an unrelated Editorial, decades reveals that only a few Richard Atkinson (an APS Fellow, University of California covers have featured behavioral President, and former National Science Foundation Director), science. Even so, among the discusses the integral nature of universities in the nation's basic behavioral science covers we research enterprise. There is even a piece on the APS conven­ did uncover, five out of seven tion in the RANDOM SAMPLES section. represented biological psychol­ ogy, so not all psychologists 50 Years Under Cattell will be sitting up in their seats For the psychological to take a gander at Science's science community, thjs recent latest graphic adventure into cover is a welcome deviation behavioral science. from tradition in the depiction Pictured here is a of science in the periodical' s sampling of issues of Science whose cover art and photos. While covers have portrayed behavioral science promi- often exhibiting dazzlingly nently in the last few decades. The temporal di stribution impressive graphics, the suggests that behavioral science topics are becoming increas­ narrowness of the science ingly more frequent. but since behavior on the cover is such a depicted on the cover of low-frequency event to begin with, such speculation is out of Science unfortunately bounds and is akin to asserting the existence of global warming contributes to the perception on the basis of 16 years of highly variable meteorological data! that American science is The research of psychologists figures prominently in most of devoid of scientific scrutiny these issues. The "behavioral science" covers and their dates of of human nature and behavior. publication include: But to psychologists well-honed in psychology's long Behavioral genetics (June 6,1997) history, this is an ironic fate for Science, which began and Cognitive neuroscience (March 14, 1997) thrived under the 50-year(!) editorship of a renowned psycholo­ Genes and behavior (circadian rhythms) (June 17, 1994) gist, James McKeen Cattell. In fac t, it was Cattell, the second Phenias Gage and frontal lobe function (May 20, 1994) editor of the then-one-year-old magazine (whose original Brain neuronal activity during intentionaJ rotational arm backers included Alexander Graham Bell and Gardiner B. movement in monkeys (January 13, 1989) Hubbard), who became owner and was the first to make the Multidimensional scaling (October 24, 1980) magazine a success in terms both of scientific communication Rotation of objects in mental space (February 19, 1971) and fi nancial stability beginning in 1894. Cattell arranged for an annual subsidy of $750 from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), since AAAS was interested CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

Getting on the cover of Science is tough enough; Getting between Sciences covers is tough too ...

In fact, only 16.5 percent of all submitted articles in 1996 were accepted for publication in Science. That's up from 10 percent in 1994. Some 6,800 manuscripts were received in 1996 and the accepted papers (i.e. , Articles, Reports, and Research Articles) comprised some 3,200 pages. That, too, is up from the 1994 figure of 2,300 pages reported in the spring of 1995 by Bloom as he assumed the Editor-in-Chief post. Clearly, Bloom has made some headway achieving one of his early goals of increasing the number of pages.

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society FROM PREVIOUS PAGE article submissions (see the May/June 1994 Observer). That psychological science is underrepresented in Science is thus in part a function of some scientists deliberately choosing to 1I0f Bloom Replies submit articles to Science because If Science content had been more representative of the entire of editorial policies perceived to American scientific enterprise over the decades, perhaps the fact be biased against behavioral that only a handful of covers research. The underrepresenta­ have featured psychology would tion has been a constant source be a minor concern. The topical of surprise and a common distribution of cover art reflects lament among scientists, editorial content choices to the given the enormous human extent that art selections derive and material resources directly from articles within. devoted to psychology and But within the choices thus the significant contribution available to Science art of the discipline to our department staff, "in general, scientific understanding of choice of cover art reflects th e world of organisms the art more than the around us. Psychological --;-"-;;:::::::!!!!!!!!!!!!!J (unpredictable) longer term scientists have been trying for significance of the underly­ many years to effect better representation of psychology in ing science," Science Science and Bloom's editorship holds promise for the commu­ Editor-in-Chief Floyd Bloom told the nity. Letters to and meetings with past Science editors Daniel Observer. Koshland, who was editor from January 1985 to April 1995, and The May 1994 appointment of Bloom, who also is Chair of Phil Abelson, who was editor from August 1962 to December Neuropharmacology at the Scripps Institute in La Jolla, Califor­ 1984, were only moderately successful , according to prominent nia, has been a good sign to psychologists, allowing them to hold psychologists involved in such community efforts to educate the out hope that behavioral science will more often see the light of AAAS editorial decision-makers over the years. day at Science (see the July/August 1995 Observer) under his rein. As APS Past-President James McGaugh (UC-Irvine) had Keeping Track commented, when comparing Bloom with past editors, "If Consultations with several archivists and hi storians in anyone can bring back behavioral research to the pages of psychology, as well as Sciellce artists, indicate that no one is Science, Bloom is the one .... [He] has an extremely inclusive systematically tracking Sciellce view of the scientific enterprise, covers from the perspective of the and, above all, he is seen as fair type of science that is depicted or and unbiased." not. It should be mentioned, Bloom likes the idea of however, that reviews by keeping track of cover art and psychologists of Science indicated that "we do try to keep behavioral science manu­ a balance between physical and script submissions have life sciences (as well as special often yielded "diametrically art created for special theme opposed appreciations," issues), but to my knowledge Bloom has said. Explain­ we don't maintain a [topically ing the hi storical context, categorized] archive." In Bloom has lamented that fact, prompted by the past Science editors often Observer inquiry, Bloom did not have sufficient plans to use the above list of expertise or experience to success­

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 Americllll Psychological Society JlPS Invites lJ\[ominations for IJ{fw J'eIIows 11 Distinguished Fellow Status Criteria Members (effec tive 12/ 94) Elected The basic criterion considered for Fellow status in the American Psychological Society is that of sustained outstanding contributions APS Fellows to the science of psychology in the areas of research, teaching and/ or application. Candidates will generally be considered after ten ight names were added to years of postdoctoral contribution, though exceptional cases of candidates with fewer years will be considered. The nominee must E the prestigious roster of APS be an APS member. Fellows recently when the APS Nominations Board accepted the recommen­ Individual APS members may make nominations any time dations of the APS Fellows during the year. Nominators must supply the following docu­ Subcommittee. This committee, ments to the APS Membership Committee. chaired by Andrew S. Baum, reviews all applications for (1) A letter of nomination specifying why the candidate is fellowship and selects new judged to have made sustained outstanding contributions. (2) The candidate's current curriculum vita. fellows on the basis of sustained (3) Letters of support from three outstanding contributors to contributions to scientific the field of scientific psychology familiar with the psychology. nominee's work, one of whom must be an APS Fellow. These new inductees swell Review and approval of nominations the ranks of APS Fellows to more than 2,450. APS congratu­ The APS Membership Committee has appointed a Fellows Sub­ lates the following new Fellows: committee consisting of a Chair and other APS Fellows (represent­ ing diverse specialty areas) to consider the nominees for whom letters and vItae have been received. The Subcommittee's voting Eugene Borgida on Fellow status may be made during a meeting at an annual University of Minnesota convention, on a conference call, or by mail balro!. The Chair of the Membership Committee will coordinate all evaluations, Rick Jacobs recommendations, and voting. The APS Board of Directors will Pennsylvania State University review all nominees approved for Fellow status twice each year (winter and spring) and approved fellows will be notified accord­ Ronald Ley ingly. University of Albany

re{fowskiIJ 'lVomination Alex Martin , City College of New York I would like to nominate (please print or type) for AI'S Fellow status. In support of this nomination [have Michael Mumford enclosed the following documents: American Institute for • Letter of nomination Research • Curriculum vita of nominee • Supporting letters from 3 colleagues, at least one of whom is an APS Fellow Jim Russell University ofBritish Columbia ______(yoursignature) Leigh Thompson ______(printed name) Northwestern University ______(address) Rebecca Treiman Wayne State University

Members of the APS Fellows ______(telephone) Committee include: Andrew Baum (chair) Judith Goggin Return to: APS Membership Committee American Psychological Society AMERICAN William T. Greenough 1010 Vermont Avenue, NW, Suite 1100 PSYCHOLOGICAL Katherine Nelson Washington, DC 20005·4907 SOCIETY ~ ____A_tm _'_M_a_ri_aC_u_z_zoc_r_e_aB_u_rk_e______-----//LJ Victor H. Vroom

APS OBSERVER db July/August [997 American Psychological Society MISCELLANY Guidelines Establishet1Jr Typical reports about the aftermath of disasters, such as tornadoes and floods, usually portray survivors progress­ Best Treatment of 0 ing through predictable stages of emotions, starting with A Duke University-led group of researchers has developed a distress, followed by acceptance and, then, recovery. A hands-on, practical reference guide to help clinicians treat National Science Foundation (NSF)-supported study by patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). APS members Roxane Cohen Silver and Alison Holman of OCD, characterized by intrusive thoughts and repetitive the University of California-Irvine, reveals that this pattern behaviors such as hand washing, can be difficult to diagnose, is more stereotype than norm. In fact, emotions may run though once identified, it responds well to treatment. Typical both positive and negative in the same person. The more likely individuals are bolstered by early support from fam­ treatments for OCD include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) ily, friends, co-workers or other assistance groups, the better alone or CBT combined with one of several different medica­ they cope over time, according to researchers. Silver and tions, said John March, chief editor of the new guidelines and Holman found that, contrary to whatis usually portrayed in director of the child and adolescent anxiety disorders program at the news, not everyone feels great distress after enduring a Duke. catastrophic event. It is also true that not everyone recovers, Using a "consensus scholar" method of approach, the new but media overemphasis on the negative has led the public guidelines (The Expert Consensus Guidelines for the Treatment to expect only to see anxiety, anger, and depression, ignor­ of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder) are less theoretical and more ing the alternatives, say the researchers. The widespread user-friendly than existing ones. They employ charts, graphs, presence of positive emotions in the immediate aftermath of and layman's terms to describe the preferred treatments so that trauma may be a sign of a critical coping mechanism in patients and non -doctors can utilize them . humans, they add. However, coping depends on available The IO guidelines, published in the May issue of the Journal of support. The more social support survivors receive imme­ Clinical Psychiatry, are extrapolated from a survey presenting 53 diately after a disaster, the less likely they are to experience distress later on. decision-making scenarios. Highlights of the guidelines include considering CBT as the primary first-line treatment, especially in Parent involvement in a child's education is based on a younger patients, and begirutiug CBT sessions weekly.• parent's own ideas and experiences, as well as other factors growing out of environmental demands and opportunities, say Vanderbilt University researchers Howard Sandler (an NIA Study: Making Working APS member) and Kathleen Hoover-Dempsey, who re­ viewed psychological theory and research that reveal influ­ Memory Work Better ences on parental involvement. Three factors appear to Results of a new National Institute of Aging (NlA) study account for involvement: the parent's belief about what is show promise in relieving memory-impairment prob1ems for important, necessary, and permiSSible for them to do with, Alzheimer's patients. Researchers say that the drug physostig­ and for, their children; the extent to which parents believe they can exert positive influence on education; and a mine, when administered to people by infusion in laboratory parent's perceptions thatthe child and school want them to tests, aids and improves performance of everyday working be involved. Sandler and Hoover-Dempsey say that par­ memory. ents choose involvement activities shaped by their percep­ Researchers, including APS Member James V. Haxby, used tions of their own skills, abilities, interests, time, and energy. positron emission tomography to find and monitor the areas of The researchers, whose work appears in the Review of the human brain that are activated during working memory and Educational Research, recommend that communities and to detennine how activity in those regions is modified by a school districts include parents in the schools' mission and working memory enhancing drug. Physostigmine-a short­ that those schools wishing to increase parental involvement acting drug that enhances levels of acetylcholine between should focus in part on the perspective of the parents. neurons in the brain- improves efficiency and reduces the effort needed to perform working memory tasks while altering the Sad emotions may predispose the body to asthma attacks activity of some of the brain regions activated by this memory in children, while happy emotions seem to ward off attacks task. says APS Member Beatrice Wood, who, with psychiatrist The drug may enhance efficiency during the processing of Bruce Miller, found that emotions seem to affect involun­ tary responses in the cardiopulmonary system. In the information by focusing attention on the task at hand or it could study, published in the JOllrnal of the American Academy of help minimize the effects of distracting stimuli. Either way, a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24 children with asthma more efficient working memory could be a great advantage for were monitored while viewing the movie IT, The Extra­ Alzheimer's disease patients and other memory-impaired people. Terrestrial. The children's heart rate and oxygen satura­ "A better understanding of how working memory functions tion-an indicator of how much oxygen was getting to their could give us valuable clues as to how our brains process and tissues-were least stable during a sad scene in the film. manipulate such information," said NIA's Maura Furey, lead According to the SUNY -Buffalo researchers, this suggests author of the study. "It could also teach us about how drugs that that sad emotions may lead to increased involuntary ner­ alter some cognitive processes, such as worldng memory. vous system activity and changes in oxygen supply, similar influence the brain's response." to those seen during an asthma attack. These results were reported in the June 10 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. • APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 .. American Psychological Society - Giving Away Psychology __ Searching for a Middle Ground to Which All Sides Can Subscribe Tobacco farming and public health communities share attitudes regarding future economics

WINSTON-SALEM, NC- The data show that there is more many tobacco farmers, develop friendships with some of them, potential common ground between health professionals and and get to know their key organizations, he said. tobacco growers than anyone realized, Wake Forest Univer­ "While there are a lot of people in agricultural economics sity psychologist David Altman reports from the heart of and rural sociology who have studied tobacco farmers, no one America's tobacco country. had ever interviewed a large number of farmers and asked them Not that there's any love fest going on between health about a variety of iss ues related to their future and their views on advocates and tobacco farmers. health policy," he said. Farmers gave public health groups a one percent rating "They're very open to me because I'm open to hearing their when Altman and his colleagues asked them which constitu­ perspectives. I'm looking for ways for us to interact on common encies cared about the economic ground. And while we'll always have differences of opinion, I welfare of tobacco farmers and think there is a lot more common ground than has been real­ tobacco-dependent communities ized," Altman said. in a 1995 survey L2 "So with some funding from the Robert Wood Johnson Health professionals Foundation we interviewed about 1,000 tobacco farmers in generally return the compliment, 1995. Then we also interviewed about 1,000 people from the Altman notes. "We often group American population at large- we asked them about a variety of tobacco farmers and tobacco issues related to tobacco farmers and then made a comparison of companies in the same 'evil the views of the public and farmer groups. empire, ", he said. And the 1..-_.... "Now, while I still wear my pro-health hat, my appreciation general public tends to agree. Altman for the complexity of these agricultural issues has expanded," Paradoxically, however, Altman said. tobacco farmers and health professionals might find some Stereotypes Are Groundless common ground in their attitudes towards the tobacco Altman's surveys show "there is a great deal of misunder­ industry, Altman suggests. standing" on all sides about the tobacco price support program "Though I think tobacco companies cause a lot of harm and other key policy, industry, and attitudinal issues. The notion for individual smokers and the public at large, they also that the tobacco farmers see eye to eye with the tobacco indus­ engage in a variety of practices that are very detrimental to try, that they aren't concerned about the health impacts of the future of individual tobacco farmers and rural farm tobacco, and that they don't want to supplement tobacco with communities. So there's some reason for us to interact other enterprises just don't hold up in Altman's survey data. closely with farmers, because we share some of the same Tobacco farmers are aware of the health hazards of tobacco concerns," Altman said . and they are diversifying, Altman's 1995 survey shows. In fact, Altman has been investigating tobacco issues for a 63 percent of respondents believe that "smoking is harmful to decade, and through his membership in the Society for the people." And 40 percent say they have attempted at least one Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI)-which houses supplemental enterprise in the previous five years, while only 30 its Washington Fellow at APS headquarters as an Organiza­ percent said they had not tried to get an off-farm job or increase tional Affiliate of APS-he pursues his interest in finding livestoCk/poultry or non-tobacco crop income. solutions to social problems through the application of Tobacco industry leaders have warned that tobacco farmers psychological principles and research-based approaches. and tobacco-dependent communities would suffer a sorry plight under greater tobacco control or higher tobacco taxes. That is Agricultural Economics "one of the last, and perhaps strongest of the tobacco industry When he moved to Wake Forest from Stanford Univer­ arguments against tobacco control," Altman says. sity three years ago he had his first opportunity to meet with

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 Americall Psychological Society Tobacco Economics Leadership Program Fellowship that wi ll allow him over the At the same time, the tobacco industry has been bypassing next three years to engage with 40 other people around the American producers by importing ever larger volumes of country involved in various leadership initiatives. He will tobacco from abroad for use in their American products. Cur­ also study rural development under the fellowship, looking at rently more than a third of the tobacco used in US-manufactured the effects of policies on rural communities, and the spill­ cigarettes is purchased from abroad, at from one-third to one­ over on urban and suburban communities. and issues like half of American prices. American tobacco companies are also food supply, education, and technology transfer. teaching foreign growers how to produce for the US market. "In the context of that work 1 hope to get a better Meanwhile, the number of tobacco farms in the United understanding of the place that rural communities have in States has been dropping dramatically: from 5!2,OOO in 1954 to society, the intersections between rural America and the fest 124,000 in 1992. In North Carolina, which produces more of America, and the ways in which policies at an interna­ tobacco than any other state, tobacco provided 47 percent of tional!eve! come down to affect the person walking on the farm cash crop receipts in 1959 but only 19 percent in 1993. street in New York City or Tarboro, North Carolina," he Livestock and poultry now outproduce tobacco in that state, and said. cotton is an increasingly popular alternative, Altman points out. Altman has a PhD in social ecology, an interdisciplinary A study recently funded by the National Cancer Institute is social science progranl at the University of California-Irvine. taking Altman and his colleagues to the next level. "Rather than "I'm a community psychologist more than anything else," he surveyor just talking to said. "What I'm tobacco growers, we are doing is psychologi­ actually working with cal on a lot of farmers and farm organiza­ Though I think tobacco companies cause a lot different levels," he tions in 14 counties of of harm for individual smokers and the public at said. ''This is pretty North Carolina as partners large, they also engage in a variety of practices much mainstream to see if we can sustain the that are very detrimental to the future of indi­ community psychol­ farmers and communities. vidual tobacco farmers and rural farm commu­ ogy,looking at And we hope to do so with community psycho­ some consistency in terms nities. So there's some reason for us to interact logical dimensions of also of pursuing public closely with farmers, because we share some of pressing social health goals to which I the same concerns. issues. You've got remain committed," said DAVID ALTMAN issues around sense Altman. WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY of community, around empower­ Integrated Approach menl, around equity "We are talking with and diversity, and agricultural extension people, civic leaders, health leaders and even around economic and cultural development, which really taking a broad-based community approach to this problem, with are at the root of community psychology." all the economic complexity and long history and the embedded "With respect to SPSSl's interests (i.e., the psychologi­ culture of the issue. One thing that I've learned in working for cal study of social issues), we are looking at the behaviors years on thi s issue is that tobacco is more than a crop and that and attitudes of farmers, and the behaviors and attitudes of tobacco control needs to be approached from more than a health other constituencies in the community fabric that impact perspective," Altman said. individuals, groups and organizations in the community at "One of my interests is bridge building, linking public large. So I think it's very consistent with SPSSI philosophy health, rural community development, and tobacco farmers. and aims." And, clearly, given the importance of the tobacco program at ''The intervention work we are doing is influenced by present and historically, and the fact that it's been a target of psychological theory in part, not entirely-social cognitive health groups and public mi sperception, it seems to be a logical theory from Albert Bandura, diffusion of innovation theory thing to study and evaluate to see whether there's some sort of from Everett Rogers. And community organization and middle ground to which all sides can subscribe," Altman said. community development theory, which has been adopted in part by community psychology. They all certainly influence Price Supports and Health the work we do." Another project of Altman's focuses on the federal price Altman is a professor in the Department of Public Health support program for tobacco, "looking at the extent to which, Sciences at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake from a public health perspective, we can support the federal Forest University. He teaches two primary courses for government role in the tobacco area." medical students, one on doctor-patient relationships and the Altman also received a W.K. Kellogg Foundation National SEE ALTMAN ON PAGE 47

APS OBSERVER July/ August 1997 American Psychological SocieTy Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

CONVENTION FROM PAGE I where funding agencies do their "show­ other invited speakers, as well as two and-tell" for prospective grant applicants. sessions of interactive poster sessions and "The United States and Psychology." The function flourished as never before, round-table discussions on actual teaching Specifically, with 27 agencies and offices represented approaches used by teachers of psychol­ the meeting this year, versus nine at last year's ogy. (See related articles on page 22.) drew the convention. Drawing in more than twice as many largest-scale And five heads of federal agencies! registrants presence of offices met with APS' s Board of Directors than antici­ federal re­ immediately prior to the convention pated (i.e., search funding weekend to discuss a wide range of more than agency opportunities for interaction. Meeting with 220 attend­ officials and the Board to hear concerns of the psycho­ ees), APS's personnel that logical research COntmunity and to inform newest one­ anyone could NIAAA Director Enoch the Board of agency developments were: day Gordis met with the APS Norman preconference, remember Board of Directors. seeing at any Anderson the Biologi­ previous psychology convention any­ (Director of cal Basis of where! the National Behavior Signs of this high level of interest in Institutes of Preconference, supporting and interacting with APS Health's featured more Joseph Steinmetz chaired the members by US federal research funding Office of than 60 first Biological Basis of Behavior Preconference. agencies were ubiquitous. For example: Behavioral speakers in • The National Institute on Drug Abuse and Social six sessions on topics ranging from limbic (NIDA) decided to hold its own day­ Sciences system function and neurodegeneration to learning and memory in the cerebellum. long symposium (to encourage and Research), NIMH Director Steven showcase cognitive science applica­ Bennett Hyman talked about the A special poster session was held at the tions and research on drug abuse) Bertenthal integration of NIMH grant conclusion and featured nearly 40 posters. review into NIH's grant within the APS convention. Featur­ (Assistant review structure. ing a dozen invited speakers and a Director of the Unique Addition kick -off address by NID A Director National Science Foundation's Directorate For the first time, the APS conven­ Alan Leshner, the symposium was of Social, Behavioral, and Economic tion also offered six concurrent panel packed to the point of standing-room Sciences), Enoch Gordis (Director of discussions by only. NIAAA), Steve Hyman (Director of APS distin­ • The National Institute of Mental NIMH), and Alan Leshner (Director of guished Health (NIMH), for its part, held a NIDA). Fellows in four-hour open session at which which they investigators interested in applying Teaching and Biology Preconferences addressed for NIMH grants could meet indi­ The APS Convention activities were trends and vidually with one of the 10 key once again prefaced by the Annual APS future NIMH staff members hosting the Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, a directions in session. preconference that drew nearly 300 their respec­ • The National Institute on Alcohol participants. It featured an opening tive subdisci­ Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) address by UCLA psychologist Rochel plines. The held a well-attended breakfast Gelman, titled "Cognitive Development well-attended meeting with current and potential and Learning," and presentations by seven sessions Bernard Bertenthal discusses research grantees in order to encour­ focused on the some of the issues important separate to the NSF Directorate of age new research and researchers to Social, Behavioral, and unravel the social, psychological, and topics of Economic Sciences. biopsychological effects of and social level of mechanisms underlying alcohol analysis, nonlinear dynamic modeling, abuse. prevention and treatment interventions for mental and physical disorders, the future Strong Federal Presence of quantitative psychology, industrial! Another important sign of funding organizational psychology, and behavioral agencies' interest in APS was the fact that neuroscience. Each session was followed by its own social hour, permitting they participated at more than three times OBSSR Director Norman Anderson, the level of last year's convention in the pictured with Sandra Scarr, talks with Special Federal Funding Poster Session lhe APS Board of Directors. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

FROM PREVIOUS PAGE members, so richly represented at this convention, are bound together by a audience members to discuss issues with commitment to psychology as a science, a the panelists informally. science that can inform and enrich human lives." Convention as Magnet The wholeness and unity note was For Other Societies stressed throughout the preparations for The convention was also a magnet for the annual meeting by Arie Kruglanski, meetings of other psychological groups. chair of the convention program commit­ Organizations holding their annual tee. He said, "This year's central theme, meeting in conjunction with APS were the the unity of psychology, is what APS American Association for Applied and quintessentially stands for." Preventive Psychology, the Society for The meeting's opening session was In a moment keynote speaker Personality and Social Psychology, the also an occasion to announce the election Daniel Kahneman and APS President Sandra Scarr attempt to master the Academy of Clinical of new board members and basics of overhead projection. Psychological the departure of outgoing Science, the Ameri­ members. Scarr thanked science dialogue on these fundamental can Board of outgoing Past-President issues." Professional Neurop­ Richard F. Thompson for In his keynote presentation, sychology, the his many contributions, Kahneman explored potential foundations psychology honor and noted that Lorraine for a new science of experience, which societies Psi Beta Eyde and Bruce Overmeier would permit objective judgment of how and Psi Chi. Psi Chi were leaving the Board individuals experience outcomes subjec­ sponsored APS' s "after having been wonder­ tively, offering potentially useful knowl­ Bring-the-Family ful and helpful col­ edge for government policymaking, address by Elliot leagues." She offered especially in health care arenas. (See Aronson (see article congratulations to Eliza­ article p. 19.) on page 17). APS Convention Program Chair and beth Loftus "whom we SPSP President Arie Kruglanski chose as our next president A wardees Honored Sold Out Exhibits presents the Donald T. Campbell F. Award to E. Tory Higgins. elect," and to Jerome Following the usual APS tradition, Occupying 60 Singer and Joe Steinmetz the final portion of the opening ceremony exhibit booths in all, the number of for winning Members-at-Large seats on was reserved for the APS President to exhibitors this year was up 35 percent the APS Board that they will occupy bestow hand-calligraphied award citations over last year. And, having bought out all immediately. President-Elect Kay Deaux on deserving scholars and researchers in the APS exhibit space, they provided would assume the APS presidency at the psychology. Scarr presented APS's attendees with a plethora of choices end of the convention, Scarr noted. highest award, the William James Fellow among book publishers, experimental Award, sepa- apparatus manufacturers, and various Key Notes rately to services. The opening session then moved on Richard to the Keynote Address, and APS Con­ Davidson, of the Psychology As a Whole vention Chair Arie Kruglanski introduced University of Outgoing APS President Sandra keynote speaker Daniel Kahneman of Wisconsin­ Scarr, in her remarks to the opening Princeton University, saying that Madison, and session of the convention, praised "the Kahneman "has been able to pierce Edward Taub, many things that the APS staff do to through appearances and discover of the Univer­ promote research funding for your work," exciting things about the most fundamen­ sity of Ala­ adding that "a lot of their words end up in tal psychological phenomena, such as bama-Birming­ legislation, particularly around appropria­ preferences, judgment, or state of well­ ham. Davidson was awarded the APS William James tions." being. He embodies the unity theme of Davidson's Fellow Award. To the crowded audience in the main this convention, for his work has moved William James ballroom of the Washington Hilton Hotel, with great facility across diverse domains citation reads as follows: Scarr emphasized that "the principal of psychology .... He has explored the In the great tradition of William mission of APS is to ensure the health and unifying domains of various subfields of James, Richard 1. Davidson has integrity of psychological science. By psychology, but he has also explored the had a powerful impact on a re­ integrity I mean wholeness, soundness, commonalities that psychology shares markabl y diverse range of subdis­ and intellectual honesty. Everything we with other key fields, such as philosophy, ciplines within Psychology. do as an organization supports that economics, linguistics, and business, thus mission. The diverse interests of our adding our voice to the larger social SEE CONVENTION ON PAGE 39 APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 - American Psychological Society • Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights Hold the Marshmallow, Please, We're High E.Q.

Mass media's portrayal of emotional intelligence causes dilemmas for researchers and educators

Popularization of the notion of the symposium audience. emotions in the context of whatever else emotional intelligence has created "some­ "But the most insidious bastardization they're doing, not as an isolated, separable thing that researchers in this field now have of this concept," he said, "was equating part. When a math teacher is introducing to cope with," APS Member Peter Salovey emotional intelligence with character Of long division in third grade and kids of Yale University told an audience at a simply with 'being a nice guy,' implying become frustrated or anxious, why not teach symposium at the Annual APS Convention. that if we teach children about it they will them about frustration and how to cope with "For the longest time Jack Mayer and I have good character when they grow up." it?" hoped our original 1990 piece on emotional He said this ignores the fact that "sociopaths Salovey's new book on emotional intelligence! would challenge the intelli­ can have excellent regulatory skills of intelligence, to be published this year by gence [research community] to think more emotion, at least when focused on others, so Basic Books, will have a forward by Daniel broadly and that it would be a challenge to it hardly can be equated with good character." Goleman. It is titled Emotional Develop­ certain aspects of the emotion literature that Some school systems have responded ment and Emotional Intelligence, and co­ dichotomizes passion and reason," he said. by developing new programs where, for author is David Sluyter of the Edward But then a little over a year and a half example, once a week the students do Fetzer Institute.• ago psychologist Daniel Goleman's book, something about their emotions that is age Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Maller appropriate, Salovey said. I. Salovey, P. and Mayer, J.D. (1990). Emo­ More than IQ appeared and became a "That troubles me," he said. "I'd much tional Intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 9, pp. 185-211. worldwide best seller, with millions of rather see teachers help kids leam about copies sold to date in the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, Korea, and other countries. Liar, Liar Popularization Has Diluted Message APS convention symposium looks at when, why, and to whom we lie "The problem was not with Dan's book but with the hoopla around the construct, Lying is often described as one of the researchers who have looked at various which I think has promised more than can worst things a person can do. Yet, almost sides of the phenomenon. BeUa DePaulo, be delivered, I actually liked the book," on a daily basis, everyone lies, often without of the University of Virginia, spoke on Salovey said. much thought. research she and colleagues Matthew He lamented, however, that "any initial "Lying, and variations of it, are Ansfield and Joseph Boden have conducted sense of what emotional intelligence might extremely pervasive in on serious lies. be has gotten lost" as the topic filtered our lives," said Arthur Co-chair Gordon through the press. For example, a Time Miller, who, with compared magazine cover asked "What's Your Anne Gordon (both of perceptions of lies Emotional EQ?," although nobody has Miami University), to assess the published any valid measure of emotional chaired "On Telling biasing effects of intelligence, Salovey pointed out. The Time Lies and Being perspective. story suggested that Martin Seligman's Suspicious: Contexts, Steven Fein, of optimism scale could measure emotional Motives, and Ethical Williams College, intelligence. Other accounts defined Implications," a looked at suspi­ emotional intelligence as persistence, zeal, symposium at the cion of ulterior and stick-to-it-tiveness, Salovey said. And Case Western Reserve's Roy Baumeister was a recent Ninth Annual discussant at the symposium on lying. Seated to motives, while still others equated it with delayed gratifica­ APS Convention. his right are panelists Arthur Miller, Anne Gordon, Leonard Saxe, of tion in eating marshmallows, taking off Miller said the topic Leonard Saxe, Steven Fein, and Bella Depaulo. CUNY -Graduate from an experiment cited in Goleman's was somewhat of a School looked at book. paradox: people how society can "Now school system reps call and say, consider it an nnforgiveable social trans­ sometimes encourage deception and ways to 'Dr. Salovey, would you please design for gression, but the fact is "all of us lie some of encourage honesty. Case Western Reserve us an intervention that we can implement in the time, and some of us lie all of the time," University'S Roy Baumeister tied the our schools that will teach our first graders he said. not to eat the marshmallow?'" Salovey told The symposium brought together CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

The Giving Away of Psychology • • • And Condoms Elliott Aronson's Bring-The-Family Address examines applying social psychology to teells, AIDS, and cOlldoms

ccording to Elliott Aronson, surveys according to Aronson, the reason lies in the young adults per year. So we know that A on AIDS conducted on college second conclusion: Tbe vast majority of teenagers have having unprotected sex," he campuses over the past 10 years consis­ college-age said. "In fact, the current data suggest that tently show three things about the majority students are less than 30 percent of teenagers and young of college-age students: scared witless adults use condoms every single time they 1) they are very knowledgeable about of AIDS wben have sex. The question is, bow do you AIDS and about condoms as a good they think convince the remaining 70 percent?" way of preventing transmission of the about it. virus; " When What's Past Is Prologue 2) they are "scared witless" of AIDS they think AIDS is currently the number-one when they think about it; and about it. When killer of young adults in America, recently 3) they are NOT using condoms consis­ people are replacing accidents. It didn't start out that tently. getting ready way, though, said Aronson. Given the fIrst two points, it would to make love "When the AIDS epidemic ftrst struck seem strange that despite knowing of a way they prefer not in this country, the Reagan Administration to prevent a deadly disease, a person would to be thinking was very slow to respond," he said. "Was it Aronson not protect himlherself from exposure. But about getting a just bureaucratic ineptitude? Or, was it horrible something special about this particular disease and dying. It sort of bas the disease. In its early stages, AIDS was FROM PREVIOUS PAGE tendency to decrease sexual arousal, and on primarily confined to gay men. Several some occasions, eliminate potency com­ knowledgeable observers attributed the program together with suggestions for how pletely," said Aronson at the Ninth Annual inaction of the Reagan Adnrinistration to to think about lying, as well as thoughts on APS Convention Bring-the-Family Address. blatant homophobia." what the next steps in research on the "TItis would be firnny if it wasn't so tragic." What fInally spurred the government subject should entail. And the statistics are tragic. In 1994, out of its bureaucratic fog surrounding the incidence of AIDS increased 77 percent AIDS, said Aronson, was the disease's Tell Me No Lies in the high school- and college-age popula­ inftltration of the segment of the population "Basically, we lie," said DePaulo, tions, said Aronson, a professor at the that now ignores or denies the risk: the maintaining the paradox Miller described. University of Califonria-Santa Cruz. teenage/young adult population. "When the "And, quite often, the people to whom we "Over the past few years, there have government began to take it seriously they are the closest are the people to whom we been more than 2.5 nrillion cases of some of uuleashed [then-First Lady 1 Nancy Reagan, lie." the lesser sexually transmitted diseases­ Looking at the everyday variety "little like syphilis and herpes- among teens and SEE CONDOMS ON PAGE 34 white lie" versus the more serious kind, ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• DePaulo and her colleagues found that while people tell fewer everyday lies to the Mark The people to whom they feel closest, most Yourj American serious lies are told to the most important Calendar Psychological people in their lives. For everyday lies, she Now!!!! Society's said, the simple fact that one is lying to a 10th Annual Convention loved one is threatening enough to stymie is May 21-24. 1998 the action. But in close relationships, the in Washington. DC potentially harmful information covered by the lie outweighs the "sin" of the action. What makes a serious lie so serious, said DePaulo, is the lie itself and whatever is being covered up by the lie. When we lie Join APS In Celebrating 10 Years SEE LIES ON PAGE 35 of Excellence In Psychological Science For Information, contact the APS Meetings Department at 202-783-2077 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society • Nillth Allllual APS COllvelltioll Highlights Genetic Research Presents Exciting Prospects for Psychological Research Presidential Symposium at Ninth Annual APS Convelltioll addresses genetics and personality

"Suspend your paradigms and be genetic and prepared to think in somewhat different environmental term s," APS Pres ident Sandra Scarr urged research with the audience at the Presidential Sympo­ the 35 1 pairs sium on "Genetics and Personality: The of identical Search for Why We Think, Act, and Feel twins and 407 the Way We Do." pairs of "This symposium is really about how fraternal twins people and their environments get along. in the longitu­ It's about how people develop into Bouchard and Lykken dinal Swedish Pedersen themselves in the course of everyday Adoption life," Scarr said. of his widely publicized investigations Twin Study of Aging at the Karolinska As first speaker, Thomas Bouchard of into the heritability of happine ss or Institute in Stockholm. the University of Minnesota desc ribed a subjective well-being. He took up the sweeping change in re search paradigms question as to whether one's "genetic Genes, Coming to a Research Area that has overtaken many social psycholo­ lottery" at birth determines a person's Near You gists in the last two decades. He pre­ happiness level, and answered it in the Robert Plomin of the Maudsley sented evidence for what he called the negative. He suggested that average Institute of Psychiatry in London. the "rather radical hypothesis-long rejected levels of happiness "are determined final speaker, described recent findings in by social psychologists, including largely by the things that we do, and the molecular genetics that have revolution­ myself- that genetic factors influence things we do are strongly influenced by ized psychological research in aging and social attirudes." our unique genetic makeup." sensation seekin g. "That's what is going David Lykken, also of the University Speaker Nancy Pedersen offered to happen throughout psychology," he of Minnesota, followed with a discussion fresh observations into multivariate predicted. He advised psychologists to "get on board and think about using genes" in thei r research. Animal 'Rites of Passage' The large audience burst into laugher APS has arrived! After delivering nine annual scientific conferences, each when Plomin said, "1 guarantee you that of which has visibly featured much animal research, APS is finally on the radar by the turn of the century genes are going screen of animal rights organizations, apparently. With a sense of timing to to come to an area near you. You name match this nine-year lag, APS's first animal-rights protester missed his cue (an the area and there will be genes in that award to an APS animal researcher) when he burst into the middle of "The area. Cognition of Well-being [in humans]," during the opening ceremony of the "So I think Ninth Annual APS Convention. it's important Screaming anti-animal research sentiments and throwing protest litera­ for psycholo­ ture at the audience, the protester was apparently spurred by APS's awarding gists to think of our prestigious William James Fellow Award to animal researcher Edward Taub, of the University of Alabama-Birmingham, for his ground-breaking work about using on how nerves and sensation can become restored following spinal cord injury. genes, because In the very early 1980s, Taub became a favorite target of the animal rights we can ask movement for what came to be known as the Silver Spring monkeys incident. much more Now, a decade and a half later, the lone animal rights protester arrived on the interesting scene prematurely. Intending to disruptTaub's award he instead found himself questions when Plomin in the middle of the opening keynote address on human well-being delivered we have genes by cognitive scientist Daniel Kahneman, professor of psychology at Princeton that are associated with behavior­ University. The brief incident was over before the crowd of 1,000 knew what questions about development and gene/ going on, and the APS awards ceremony went off without a hitch. Said APS environment interplay. For example, we Executive Director Alan Kraut after the protester was unceremoniously es­ can ask whether hyperactivity emerging corted out of the hotel, "I guess the 16-year delay [since the Silver Spring incident] threw his timing off." L.H. S EE PRESIDENT ON PAGE 48 APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights Kahneman Keynote Speech: Looking to a New Science of Experience

sychological findings deviate from logic in evaluating the outcomes of Daniel Kahneman has been able to pierce Pepisodes of pleasure or pain, Daniel through appearances and discover exciting Kahneman of the Woodrow Wilson things about the most fundamental psycho­ School at Princeton University declared in logical phenomena, such as preferences, his keynote address to the opening session judgment or state of well-being. He embod­ of the American Psychological Society ies the unity theme ofthis convention, for his convention. work has moved with great facility across Logically, it would seem that the n diverse domains of psychology. He has made . _ . intensity and the duration of the pain or profound contributions to fields as diverse pleasure in a specific occurrence should as visual perception, judgment, decision- Kruglanski be what we remember, Kahneman said. making, conflict, and psychology of value. But psychologically, the experience is quite different, Kahneman demon­ He has explored the unifying domains of various subfields of strated with numerous examples from his psychology buthe has also explored the commonalities that psychol­ own and others' research. ogy shares with other key fields, such as philosophy, economics, What we actually remember when we linguistics and business, thus adding our voice to the larger social evaluate an episode retroactively is "an science dialogue on these fundamental issues. average of the peak affect experience and ARIE KRUGLANSKI the affect experience at the end of the NINTH ANNUAL APS CONVENTION PROGRAM CHAIR episode," Kahneman said. The average of peak and end is what counts, and duration they recorded how much horror and pain hardly enters the picture, he said. they were experiencing instant by instant. recency effect.. .. There is a process of Some people watched a 40-second automatic evaluation, where just the Better Than Economic Theory version of the film, others a 3-minute mention of an episode provokes an Extending this line of "instant utility" version. The duration had "essentially no emotion. So there is more than one research could have extensive conse­ effect on their evaluation," Kahneman reason for almost everything I will say," quences, Kahneman suggested. It could said. Kahneman stated, open vistas for a future "science of experi­ In a currently ongoing experiment, Kahneman recalled that his present ence that focuses on how outcomes are Kahneman's subjects listen to a rapid research "began with what Amos Tversky actually experienced, and not only on succession of pleasant and unpleasant taught me about decision making." occurrences." It is a field that "psychology sounds-police whistles followed by harp (Kahneman dedicated this keynote lecture is best suited to take on," Kahneman said. It music, for example. "They are supposed to to the colleague with whom he worked for might eventually have a major impact on write down a number that is a combined 30 years; Tversky died last year at age 59.) public policy in relation to issues such as evaluation of the good and bad experience," "Tversky let me borrow a book that consumption of goods and services, Kahneman said. "But I notice for myself he had written on mathematical psychol­ investment decision-making, and health that I was incapable of doing that. I was ogy .. . and I discovered something very care, and cou1d become a more comprehen­ completely dominated by the last piece that strange. I discovered that in economic sive alternative to the currently potent I heard. I did have an intellectual sort of analysis, in utility theory, utility is policy impact of economics, which rarely memory of the other piece, but my evalua­ assigned to states of wealth." But in examines human behavior in a comprehen­ tion of the whole experience was com­ actual life, explained Kahneman "people sive manner, Kahneman suggested. pletely dominated or very largely dominated seem to assign values to gains and losses. by the last ex perience." That's a completely different story. A Instant Utility Research There isn't just one single mecha­ gain or loss is a change; it' s not a state, He cited examples of core research ni sm, in Kahneman' s opinion, that it's an event. And also it seems that that measure the instant utility of pleasure produces the peak/end evaluation seen in people assign values to the effects of or pain, second by second and which then these examples. slices of time, and not to states or streams examine the subjects' resulting global "Some of the mechanisms have to do of outcomes." evaluations of the experience. with what we call anticipatory emotions In the course of time, Kahneman One example involved people of hope and fear-what are the rules that would be applying these slices oftime or watching a holocaust film while they govern hope and fear? Others seem to controlled a sort of affect meter, by which reflect memory phenomena, like the SEE KAHNEMAN ON PAGE 38 APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society • Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights Three Times as Many Federal Funding Agencies at APS Meeting

Special federal research support posters bring grant-seekers and agency representatives together

"Washington gives us an opportunity The funding future alcohol depen­ to put on a much grander show-and-tell," is bright in just about all ....,...... dent start said Theresa Levetin, new director of the areas at NIDA, Turkkan drinking at ages National Institute of Drug Abuse's said, because of the as early as eight (NIDA) extramural research program, Institute' s close bond or nine. We taking time out from NIDA's poster at the with White House drug don' t really special federal funding poster session at "czar" General Barry know the effects the APS convention. McCaffrey, who "has of alcohol at that More than three times "grander" than convinced a lot of early age, in at last year's APS convention, in fact. people that we' ve got to Mary MacFarlane, of the Centers for Disease terms of Funding agencies held forth at 27 infor­ do more about drug Control and Prevention, talks to Neil Mulligan, cognitive mation' booths thi s year, as against nine at abuse. " of Iowa State University. development, the San Francisco meeting last year. social develop­ "Obviously, almost all the agencies Alcohol Research ment, parental interactions and peer are here in town. So it' s no large effort Fetal alcohol syndrome and adoles­ pressures," she said. for them to come here to the meeting," cent drinking are two of the priority said Jaylan Turkkan of NIDA, who, as research areas at the National Institute on Disease Control and Prevention chair of the session, recruited the agen­ Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), At the Center for Disease Control and cies' participation. according to Laurie Faudin of NIAAA's Prevention (CDC) "there is a big push on basic research division. now to focus on adolescent research," Personal :;:~:§[E:=~i~;--:;-j "We need to find out according to Mary McFarlane, who was Connection r what the underlying fielding questions in the CDC poster area. There is neurobiological impair­ According to recent CDC data and a real payoff for ments are and then how report of the Institute of Medicine's the funding we can tailor various agencies. kinds of testing to better Turkkan said. identify the children and "First, we're adults with fetal alcohol gi ving out lots syndrome and the partial of information syndrome caUed alcohol­ Harmon Hosch (righ,) and Michael McCloskey about what our presented infonnation on research opportunities related neuro-develop­ agencies are for psychologists at the National Science mental disorder. Then, interested in Foundation. and the new directions that we want to fund. But Susan Chipman (righ,), with the Office of Naval second and most important are the Research, talks with Lesley Teitelbaum, of personal connections: Maybe Syracuse Uni versity. they' re not so important for older investigators. But for Division of Health Sciences Policy, the people just starting out, six issues at the heart of 70 percent of all phoning [the National Insti­ adolescent health problems are injuries, tutes of Health] can be a pretty substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, scary thing. So when they drinking, tobacco use, inadequate physical activity, meet you personally and because and poor dietary habits, all of which at realize you're just like them, it many their core involve modifiable behavioral puts a human face on things people mechanisms. and they say, Hey, what's the who David Liskowski manned a poster featuring become big deal?" behavioral and human factors research at NASA. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Sociery Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

FROM PREVIOUS PAGE National Science Foundation • At the National Science Foundation "We're interested in how it is that (NSF) poster, Michael McCloskey, who children are learning about sexual directs NSF's Human Cognition and behaviors and which behaviors are Perception Program, oullined Ihe basic appropriate, what parents and families research it funds in a broad range of can do to influence sexual behaviors in cogni ti ve science areas including lan­ their children, and what causes an guage processing, memory and problem adolescent to begin a ri sky sexual career solving, as well as focusing on vision. path ," McFarlane said. "We're inter­ Joseph Frascella, of the National Institute on audition and other senses. NSF also funds ested in knowing more about what kinds Drug Abuse, talks to a visitor about the Etiology research in psycholinguistics and lan- and Clinical Neurobiology Branch. of people we have to intervene with to get youths to observe healthier sexual within-country migration are topics of behaviors, and what kinds of interven­ particular interest at the tion s ,..-___-" National Institute for Child work." Health and Human Develop­ An­ ment (N ICHD), according to other area Susan Newcomer ofNICHD's of interest Demographic, Behavioral and at CDC is Social Sciences Research methods Branch. The role of men in and fertility has been understudied, Jared lobe presented informat ion about [he tech­ and immigration has also been ex tramural grants program in adult psychological development at the National Institute on Aging, niques of a neglected field, Newcomer behav- Marina Volkoff, of the NIH Office of Behavioral said. NICHD is interested in ioral and Social Sciences Research, talks with Paul guage processing, and has special Scott of the National Institutes of Health . the psychological implications surveil­ and determinants of immigra- initiatives in learning and intelligence in lance for tion and migration, including face and natural and artificial systems. Though delermining the incidence and preva­ elhnicily, and implications for self-esteem some of the projects are multidisciplinary, lence of certain behaviors in the popula­ as welJ as issues there are also many tion, McFarlane said. Another is the around sexual ='='..... '"i'i single-in vestigator barriers and facilitators for getting into behavior, research opportunities, the heallh care system once people coupling, he said. He advised recognize that they have a problem or are childbearing, young investigators 10 at risk for a particular di sease. abortion, and feel free to call NSF McFarlane said there are now a great child rearing program directors and many behavioral scientists in CDC and and care. tell them "what you do; they have firmly established the recogni­ NICHD they can give you good tion that every approach to disease must representative advice about whether have a behavioral component if it is to Sarah Friedman NSF is the right place to NIAAA's Laurie Foudin discusses research apply, and which succeed. explained to all programs at the National Institute on Alcohol comers a Abuse and Alcoholism. programs there you Child Health and Development complex array should be thinking The male's role in family planning of bar charts fo r NICHD's develop- about." • and many issues around immigration and menial psychology funding areas. The boltom line, she said, is Ihat the more applications received in any category the more proposals will be funded. NICHD has "sure funding" for all applications with scores up to Ihe 13th perce ntile, and then selecls and chooses from those in Ihe range between the 13th and 25th percentile, she said. Mary Curvey (left), of the NIMH Division of Sarah Friedman and Susan Newcomer manned Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, talks with the National Institute on Child Health and Lesley Teitelbaum of Syracuse University. Human Development's poster.

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society - • Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

Fourth Annual Teaching Institute • • • espite some competition for "It appears that the Institute's with the more informal and discussion­ attendance provided by the format-a combination of the state-of­ intensive parts of the Institute. "I think Dinaugural Biological Basis of the-art talks for use in updating lectures, that, as always, the poster session and the Behavior satellite meeting at the Ninth and the poster and participant idea participant idea excbanges were high­ Annual APS Convention, the Fourth excbanges (PIEs), wbich cover teaching lights for the participants in the Teaching Annual Teaching Institute successfully methods, innovations, and technol­ asserted its ogy- is striking a responsive chord position as a in our colleagues," said organizer Depressed Is as popular Douglas Bernstein, who chairs the cornerstone Teaching Institute Committee. The Depressed Does of and committee features some of the Susan Nolen-Hoeksema maintained the kickoff to the most well-respected researchers momentum of the Teaching Institute in the yearly APS and favorite teachers the field bas closing plenary address in which she looked summit. to offer, including APS President­ at "Emotional Regulation and Depression." Nearly elect Elizabeth Loftus, Robert "Most people at some point in their lives get depressed," said the University of Michi­ 300 partici­ Henderson, Mike Nietzel, and Bernstein gan professor. While in itself this statement pants met for Evelyn Satin off. seems obvious, Nolen-Hoeksema went on to the one-day "I was pleased that we had a discuss how one's stra tegy for regulating emo­ event that, in only its fourth year, has good crowd at this year's event and tional distress become one of the most anticipated, I thought the speakers did a can lessen or ex­ attended, and talked about events at the wonderful job," added Bernstein, acerbate this convention. who said he was especially pleased distress. Rurni- nation, or the tendency for a person to exces­ Cognitive Learning and Development: sively brood or Hell on Wheels reflect, en­ "For me, the questions that we are being asked to address-the hancesnegative questions of how and what to teach and when-are fundamental thinking, inter­ feres with good questions of the human mind and cognitive science, As students of problem-solv- cognitive development, we take it as given that when we teach, we are ing, and is, in Nolen-Hoeksema supposed to offer students learning experi­ turn, associated ences that accomplish two pedagogical goals," with more se- said Rochel Gelman, who delivered the Open­ vere and prolonged periods of depression. ing Plenary Address of the Teaching Institute, "1 am interested in studying a maladap­ "The first is the nurturing of a richer under­ tive coping strategy on the opposite end of the standing. The second is to support the acqui­ continuum from suppression." This is the sition-or at least the start of the acquisi­ strategy used by people who spend too much tion-of new conceptual organizations and timethinkingabouttheiremotions,saidNolen­ understanding. 1 know that these tasks are Hoeksema, who described rumination as the not easy to accomplish-quite the contrary­ human cognitive equivalent of a cow chewing some might say it is going to be hell on its cud: going over and over all the reasons wheels." why you are depressed. Gelman, a professor at the University of "What I learned is this kind ofrurninative California-Los Angeles, kicked off the Insti­ coping can take what might otherwise be a tute examining how domain-specific accounts Gelman fairly moderate and short term depression of cognitive development compare and con- and turn it into a more severe and lengthy," trast with early and subsequent levels of understanding, and how later she said. "Rumination can enhance the op­ learning does not necessarily build on the earlier acquired levels of pressive, negative mood. It can keep you from understanding-especially when later learning occurs in novel do­ engaging in those everyday instrumental ac­ mains. Regardless of the academic subject, Gelman said that this tivities, like doing you job or mowing you creates a risk of a qualitative disconnect between a student's learning lawn or trying to raise your child. And it and problem solving strategies and those of the teacher. • interferes with your problem solving." •

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

(CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE) • • • Where Professor Is Pupil. • • Institute because they give people a leaching, Ihe Teaching Institule has, in its chance to speak informally with each four incarnations, attracted Jarge crowds other about with its blend of cutting-edge psychologi­ what they are cal research and proven teaching tech­ teaching and niques. The two plenary and six invited how they are addresses showcased current and updated teaching it and research that professors can find useful in really provides teaching their courses, while the partici­ a good back­ pant idea and-forth exchanges OBSSR Director Norman Anderson talks with presenter Kelly Carroll and forum for valid and poster another attendee al the Teaching and helpful sessions lnstitute Poster Session. discusion. " offered a Open to more interac­ the teaching of psychological science with teachers of tive opportu­ colleagues and peers. psychology at Barbara Landau discusses nity for "I am very excited about how this research on object naming two- and four- and categorization. discussion of year's Teaching Institute went," said year colleges some of the Bernstein . "It generated a lot of interest and universities, as well as graduate issues Marie Banich's address from attend­ students and others with an interest in involved in delved into the neural basis ees who in of mental functions. tum gave us feedback A taste of the Teaching Institute . .. about this year's event MOllQgamous Voles May Have and made suggestions ~ns for Hmnans for how we Physiological correlates of behavior emerging in research can improve Richard Petty gave an invited the meeting. Humans may have a lot to leam from prairie voles and their address lbat examined how And, hope­ and why people cbange their positive social behaviors, C. Sue Carter of the University of fully, the minds. Maryland suggested in a lecture at the Fourth Annual APS Institute on the Teaching of Psychology in Washington, DC, in Institute gave May. a lot of people knowledge and suggestions "Voles tell us there is a physiology for being good, and that that they can successfully take back into the classroom." being good is good for your health, which we already know," Carter she said. Voles form monogamous relationships, unlike about 97 percent of all mammal Stay Tuned Folks ••• species. And, although they are not very intelligent or psychologically acute, Carter Bemstein said that, based on evalua­ says, "they have the wisdom of their bodies. They know to be good to their families. tive responses he received following this They don't fight with members of their families at all. They protect them from year's Teaching Institute, next year's strangers. BoDl parents take care of the young. And these arumals take care of their event could feature a few changes. brothers and sisters." "Starting next year, we are going to Carter and her collaborators are searching for explanations for the bonding make the nature of the addresses and behaviors of voles that set them off so sharply from most other mammals. They have presentations even more clearly linked to been looking for "something physiological, which we are just beginrung to under­ the teaching of psychology. We have stand, some kind of physical change or a social reward that is probably causing the tended to get, over the years, some social bond to occur," she said. What Carter and colleagues have found so far appears questions asking how these presentations closely related to a phenomenon recently unearthed in human relationships. Specifi­ differ from the regular conference cally, the current state of knowledge for humans implicates a role for bonding in stress presentations. My response has always reduction, Carter indicated. Findings from the vole research show that very high levels of corticosterone, CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE SEE VOLES ON PAGE 38

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 Americall Psychological Societ), Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights

• • • And Instruction Is Imparted PIE on the (Round)table

ore tban 20 Participant Idea attended roundtables in the first of two learning while protecting free speech. In Exchanges (PIEs) addressed PIE sessions. Normally a seated affair, the case study, a professor was suspended Meducational topics raging from the roundtable hosted by Lord Fairfax by the university for one year for com­ group dynamics and sexual harassment to ments he made of a sexual nature. developing curriculum and generating According to university officials, the and sustaining student research. An professor's behavior interfered with the annual favorite of the Teaching Institute, learning process. The professor took the Bernstein likened the PIEs to a New university to court over the issue and the York City deli: "There are no rules." court backed up hi s First Amendment free Planning each year's Teaching speech right, overturning the universi ty Institute begins almost immediately after decision. the preceding one ends. In putting this Thi s situation prompted the univer­ year's program together, Bernstein said sity to establish its Policy 011 Harassment he and the committee had certain goals in and Sexual Harassment. The policy mind for the most interactive part of the contain s an opening letter from University Institute. President Joan Leitzel in which she tries "I always look for posters and PIE to balance the issues of free speech and topics that hit on areas of common Elaine Cassel spoke to a crowded table about productive learning. interest among teachers of psychology, using literature in the teaching of psychology. "What the policy tries to do from the regardless of their subdiscipline," he start is say that we need to acknowledge said. "I al so look for interesting and this idea of academic freedom and the offbeat ideas like the PIE topic we had Community College assistant professor titled 'Using literature to teach psychol­ Elaine H. Cassel attracted a standing­ ogy.· .. room-only group discussing ideas, In fact, the particular PIE Bernstein examples, and re SOUIces for choosing and mentioned was one of the most well- using fiction , non-fiction, poetry, and drama to enhance or illustrate concepts to students. "Studying literary texts illustrates and FROM PREVIOUS PAGE demonstrates concepts being taught in the been that the poster session s and partici­ classroom, encourages active learning, and enhances critical thinking and writing pant idea exchanges focus on teaching skills," said Casse\. "As an added benefit, methods while the invited speakers many students report that the assignments feature updated content- information that motivated them to approach their extra­ may be useful for teachers in teaching curricular reading and movie viewing their courses. But from some partici­ psychologically, thus demonstrating that pants, that has sometimes been unclear. the students are transferring skills from Kimberly Ann Smirles, of the "So next year we are going to be the classroom to everyday life." University of New Hampshire, led a strengthening the teaching flavor of these roundtable discussion on sexual harassment and free speech. content presentations. For example, I Free Speech, Harassment expect that we will have our invited At another table Kimberly Ann speakers give talks on ways of teaching Smir\es of the University of New Hamp­ free exchange of ideas, but we need to the content in addition to just what the shire, addressed the issue of: "Freedom respect the individual and not create a content is; for example, ideas for how to of Speech or Sexual Harassment?: Issues threatening environment," said Smirles, interest your students in particular areas; in the Classroom." Using a UNH case who added that thi s did not necessarily how to organize the materials in ways that study, Smir\es illustrated the difficulty mute the issue. ''This still doesn' t the students fLOd helpful, etc." • learning institutions have in maintaining necessarily resolve the issues- it doesn't an environment that fosters productive set up a strict line or code of behavior." •

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Ninth Annual APS Convention Highlights • Cognitive Science Is Valued Tool for Treating And Understanding Drug Abuse!Addiction NIDA Director Alall Lesllller wallis to illtroduce cogllitive scielltists to drug abuse alld addictioll research

a Wayne Gretzky-like maneuver to sized that abuse/addiction is not simply a us [Q effective solutions, we need a concep­ "skate to where the puck is," Alan brain disorder. Nor, said Leshner, para­ tual integration of biological and cognitive Eeshner wants to put psychology where phrasing George Collier, will reductionism spheres, he stressed. the research opportunities are. And he sees or its opposite ("upuctionism") provide all "No present theories go to the core of cognitive science as being in a position to the answers. Rather, abuse/addition are understanding the cognitive aspects of skate to where drug abuse and addiction quintessentially a behavioral phenomenon. abuse/addiction," he said. "We know very research opportunities are. In fact, accord­ Addiction has behavioral and social aspects, ing to Leshner, he has become "obsessed and this means that for our science to lead SEE LESHNER ON PAGE 27 with cognitive science," in terms of the research potential that this subdiscipline of psychology has for helping us understand and deal with drug abuse and addiction. Perceived "Morality" of Smoking This obsession became a primary impetus for developing and holding this Flows With Cultural Climate one-day symposium prior to the opening of the Ninth Annual APS Convention. It was NIDA precollference lecture by Paul Rozill is Olle of several that poillt intended to expose the cognitive research to utility of cogllitive science ill ullderstalldillg alld addressillg drug abuse community to some of the unanswered questions to which cognitive science is The moralization of attitudes toward leagues and himself show that how much especially well-suited to tackle. And, smoking has been so powerful in American people claim they are inritated by cigarette because of the sparsity of researchers doing culture recently that members of the older smoke is not predicted by how unhealthy drug abuse/addiction research, it had to generation "have sort of wiped out their they think smoking is but rather by how "borrow" cognitive scientists doing work in earlier experience" of a world where immoral and disgusting they think it is. other areas (e.g., AIDS) in order to show­ "smoking was ill, almost everyone smoked, Comparing the attitudes of students, case some applicable methodologies used all the important people smoked, and it was parents, and grandparents on the morality of by this community to examine other health great stuff," Paul smoking, Rozin problem issues. Finally, the NIDA sympo­ Rozin of the found that the sium examined some ongoing cognitive University of grandparents science research that is directly relevant to Pennsylvania think it is the challenges facing the nation with regard pointed out in a somewhat to illegal and legal drug usage. presentation at a worse and are "Drug abuse and addiction is the most meeting sponsored more concerned complex set of phenomena that a society by the National about it than the faces and that science can try to under­ Institute on Drug two younger stand," Leshner believes. At the same time, Abuse (NIDA) and generations. with its focus on law enforcement ap­ held just prior to the "What is proaches to illegal drugs, society has little or APS Ninth Annual interesting about no interest in science applications and Convention in this is that 30 approaches to this societal problem. Nor, Washington, DC. Albert Bandura and Paul Rozin engage in a years of life in a said Leshner, will science ever discover a "Some 20 or 30 discussion following the NIDA preconference. cigarette- magic bullet to deal with the myriad drug­ years ago people accepting, related abuse and addiction problems. were accustomed to positive world 'We need strategies that match the being in rooms full of smoke; that was of the grandparents' generation has had complexity of the drug problem itself. considered nonnal. You couldn't see across almost no effect on their attitude toward Where we have been lax is in utilizing the the room-so what'" Rozin said. "But now smoking now. This moralization has been power of science at the intersection of people won't go into a hotel room in this so powerful in our cult ure that they sort of cognitive science and drug abuse and country-or even a hotel floor- if it had wiped out their entire earlier experience," addiction," he said. previously been occupied by someone who regarding the acceptability of smoking, Leshner went on to discuss the smoked. That is quite a remarkable Rozin explained. phenomenological differences that distin­ change." guish abuse and addiction. And he empha- Rozin said the surveys run by col- SEE SMOKING ON PAGE 27 APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 Americall Psychological Society •Letters to the Editor {6tr-"'-'----_

Research in a Free Market on intelligence as an American Enterprise sian of some very controversial issues. Dear Editor: In stitute fellow. At the Hoover [nstitu­ However, [ feel that perhaps one minor [n her Presidential Column (May/ tion, Thomas Sowell found support for hi s clarification of her remarks might June 1997), Sandra Scarr condemns boot-strap arguments. The Hudson increase their utility for psycho[ogical "political correctness," worries about Institute offered plenty of research time to science. "endangered ideas," and craves "a free Chester E. Finn, Jr., and William Bennett, For some time now I have become market in research ideas." Frankly, [ staunch foes of Pc. Beyond these increasingly concerned with what a couldn't understand why she was so business-supported cash cows, researchers coIleague (Paul Haerich) helpfuIly termed glum. Let me offer a brighter picture. should consider the Heritage Foundation, a "fi[e drawer" problem (analogous to its Researchers looking to break free the Pacific Research Institute, the Man­ use in meta-analysis) in regard to pub­ of the crushing "idea that disadvan­ hattan In stitute, and the Cato Institute. li shed articles and commentary and taged members of society are op­ Furthermore, think locally. For a psychology's philosophy of science. [t pressed" need not worry. Those who long list of conservative think tanks at the seems that most of the recent theoretical seek funds to study how the "disad­ state level that fund research, COnlact the articles addressing the philosophy of vantaged" can employ "self-help" Heritage Foundation. science within psychology have been ans'wers to tbeir difficulties can find it. Oh, if you're worried that a stand sharply critical of logical positivism and Money for researching market­ against PC oppression might mean the hypothetico-deductive method in solutions to societal problems is lawsuits-don' t, there's money for that particular. Since editors and reviewers avai[able. too. If your research gets you branded as seem to prefer novel or controversial Just contact the Olin Foundation, a racist, the Washington Legal Foundation slants on psychological methods, rather the Brad[ey Foundation, the Carthage will come to your aid. If you're labeled a than a reiteration of centuries-old episte­ Foundation, or any number of other "capitalist tool" because of your free­ mo[ogical principles, contemporary conservative, well-bankrolled founda­ market research, the Institute for Justice defenses of traditional scientific ap­ tions. There, millions have been spent or the Landmark Legal Foundation will proaches have become quite scarce, while to support resistance to PC totalitari­ readily defend your right to be one. critiques of these approaches seem to anism, much of it going to university Scarr's unhappiness seems to arise proliferate. Thus, it has become a very researchers favoring individual, from her "experience of politicaIly correct easy task to cite dozens of recent refer­ private enterprise answers for prob­ monopolies of the research agenda." I ences in support of the idea that the [ems the PCers have foolishly attrib­ don't know what that "experience" has philosophy of science within psychology uted to class oppression, racism, and been, but I'd suggest if she wants a has shifted away from the hypothetico­ similar societal inequities. picture revealing the actual "PC" mo­ deductive method toward more social Money for research on the real nopoly ideas on class, race, power, social constructionist views. truths may be close at hand, if you're policy, etc.-a view that apparently will Along these lines, I recently unsuc­ at a university that houses one of the cheer her up-she should, as the old cessfully submitted a paper to a journal many campus-based conservative saying goes, "just follow the money." concerning the role of research within think tanks. To cite just a few : If c1inica[ psychology. Although for the you're at Bowling Green State G ERALD S. COLES most part [ accepted the weaknesses of University, try the Social Philosophy APS CHARTER FELLOW the paper cited by the journal's editor, one and Policy Center. Researchers at the [THACA, NY of the primary reasons given for rejection University of Chicago should just was that [ was "preaching to the choir." stroll over to the Olin Center for File Drawer Problem EssentiaIly, since most psychologists Inquiry into the Theory and Practice would agree with my point-that basic of Democracy. At George Mason Dear Editor: science has always been and wiIl always University there is the Center for the [ wanted to applaud Sandra Scarr's remain important for clinical psychol­ Study of Public Choice. Washington Presidential column, "Toward a free ogy-why publish a paper on this? WeIl, University hosts the Center for the market in research ideas," that appeared as I see it, at [east one reason to publish Study of American Business. in the May/June 1997 Observer. I can't such traditional views is to avoid a "file And there are more friends of a remember the last time I read a drawer" problem that could serve to "free market in research ideas." Don't psychologist's article with which [ misrepresent contemporary psychology's forget the bUSiness-supported think resonated so deeply. I am pleased to philosophy of science. tanks elsewhere. For example, participate in a society enjoying such But [ hope my point can be made Charles Murray pursued his research insightful leadership and cogent di scus- without di sagreeing with Scarr's thesis, as

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American P!» 'c1/O/ogica/ Society f

LESHNER FROM PAGE 25

I concur that all scientifically valid ideas to each other, or past each other, if little about the cognitive phenomena that should be given a hearing; the problem Coles's piece is representative of the surround the initial decision to take drugs" involves how we define what constitutes a PC side. The metaphor of a free and what happens during and after the scientifically valid area of inquiry or marketplace of ideas appealed to me "switch flips" the person into a state of scientifically valid research. as an antidote to the intellectually addiction, a compulsive and uncontrollable diabling orthodoxy that PC imposes. urge to obtain and use a drug. JAY L. BRAND Evidently, my pro-democracy Leshner's self-imposed task was to APS MEMBER comments hit a PC nerve. "recruit some of you" cognitive scientists to LOMA LINDA, CA Let us consider the probability help unravel these mysteries, said Leshner. that research could be designed to In tum, Leshner asked members of the The Blessings of Diversity: test Free Market and PC ideas about symposium audience to : Excite people to A Reply to Brand and Coles sources and solutions to societal come into this research domain and to view problems. In such a free market, the it as an opportunity; and, second, to try to Dear Editor: results could actually inform social help NIDA identify the most important Saying that I am a democrat is not the policy, rather than bury it in PC scientific questions to answer. It isn't just same as saying I am a Democrat. Espous­ obfuscation. Is that too much to about throwing money at the researchers, ing a free marketplace for research ideas ask? exhorted Leshner, ''There is something does not mean that I support Free Market Brand's thesis is that the policy fundamental that we need to change about solutions to social problems. Coles is a of primary publications to favor new the way we approach our research on drug supporter of Political Correctness, I infer information and new ideas biases abuse and addiction." + from his satirical inventory of financial what appears in psychological resources available to Free Market­ research journals. Research support­ SMOKING FROM PAGE 25 oriented researchers. Perhaps, some APS ing established ideas and findings members may find the list of funding are left in a file drawer. This is not Perceived Harm, Rights, and Morality sources helpful to support research, but entirely true for publications that Rozin believes the critical element in they will run into PC opposition should review fields of research, where an the development of moral attitudes towards they try to obtain a government grant, author includes both old and new smoking nationwide has been the establish­ publish results in psychological journals, and evaluates the state of theory and ment of the harmfulness of side-stream or present their views at some psychologi­ knowledge. APS's journal Psycho­ smoke. "In our system, something is cal society meetings. logical Science publishes reviews. immoral if somebody gets hurt other than A free marketplace of ideas does not Current Directions is made up you," he said. Harm, rights, and justice are consist solely of Free Market solutions to entirely of review articles. Perhaps, the critical elements of America's and the societal problems, however weJ1-financed, Dr. Brand would like to submit his Western world's "autonomy" system of nor does it contain only PC Oppression material to one of the fine APS morality. Hannfulness probably wouldn't theories about crime and unemployment, journals. be critical in non-Western cultures if however well-entrenched. A free market­ SANDRA SCARR community morality and divinity or sacred place of ideas accommodates both APS P AST-PREStDENT morality were stronger, he said. theories, and others. A free marketplace K AILUA-KaNA, HI "But here the harm element is critical, allows advocates of each theory to speak because you have to show that someone else is being hurt by your action in order to enter our system of morality and license moral censure against smoking," he said. The Editor welcomes your letters Moralization is an important social and Submit letters (350 words max.) via postal mail, e-mail, or via cultural phenomenon for many reasons, computer file on disk (PC/DOS/Windows or Apple/Macintosh). Rozin said. It is easy to recruit government Indicate which word processor you used, or, save your file as a text file. Send to: and foundation support for something that is thought to be morally questionable; the Lee Herring, Editor impetus of research and its funding are APS Observer strongly influenced by whether something is 1010 Vermont Ave, NW, Ste. 1100 seen as a moral issue. Moralization also Washington, DC 20005 allows individuals voluntarily to censure Fax: 202·783·2083 others who engage in the questionable Email: [email protected] moral behavior, to generate disgust toward the behavior, and to transmit the moral attitude to others more readily, Rozin said .•

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 -- American Psychological Society Teaching Tips

TEACHING TIPS provides the latest in practical advice on the teaching of psychology. TEACHING TIPS is aimed at current and future faculty of two- and four-year colleges and universities. Complementing the Annual APS Institute on the Teaching of Psychology, TEACHING TIPS will inform teachers about the content, methods, and profession of teaching. Chief editor Baron Perlman and Co-editors Lee McCann and Susan McFadden, all of the University of Wisconsin­ Oshkosh, welcome your comments and suggestions. Send article ideas or draft submissions directly to Barry Perlman, TEACHING TIPS Editor, Dept. of Psychology, Univ. of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI 54901-8601; Tel. : 414-424-2300; Fax: 414-424-7317, Bitnet: PERLMAN@OSHKOSHW; Internet: [email protected] Enhancing Student Learning Through Exemplary Examples

Grace Galliano and learning, in classes large and small, Why Should You Use Examples? Kennesaw State University while requiring little preparation or class time, and no equipment. To Form Connections to Existing I hear and I forget. I see and I In preparing this column, I examined Knowledge remember. I do and I understand. relevant research on cognitive processes Let's begin by updating the concept ANCIENT CHINESE PROVERB and an array of sources in educational of the student as an "empty slate" upon psychology. Then came the fun part: I which we "write" psychological knowl­ I rely on this old Chinese proverb interviewed about a dozen colleagues edge. Cognitive psychology has made it daily to guide my teaching, and I keep from several disciplines and a dozen clear that a "Velcro patch" may be a more it posted on the wall next to my desk as students about the use of examples in appropriate metaphor: Some things will a constant reminder of the lesson teaching and leaming. Without excep­ stick to the learner and others will not. contained in it. In the ideal psychology tion, my interviewees looked off into the To have a concept stick, it must be classroom, students would come to distance, and began their fourth or fifth connected to something the learner understand phenomena such as classi­ sentence with the words, "For example, already knows. Cognitivists call this cal conditioning by actually undergoing when .... " This was usually followed by a encoding. classical conditioning or "diffusion of little giggle when they realized how easily The degree to which something is responsibility" by playing a role in a they fell into illustrating or emphasizing meaningful or understood is related to the pretend scenario designed to demon­ some point by using an example. Most number of connections or associations strate this social phenomenon. agreed that using examples was among formed between a new idea and others But the real classroom is not ideal. the most powerful, frequent, and useful already in the leamer's long-term Large classes often involve hearing instructional and learning strategies­ memory. Students refer to the process of lectures punctuated by occasionally improving teaching by the use of meta­ creating such connections as studying; seeing a demonstration. Even the doing phors, analogies, and models. But few psychologists call it elaboration. Ideally, that occurs within the laboratory is had ever stopped to think about the nature examples are strong connecting agents. limited by time, equipment, and the of examples: What makes one more nature of the concepts we deal with. Yet helpful than another? Exactly how do To Actively Organize Understanding th e dedicated instructor's ultimate goal examples facilitate mastery and under­ A second reason to use examples is continues to be learner understanding. standing? What are the qualities of both that learners are not passive recipients, Given the limitations mentioned good and bad examples? What about the but rather are active organizers of their above, we often find that an effective difficulties of coming up with good own understanding. Learners organize method for making our lectures more examples? information and construct a meaning for meaningful is the use of examples. information that makes sense to them, Examples can improve both teaching regardless of how chaotic or superficial

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society that organization may seem to the sentence. Then ask what the probability • Make abstract ideas concrete hy instructor. Poor students who appear to is that any two people (now or in the using several examples. Move from organize virtually nothing may lack the future) will produce exactly that sentence. theoretical to real-life examples, and relevant background knowledge to which Since the probability is virtually zero, it from simpler examples to more to attach new concepts. Thus, little brings home the message that human complex ones. Be sure the examples understanding results. language allows and encourages unique differ in significant ways. One of An example is a good one if it acts as productions. Examples facilitate an my more successful uses of examples a catalyst to facilitate the process of understanding of abstract concepts such (as measured by exam scores) was in connecting new information to the as displacement and productivity. a lecture on learning principles such knowledge the learner brings to that as positive and negative reinforce­ lecture or activity. An example is also a Practical Tips - The Basics ment, and stimulus control. I good one ifit matches a student's learning • The more vivid the example, the illustrated each concept with ex­ style. Thus, a good example for students better. The teacher wants the example amples invol ving a rat in a Skinner who learn best when material is related to to create a powerful image in the Box, a young child, and finally a their everyday lives connects a new idea learner's mind. At the very least, a college student. or concept to their real world. Using vivid example can move the learner more than one example is beller to the from merely hearing to seeing. • Point out how essential features of extent that it increases the chances that the concept are contained in the the concept will be made meaningful to • Connect examples to the student's example. Evolutionary principles more students. everyday experience, not the suggest that organisms evolve teacher's. My first years of teaching physical features that improve their To Construct Knowledge social psychology were filled with performance in competition with A third lesson from cognitive great examples based on my decades of others, thus increasing the likelihood psychology that supports the use of riding the New York subway and of survival and reproduction. examples is that knowledge must be built walking urban streets. These colorful Sociobiology applies these principles up by each learner. It cannot be transmit­ images went over like the proverbial to behavior (e.g., cooperation, ted on a "conveyor belt" of words. lead balloon with my thoroughly competition. male promiscuity and Meaningfulness or understanding is a suburban/rural students who move female selectivity). Can the same subjective construction based on the through the world encased in cars, principles be applied to complex individual's experience. [n attempting to actively avoiding activities that require organizations such as corporations or teach our students about human language, any lengthy walking in public. government agencies? Have students for example, we might tell them that identify the similar and distinctive unlike naturally occurring animal commu­ • Apply the KISS principle. Keep It features of these entities. What is it nication, human language is characterized Simple, Stupid. Complex examples are about organizations that allows them by displacement and productivity. While full of irrelevant features that interfere to compete successfully with others most students can repeat this back to us with students grasping the key compo­ and survive? (and we can reinforce this repetition), it is nents of the example. William James only through examples that these concepts tells of the teacher who used an The Advanced Course take on any meaning or adhesiveness. So, example to teach the passive voice. • Ask learners to generate new ex­ we can easily convey the psycholinguistic The teacher explained that a murderer amples of a recently presented concept of displacement, since we a11 says, "[ am killing you," an example of concept. Pairing students to collabo­ have had direct experience with lies and the active voice. The victim says, "'I rate on this activity facilitates lying. Students can quickly grasp how was killed," and that's the passive interaction and active learning, even displacement is related to the uniquely voice. The child asked how someone in a large lecture section. They can human ability to lie, because one can who was dead could speak. The write their examples on index cards demonstrate how language allows us to impatient teacher responded that the to be collected and read to the class. communicate about events that are statement was made just before the Warning: an instructor may need a displaced (i.e., removed from the speaker victim died. Later, when asked to strong constitution to survive and listener in time and/or place). This explain the passive voice, the child students' constructions of this new permits communicating about plausible described it as "the voice that you knowledge, but discussing why an (or even implausible) things that did not speak with when you ain't quite dead." example is inadequate often im­ (or could not) have happened (i.e., lying). Simple examples decrease the fre­ proves understanding of the concept Or, try this example to teach the quency with which that voice is heard (and is good training for the type of linguistic concept of productivity. Have a in our classes. exam questions described below). student open a textbook to a page at random and read a randomly selected CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society - "

•TEAC HING TIPS FROM PREVIOUS PAGE suddenly shots rang out." The cartoon allow the learner to identify the provided a lively image with which to important features of a concept. Others • Offer novel examples or scenarios in begin a discussion of attribution believe that because of the fuzzy the stem of a multiple-choice exam processes. Another of my colleagues boundaries of many psychological question. Then ask what principle or assigns students to bring in cartoons concepts, non-examples merely cloud concept is illustrated. On essay illustrating concepts discussed in class. the issue for many learners. questions. ask for a new example of some concept introduced during class. • Become a CaGEE. Become a consci­ • Beware of examples that may be If students are told to expect that such entious Collector and Generator of offensive to or exclude certain groups. questions will occur. they might spend Excellent Examples. Look everywhere For example, (there it is again) my time trying to identify or create novel for them, and they will come. Examine undergraduate education was peppered examples, and understand the material relevant texts, ask colleagues about with sports-related lecture examples, better in the process. how they present concepts, and begin particularly in the sciences. References labeling your everyday experiences. to punting, (or was it bUllting?), set­ • Use advance organizers. When' first Evaluate the examples you come up ups, or quarter backing, might as well read about the concept of advance with by asking students (either post­ have been in another language for all organizers, I connected it to the more lecture, post-exam, or post-course) the clarity they provided to this non­ familiar concept of analogy. An about whether particular examples athletic person. advance organizer or analogy is an worked or not. initi3;l statement that provides a • Beware of examples that become structure for new infonnation and • Glory in the superb example. Share it shaggy-dog stories, so that their relates it to what the student already with others. For example, (ahhhhhl) in connection to the concept is crushed knows. For example, (ooopsl), the a research methods course, , struggled under personal idiosyncracies and body's immune system is often to make the concepts of within-group irrelevant details. This is often what compared to a nation's military defense and between-group variation under­ students mean when they complain forces. Each component of the standable. Finally, it came to me. , about instructors "'going off on a immune system deals with enemies in returned to the next class with three tangent." specialized ways much as a navy, an very different muffin pans, each filled air force, or a land army would. Can with muffins. Students could compare • Beware of violating personal privacy the students carry the analogy further variations among the muffins within for the sake of a vivid image. A and account for immune system each pan with the overall differences colleague recounted how he had used equivalents of elements such as rout;,ze between pans. This example has been an unusual interpersonal interaction to patrols, double agents? used by almost aU of my colleagues illustrate a psychological principle. and has been presented at numerous The person in the example was easily • Consider cartoons as examples. teaching conferences. identifiable and my colleague was Humor often results from an under­ embarrassed when students recognized standing of the principle referred to in a Caveats the person in the example. cartoon. For example, (ooops, againl) • There is an ongoing controversy about a recent New Yorker cartoon showed a whether it is useful to compare and • While as teachers we are truly fascinat­ defendant testifying in court. The contrast examples and noo- examples ing beings to Ollr students, and ex­ caption read, '" picked up the gun and of concepts. Some researchers con­ amples from our personaillves are loaded it. 'pointed it at him. And then clude that non-examples of a concept inevitably quite scintillating, beware of talking too much about yourself. Also, while our children are reaUy animated Grace Galliano is asocial psychologistwho has both learned and taught psychology textbooks who live out psychology in a wide variety of settings and institutions ranging from vi rtually every known developmental overseas military barracks to high-tech, multi-media university class­ concept, their Wunderkind qualities rooms. She has brought her ongoing interest in the craft of teaching to may wear thin with our students as the the creation of several test banks and study guides in the psychology of semester winds down. women, and human sexuality, as well as introductory, social, and developmental psychology. She is presently co-authoring (with Curt It's Simple... Byer and Lewis Shainberg) the newest edition of Dimensions of Human William James wrote that good Sexuality, to be published by McGraw Hill. While she continues to love teaching was really very, very simple. All generating good examples at Kennesaw State University Uust outside of that the instructor had to do was to Atlanta), she is actively seeking to temporarily exchange classrooms with someone who teaches in the Minneapolis/St.Paul area. SEE TEACHING TIPS PAGE 37

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society People ______APS Member Nambury S. Raju has been named director of Recent Promotiolls, Appointments, Awards... the newly formed Center for Research and Service at the Illinois Institute of Technology's (lIT) Institute of Psychol­ Robert Bruininks, an APS Fellow and dean of the Univer­ ogy. Raju, who was named Distinguished Professor in a sity of Minnesota's College of Education and Human unanimous vote of the lIT Board of Development, has been named executive vice-president and Trustees, recently rejoined the lIT provost of the university. Bruininks, who faculty after leaving it in 1993 to take a assumes this newly created position this position at the Georgia Institute of summer, will have management and Technology. The new Center for oversight responsibility for most of the Research and Service is dedicated to academic and support units at the univer­ helping individuals, businesses, and sity. Bruininksjoined the university in professional organizations make more 1968, and, over the course of his career effective use of the their human potential and resources there, has served as chair of the Depart­ through the application of current research in clinical, ment of Psychoeducational Studies, chair of the Department industrial/organizational, and rehabilitation psychology. of Educational Psychology, and he is the founder and first director of the Institute on Community Integration, which APS Fellow Keith Stanovich, of the Ontario Institute for promotes interdisciplinary teaching. research, and service Studies in Education of the University of Toronto, was programs intended to prevent and reduce the limiting effects recently awarded the Oscar S. Causey Award at the annual of disabilities. meeting of the National Reading Conference (NRC). The award is given annually by the NRC, an organization of more APS Charter Fellow Gary W. Evans, of Cornell University, than 2,500 reading researchers and practitioners, for outstand­ is the 1997 recipient of the Distinguished Career Award ing contribution to reading research. Stanovich is also the from the Environmental Design Research Association, the recipient of the Sylvia Scribner Award, oldest and largest society devoted to the study of the physi­ which was presented to him at the cal environment and human behavior. The award is given by annual meeting of the American the association in recognition of a career of sustained and Educational Research Association. The significant contributions to research, service, and teaching in award is given for extraordinary the environment-behavior-design field. The award citation research accomplishment in the past describes Evans as one of the .... preeminent researchers in decade and it honors the work of Sylvia the .. .field, and his work stands as an inspiring example of Scribner in the areas of cognition, what the field intends to be about.... Through his research culture, and literacy. Stanovich's research involves the and through the knowledge, support, and encouragement he development of psychological models of reading acquisition has provided to many students, Gary Evans has made a deep and reading disability, and empirical work on the effects of and lasting impact." literacy on cognition and thought.

APS Fellow Michael T. Nietzel, of the University of APS Member EIke U. Weber, of Ohio State University, has Kentucky, has been named Dean of the university's graduate been elected President of the Society for Judgment and school. Nietzel. who has previously Decision Making. an interdisciplinary organization of about served as director of the University of 1,000 researchers dedicated to the advancement and diffusion Kentucky's clinical psychology program of knowledge about human judgment and as well as chair of the Department of decision processes. Weber, whose one­ Psychology, will now be responsible for year term as president begins this the general planning, guidance, and November, is currently a faculty member review for all of the university's endeav­ in the Psychology, Management, and ors in graduate education. Human Resources departments. She earned her PhD from Harvard. Her work straddles psychology and economics and People News Welcomed • • • examines the influence of individual and cross-cultural The Editor invites submissions of announcements of differences in information processing on utility assessment noteworthy promotions, appOintments, etc., for pos­ and ri sk-related decision-making. sible publication in the People news section of the Observer. Send with photo to: APS Observer, 1010 Vermont Ave., NW, #1100, Washington, DC 20005- 4907; Email: [email protected]

APS OBSERVER July! August 1997 American Psychological Society Nancy Cole, Educational Testing Service. APS Members National Public Radio All Things COl/sid­ ered, May 7, 1997: Gender differences in standardized test scores In the News .. • Stanley Coren, Univ. of British Colum­ bia, The New York Times, Apr. I, 1997: The news media in recent weeks has featured interviews with, or mentioned, Health effects of Daylight Saving Time; several APS members on various research-related topics. The members are The Washington Post, Apr. I, 1997: listed here along with their affiliation, the name of the publication/broadcast Correlation between Daylight Saving in which they were quoted/mentioned, and a brief description of the topic. Time and traffic accidents The list is merely a sampling of the media coverage of members.

The Observer editor welcomes readers to submit such news item summaries Carlo DiClemente, Univ. of Maryland­ for publication in future issues of this column. Send a copy of the original Baltimore County, Shape, June 1997: published story. Or, in the case of TVlradio broadcasts, send a description Making behavioral changes last of the program, broadcast station name and city, interviewee and his/her affiliation, and date of the broadcast. Judy Dunn, Institute of Psychiatry (London), Newsweek Special Edition, Spring/Summer 1997: Sibling relation­ Daniel Anderson, Univ. of Massachu­ Sarah Brookhart, American Psychologi­ ships setts, Newsweek Special Edition, cal Society, Th e Chronicle of Higher Spring/Summer 1997: Appeal of Education, May 23, 1997: Budgetary Maurice J. Elias, Rutgers Univ., The television to children politics in funding federal programs SUI/day Star Ledger (Newark, NJ), Mar. 23, 1997: Drug prevention programs and Bernard Baars, Wright Inst., The Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, Columbia Univ., effectiveness New York Times, Apr. 29, 1997: Newsweek, May 12, 1997: Changes in Conflicting theories of consciousness parental in volvement with onset of Gary Evans, Cornell Univ., The Wash­ adolescence ingtol! Post, May 20, 1997: Interference Rosalin Barnett, Radcliffe College, of airplane noise with learning Newsweek, May 12, 1997: Balancing Kelly Brownell, Yale Univ., The Wa sh­ work and family ington Post, Jun. 3, 1997: Regular Sarah Friedman, National Inst. of Child exercise as an indicator of whether a Health and Human Development, Th e Linda Bartoshuk, Yale Univ., person who loses weight will keep it off Washington Post, Apr. 4, 1997: Daycare Newsweek Special Edition, Spring/ and social and intellectual development of Summer 1997: Food preferences in David Buss, Univ. of Michigan-Ann children; National Public Radio Talk of children Arbor, CNN Headline News, Apr. II , the Nation, Apr. 8, 1997: Daycare 1997: Environmental psychology Jay Belsky, Pennsylvania State Univ., John Gottman, Univ. of Washington­ Newsweek Special edition. Spring! Nicholas Christenfeld, Univ. of Califor­ Seattle, The New York Times, May 28, Summer 1997: At' " nent formation nia-San Diego, AI/ure, June 1997: 1997: Building love in marriage in babies Tickling as a form of social bonding William Greenough, Univ. of lllinois­ Garrett Berman, Roger Williams Robert Cialdina, Arizona State Univ., Urbana-Champaign, National Public Univ., Rocky MOllntain News, Mar. 27, NBC Dateline, Apr. 21,1997: Good Radio Science Friday, Apr. 4, 1997: 1997: Jury research and consulting Samaritanism Effect of music on development of brain cell s Jack Block', Univ. of California­ Victor Circirelli, Purdue Univ., The Berkeley, Shape, June 1997: Using Washington Post, May 13, 1997: Eutha­ Judith Hall, Northeastern Univ., Fitness, introspection and self-awareness nasia May 1997: Gender diferences in perceiv­ ing non-verbal behavior Sarah Broman (no affiliation), Th e Alison Clarke-Stewart, Univ. of Califor­ Washington Post, Apr. 13, 1997: nia-Irvine, Newsweek, May 12, 1997: Kenneth Hammond (retired), The Daily Benefits of computers for language­ Quality time Camera (Boulder, CO), May 26, 1997: impaired students Book on judgment receives award

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Socier)' Christine Harris, Univ. of Califomia­ Alan I. Leshner, Nationallnst. on Drug Russell Poldrack, Stanford Univ., The San Diego, Allure, June 1997: Tickling Abuse, Th e Scientist, Mar. 31, 1997: Washington Post, Apr. 7,1997: Using as a form of social bonding Studying medical uses for marij uana MRI to study how the brain works when learning new skills Martin Hoffman, New York Univ., Michael Lewis, Inst. for the Study of Newsweek Special Edition , Spring! Child Development, USA Today, Mar. 26, Robert R. Provine, Univ. of Mary­ Summer 1997: Spanking as punishment 1997: Lying; WHYY Public Broadcast­ land-Baltimore County, Th e Learning ing Voices in the Family, Mar. 29, 1997: Channel, May 10, 1997: Understand­ Rowell Huesman, Univ. of Michigan, Deception and lying; CBS Television 's 48 ing laughter USA Today, Apr. 15 , 1997: Influence of Hours, May 29, 1997: Lying in children; television violence on children Newsweek Special Edition, Spring! Craig Ramey, Univ.of Alabama, Summer 1997: Role of experience in Newsweek Special Edition, Spring/ Timothy Jay, North Adams State personality traits Summer 1997: Enhancing cognitive, College, USA Today, May 20, 1997: motor, and language skills in toddlers Cursing in schools Elizabeth Loftus, Univ. of Washington, The Washington Post, Apr. I, 1997: Frances Rauscher, Uni v. of Wiscon­ Jerome Kagan, Harvard Univ., Repressed memories; Self, May 1997: si n-Oshkosh, National Public Radio Newsweek Special Edition, Spring! Mistaken recall Science Friday, Apr. 4, J 997: Effect Summer 1997: Genetic components of of music on development of brain cells shyness Scott Madley, Washington Univ., Psychology Today, MaylJune 1997: Stephen Suomi, National In s!. of Nancy Kalish, California State Univ.­ Judging auacti veness of bar patrons at Child Health and Human Develop­ Sacramento, The Buffalo (NY) News, Mar. closing time ment, Newsweek Special Edition, 23, 1997; Channel 7 Today Tonight Spring/Summer 1997: Genetic (Australia) May 15, 1997; More Maga­ Howard Markman, Univ. of Denver, predispositions to shyness zine, MaylJuly 1997; KOVR Television Fitness, May 1997: Unsuccessful fighting (S acramento), Jun. 4, 1997; The Maury styles; Th e New York Times, May 28. Paula Tallal, Rutgers Univ. , The Pavich Show, Jun. 4, 1997: Rekindled 1997: Preventing relationship distress Washingtoll Post, Apr. 13, 1997: romances before it starts Benefits of computers for language­ impaired students Ann Kearney-Cooke (no affiliation), Linda Mealey, Univ. of Queensland, The Shape, June 1997: Building a positive Sunday Mail (Brisbane, Australia), Apr. Carol Tavris (no affiliation), Th e New body image 20, 1997: Misconceptions about psycho­ York Times, May 28, 1997: Sex paths differences in intimacy and friendship Claire B, Kopp, Claremont Graduate School, Newsweek Special Edition, Andrew Meltzoff, Uni v. of Washington, Edward Zigler, Yale Univ., Spring/Summer 1997: Friendship Child, May 1997: Cognition, memory, Newsweek Special Edition, Spring/ formation in children and observational learning in children Summer 1997: Difficulty of raising a child's IQ Alan Kraut, American Psychological Snsan Nolen-Hoeksema, Stanford Uni v., Society, The Chronicle of Higher Educa­ The New York Times, May 28, 1997: Sex tion, May 23, 1997: Budgetary politics in differences in intimacy and friendship M~mb~w; funding federal programs :Wi t.h~ Steven Pinker, Massachusetts lnst. of Patricia Kuhl, Univ. of Washington, Technology, Newsweek, Apr. 21 , 1997: N~w~ Science, Apr. 4, 1997: White House "100 Americans for the next century"; Send your media sitings to: Conference on Child Development; The New York Times, Apr. 29, 1997: APS Observer Members in the News Newsweek Special Edition, Spring! Conflicting studi es of consciousness 1010 Vermont Ave., NW Summer 1997: Infants' fo rmation of Ste.1100 Was hington, DC 20005 'auditory maps' in brain Robert Plomin, Inst. of Psychiatry fax : 202-783-2083 (London), Newsweek Special Edition, Lee Herring, Editor Ellen Langer, Harvard Uni v., National Spring/Summer 1997: Research funding

Public Radio Diane Rehm Show, May 13, for schizophrenia t Deceased 1997: Strategies for learning

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 Americall Psychological Society CONDOMS FROM PAGE 17 millions of people worldwide and "because your wisdom-which is what anyone would the very nature of the problem cries out as a do for his oversexed little brother who is who made a series of commercials," said challenge for social psychology," he said. engaged in that activity. Suppose that I am Aronson. "As anyone over 20 will remem­ "It's a societal problem. Public health a friend of the family who happens to be ber, Nancy Reagan, in those days, had one experts call it the plague of the century. there and I overhear that conversation. I simple and sovereign solution to all social And-except for people like hemophiliacs, commend you for giving that advice but problems: Just Say No. Just say no to who received blood transfu"ions when the then ask you how frequently you use drugs. Just say no to sex." blood supply was contaminated-just about condoms." But, said Aronson, it is not so easy to I 00 percent of this is now caused by In confronting the individual with the put that particular genie back into its bottle: optional behavior. AIDS is not airborne- it dissociation that exists by the fact that he once there is a sexual revolution in which is not carried by fleas or mosquitos like advocates use of condoms to others but does teenagers and young adults start having sex some plagues of earlier centuries- but it is not use them himself, Aronson challenges and enjoying sex, it is very hard to get them caused by voluntary behavior, usually sex the self-concept that most people maintain to start saying no. "Once there is a lot of andlor rv drug use. So the thing we need to about themsleves- that of being a reason­ pennissiveness around, once television and do is persuade people to change their able person with a high degree of integrity. movies began to portray sex as an easy and behavior and protect themselves." "We are confronting him with the exciting thing, it is very hard to get people, That is why, he said, the AIDS fact-and the hypocrisy- that he is not young people, to convince themselves that epidemic is a challenge for social psycholo­ behaving with integrity. This sets up a new is not for them," he said. gists, "because after all, we social psycholo­ wrinkle of dissonance theory and sets up a So teens, a segment of the population gists know that at the heart of our discipline situation where there is ctissonance between having high exposure to the media, were is social influence." not what the person says and what they getting two conflicting messages: the And that is why Aronson fIrst took on believe, but what the person says and what glorification of casual sexual contact from the challenge of increasing the consistent he practices," he said. "Our prediction was the media; and abstinence from churches, and proper use of condoms in young adults. that with these circumstances the only way schools, parents, and Nancy Reagan. "The What he found was that convincing young to reduce di ssonance would be for that combination of these two forces can be people to act rationally about sex was not a person to start using condoms." deadly because it results in a great deal of simple task, and that sometimes, the old In a series of experiments, Aronson and mindless sexual behavior," said Aronson. theories are the best ones. his students constructed a procedure in "That is, sexual behavior with little thought. which college students were asked to Because it doesn't seem possible to get Foreplay vs Dissonance discuss the dangers of AIDS and convince sexually active teenagers to abstain from After an unsuccessful experiment in people to use condoms. These speeches having sex, it would seem essential to at which he attempted to eroticize the condom were videotaped and the speakers were told least get them to use condoms." to lessen the unromantic, antiseptic percep­ that they would be used to convince high But ye~ only 30 percent consistently tion surrounding it, Aronson-who, school students to use condoms as part of a do. Why? throughout his career, has worked closely sex education class. The students were then "Over the years, the general approach with the theory of cognitive dissonance­ asked to recall and discuss the number of of national policymakers seems to have thought that perhaps consistent usage could times over the past several months they been: when in doubt, scare the hell out of be reinforced using a situation in which engaged in unprotected sex. them and they will get the message and young people took a more active role in "Thus, confronted with their own behave. This turns out, from a social persuading themselves and others of the hypocrisy, how could they reduce disso­ psychological standpoint, to be wrong, dead importance and benefits of condoms. nance and re-establish their belief in their wrong," said Aronson. "There are situa­ "One of the things that was really own integrity?" asked Aronson. "By tions where arousing a great deal of fear can exciting about the theory of cognitive resolving to change their behavior to bring it be very effective. These are usually dissonance is that in some instances it into line with their own preaching." situations when you want somebody to do produced lasting change," said Aronson. The results of these experiments were something once, like getting chest x-rays. "So, I thought, why can't we use something poignant, he said. But when the fear is linked to a pleasurable like that in the condom situation? "Compared to control conditions, activity that the individual wants to engage "Suppose that you are a sexually acti ve college students in the 'hypocrisy' condition in over and over again, like sex, they found college student, and every once in a while purchased more condoms inunediately after fear doesn't lead to actual problem-solving you use a condom but you don't use them the experiment, and, when interviewed thee behavior. Under these circumstances, it consistently," he told the audience. "Sup­ months later, 92 percent reported that they usually leads to denial." pose you go home for Christmas vacation were using them regularly," he said. and you have a 16-year-old kid brother who Aronson and his students tested the same Applying Social Psychology is in high school and who has just discov­ theory in a water conservation effort and To the ''Plague oflhe Century" ered sex. He is boasting to you of all of his came up with similar results. Aronson became involved in the AIDS sexual behavior, and you are very troubled "The hypocrisy paradigm is robust," he epidemic for two reasons: because it is a li stening to him talk. You ask him about tragic societal issue destroying the lives of using condoms and give him the benefit of CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American PsycllO/ogica/ Society LIES FROM PAGE 17 then make judgments from each of these esty as the right thing to do. For example, perspectives. A consistent pattern of "lawyers often bave no choice but to be to the people closest to us, the lies are more behavior was detennined in comparing the deceptive," he said. "It is part of their job to often altruistic in nature, said DePaulo, that perceptions of the same lie: the lie-tellers represent their client and to do that, they is, they are told to make someone else feel attributed more culpability to the lie­ often have to lie. But it is not only lawyers better, keep them from worrying, or to receivers than lie-receivers attributed to for whom deception is self-justified. It is protect them from feeling bad. For example themselves; lie-receivers perceived lie­ doctors, professors, it is all of us." lies about an elderly relative's health might tellers to be more culpable than the lie-teller As an example, Saxe used plagiarism. be told to queU potential threats to perceived himself to be. When one uses another's ideas (without someone's well-being. It is the nature of the "The perspective of those lied to is credit) it is considered plagiarism- in relationship, she said, that determines what essential in understanding lying," said essence, lying. However a speech giver is features of the lie are most threatening. Gordon. "We tend to evaluate our own lies allowed to assume the words of a speech in self-serving ways and do not submit them writer-without naming or giving credit to Perspective Is Reality to the same scrutiny to which we submit the speech writer-without that same In her di scourse, titled "Why Lies others' lies." judgment. "And, like The New York Times, Persist: Self-Serving Construction of the Bible is replete with stories of decep­ Deceit," Gordon drew a comparison With Suspicious Minds tion," said Saxe, and described one in which between lying and drinking alcohol. "For In looking at the role of suspicion of God deceives Abraham to test his faith. most people, drinking alcohol is not ulterior moti ves in lyi ng, Steven Fein Touching somewhat on Gordon's characterized by rumination," she said. "It quipped about the aptness of holding a discussion, Saxe said that the detection of is characterized as 'light. '" symposium on lying in Washington, DC. deception is difficult to detennine because Lying, like drinking, can help ease the Looking at the front page of a daily those who engage in deception feel or tensions of social relationships, but both newspaper featuring stories on lying, understand the deception differently than behaviors have the potential to damage mistrust, and deception in several contexts observers; and while we may fear being trust, hurt relationships, and cause harm, including the presidency and the Air Force, found out a liar, we may not be troubled by though that might not have been the not to mention Congress, "it makes you the act itself because the consequences of intention of the person engaged in that wonder how you can ever trust another discovery can be worse than the conse­ behavior. person," he said. quences of dishonesty and punishment that "The people who tell lies view them Whi Ie we engage in most of our day­ can result from admission actually enhances differently than do those to whom they are to-day social interactions with the expecta­ the motivation to justify deception. In order told, nOl because they are different kinds of tion of honesty, and wlrile we often assume to stop the cycle of tolerance for dishonesty people, but because of the role they are that one's behavior reflects one's underlying justification, Saxe suggested that the focus playing and the perspective they have in that personality and disposition, research for reducing the potential for deception role," she said. Gordon discussed her indicates that situations can influence a should be shifted from reducing penalties to research in which people were asked to person's behavior and judgment to a degree enhancing the motivation for honesty. imagine themselves as both a lie-teller and a that is not fully appreciated. So situational lie-receiver in a prescribed situation and factors that influence behavior are not often What Lies Ahead taken into account when inferences about "When we think about lies, we need to other peoples' behavior are made. understand them as a tool. They accomplish FROM PREVtOUS PAGE But, said Fein, if one is made suspi­ lots of things but they are not simple enough cious of another's ulterior motives, situ­ to be summarized as good or bad. There are said and added that he was doubly pleased ational context will be taken into account lies that are acceptable while others are to not only determine an effective way of when judgments are made. "The arousal of considered a violation of the social fabric," promoting consistent condom usage that suspicion triggers a strongly conservative said symposium di scussant Baumeister, could stem the AIDS epidemic, but to and sophisticated mind set," he said. who summarized the symposium and revitalize a decades-old theory. proposed several pathways of research on "While was I was primarily in pursui t Honesty as Societal Policy the subject. of getting kids to use condoms, my Lying is, unfortunately, both a natural In addition to sharpening the defini­ students and I succeeded in developing response to one's environment and a tional issues and conceptual tenus used in this hypocrisy paradigm that turns out to ubiquitous element in life, said Saxe, who classifying lies, Baumeister suggested be a really powerful conceptual tool," he looked at how society can condone and looking at the issue of self-deception. "Is said. "Dissonance theory is exactly 40 encourage deception. "My concern is how there a link between lying to ourselves and years old this year [with the anniversary we create conditions for a more honest lying to others?" he asked, and added that of the publication of Leo Festinger's society," he said. interesting phenomena that could be . book Th eory a/Cognitive Dissonancej. The problem in encouraging honesty is examined include the collective lies people In the field of social psychology, a theory that people have complicated norms in tell together, "like the existence of Santa that is actively being tested after 40 years defining what is honest and what is dishon­ Claus," he said, and then joked, "or the is an old, old theory." • est, and they can justify their own dishon- possibilities of a balanced federal budget." •

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society • Obituaries

families that, at baseline, had shown high levels of 'communica­ Michael J. Goldstein (1930-1997) tion deviance' (unclear, amorphous, or fragmented communica­ tion) andlor negative 'affective style' (parent-to-offspring A Boulder Model Exemplar communication that is strongly critical or intrusive). Thus, Mike

and his colleagues were among the fIrst to show I within a Michael J. Goldstein was born carefully crafted, longitudinal, high-risk study, the importance of in New York City on June 28, 1930, family environmental factors in the onset of schizophrenia and and died in Los Angeles on March related disorders. 13, 1997, from prostate cancer. He Although Mike never argued that fami ly environments received his BA with a major in directly caused the onset of schizophrenia, his work contributed speech pathology at the University substantially to our current understandings of how genetic of Iowa in 1952, his MA in clinical predisposition, early signs of psychopathology, and family psychology from Washington State interaction conjointly contribute to this debilitating disorder. University in 1953, and his PhD in Moreover, the work has had practical importance in prevention­ 1957 from the University of oriented research, as a means of identifying families with Washington. He carne to the University of California-Los teenagers at high risk for the development of severe psychopa­ Angeles (UCLA) in 1957 as instructor in the department of thology. psychology. At the time of his death, he was Professor Emeritus In the 1970s, Mike and his associates established a follow­ in the department of psychology and the department of psychia­ up clinic in Ventura, California, to evaluate the effectiveness of try and biobehavioral sciences at UCLA. family intervention and phenothiazine drug treatment in post­ As an excellent exemplar of the workability of the Boulder hospitalized schizophrenia patients and their families. He model, Mike Goldstein demonstrated through his own activity as determined that a brief, crisis-oriented and educational family a faculty member how the roles of teacher, scientist, and intervention was clinically effective, when delivered in combina­ professional clinician could be integrated to their mutual tion with high or moderate dose fluphenazine decanoate, in advantage. He was an outstanding teacher at informal as well as delaying relapses of psychosis over a six-month follow-up. This at formal levels and was consistently student-sensi tive. His work spawned many US and European studies of family undergraduate courses were quite popular, and he had a facility psychoeducational interventions and helped to change our for stimulating students in research by involving them in hi s own thinking about the usefulness of psychosocial treatment in the research activity. post-episode phases of schizophrenia. Family psychoeducation Goldstein was equally effective at the graduate level as both is now generally accepted as an important supplement to mentor and supervisor. He appreciated the importance of high medication in ameliorating the short-term course of schizophre­ standards in formal clinical training and showed it in his nia (see the 1997 consensus guideline of the American Psychiat­ supervision of graduate students at UCLA's psychology clinic. ric Association). Mike's research programs provided an organized laboratory for His work in the 1980s concerned those basic family pro­ training graduate students in systematic clinical research and cesses that accompany episodes of psychiatric dysfunction, such served as a base for the post-doctoral program in psychopathol­ as schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. He was particu­ ogy, which he initiated. Many of his graduate students went on larly interested in the construct of 'expressed emotion' ('EE', or to their own academic careers. critical, hostile, or emotionally over-involved attitudes among Mike was a consistent advocate of clinical psychology as an relatives of a psychiatric patient), a known predictor of recur­ independent profession that can simultaneously maintain close rences of schizophrenia. He clarified why expressed emotion relations with collateral professions, such as psychiatry and was predictive of psychotic recurrences by demonstrating its social work. This was reflected in his systematic research on the relation to measures of face-to-face communication among role of familial interactions in the development of adolescent parents and their schizophrenic offspring during the post­ psychopathology. Mike was central to the UCLA Family hospital period. For example, he showed that high-EE families Project, which, beginning in the early I 960s, provided a labora­ were characterized by sequences of negative verbal behavior tory for the longitudinal investigation of adolescent psychopa­ that, even witbin brief face-to-face interactions, were associated thology under systematic and controlled conditions. The initial with exacerbations of subsyndromal symptoms among schizo­ aim was to identify attributes of intrafamilial communication phrenia patients. and stress in emerging schi zophrenia and to assess their impact Never one to suffer from a narrow theoretical model, Mike on subsequent adjustment in adulthood. The UCLA Family showed how family environmental factors were related to study revealed that adolescents who developed schizophrenia diagnosable (and often heritable) psychopathology in relatives, and related di sorders (e.g., schizoid or schizotypal personalities) in a 15-year prospective follow-up were most often from CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American PsyclJO/ogica/ Society u

FROM PREVIOUS PAGE tion to Family Therapy Award by the American Family Therapy Association (1985), the Cumulative Contribution to Research in and how family stress was often strongest as a predictor of Family Therapy Award of the American Association for Mar­ clinical outcome when combined with measures of family/ riage and Family Therapy (1987), the Spinoza Chair at Univer­ genetic history. In so doing, he advanced our understanding of sity of Amsterdam (1992), the Alexander Gralnick Award from vulnerability-stress interactions in the major psychiatric disor­ the American Psychological Association (APA) (1996), and ders. Distinguished Scientist awards from both the Association for In the late 1980s and into the 1990s, Goldstein and his Clinical Psychosocial Research and AP A' s Society for a Science students expanded their work into examining family attitudes of Clinical Psychology (1997). The consummate teacher and and interactions among recently manic bipolar patients. His mentor, he received a Distinguished Teaching Award from most recent project, for which he was funded with a MERIT UCLA in 1988. award from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Goldstein was an active consultant to NIMH, serving on a concerned developing and testing family interventions in number of study sections and chairing several, such as the combination with lithium or anticonvulsants for episodic, young Clinical Projects Review and Treatment Development and adult bipolar patients living with their parents. Particularly Assessment committees. He was also a member of the NIMH noteworthy in hi s research and publications was a capacity for Board of Scientific Counselors and Chairman of the Ad Hoc bringing an experimental model with control and comparison Panel to review the NIMH Psychotherapy of Depression study. conditions into a clinical research setting, combining his natural He was the organizer of several conferences on preve ntion, high­ clinical intuitiveness with a facility for designing careful risk research, and treatment in psychopathology. He was an research. active member of the editorial boards of a number of journals, Goldstein published extensively, both alone and with including Family Process, the Journal of Child Psychology alld associates in psychology and psychiatry, on a variety of issues Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Bulletin, and the Journal of Abnol7nal such as pornography, premorbid social behavior, coping styles, Psychology. A frequent participant in international sy mposia family interaction, therapeutic and preventive effectiveness, and conferences, he served as visiting lecturer in a number of clinical psychopharmacology, and vulnerability-stress interac­ countries. tions. His bibliography includes 192 journal articles, mono­ At the time of his premature death, Goldstein was fully graphs, and books, and his textbook Abnormal Psychology co­ active in research and teaching at UCLA. His absence will be authored with B. Baker and K. Jamison. deeply felt by his many colleagues. He was the principal investigator on grants from a number Mike greatly enjoyed being with people and combined hi s of agencies, such as the NIMH, the William T. Grant Founda­ natural charisma with a great deal of personal wannth. He was a tion, the Scottish Rite Foundation, the MacArthur Foundation gracious host, an avid traveler, and a formidable tenni s partner. and the President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography. He is survived by Vida, his wife of 43 years; their three children, His list of honors and awards is extensive. He was Fulbright Ellen, Janet and Peter; and three grandchildren. Professor at the University of Copenhagen (1960-61), A Fellow ELIOT H. RODNICK of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, awardee UNIVERISTY OF CALIFORNIA-Los ANGELES of the MacArthur Foundation as UCLA participant in the DAVID J. MrKLOWITZ Network on Risk and Protective Factors in the Major Mental UNIVERSITY OF COLORADo-BOULDER Disorders (1983), and recipient of the Distinguished Contribu-

TEACm NG TIPS FROM PAGE 30

..... simply work your pupil into such a state of interest in what Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. (1994). Educational psychology: Class­ you are going to teach ... that every other object of attention is room connectiolls, (2nd Ed.). New York: Macmillan Co. James, W. (1966). Talks to le(lchers 011 psychology. New York: banished from [the) mind; then reveal it...so impressively that he Dover Publications. OriginaJ publication, 1899. [or she) will remember the occasion to his [or her) dying day; McKeachie, W.J . (1994). Teaching tips: Strategies, research and and finally, fill [the student) with devouring curiosity to know theOlY for college alld university teachers, (9th Ed .). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co. what the next steps in connection with the subject will be." Petty, O. & Jansson, L.c. (1987). Sequencing examples and non­ Good examples can help us complete this si mple assignment. examples to facilitate concept attainment. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education. 18, 112-25. Tennyson, R.D. & Park, O. (1980). The teaC hing of concepts: A Suggested Reading review of the instructional design literature. Review of Educa­ tional Research, 50, 55-70. Ausubel, D.P. (1963). The psychology ofmeallirlgful verba/learning. New York: Grune & Stratton. Zook, R. (1991). Effects of analogical processes on learning and Corkill, A.J. (1992). Advance organizers: Facilitators of recall. misrepresentation. Educational Psychology Review. 3, 41-72. Educational Psychology Review, 4, 33-67.

APS OBSERVER Jul y/A ugust 1997 Americall Psychological Society •VOLES FROM PAGE 23 Bonds that Heal Commenting on how social experience vasopressin, and oxytocin can lead to Carter's research findings dovetail with is translated into an effect on biological increased social interactions that lower other human research resul ts presented a processes, Berkman said that the reviewed adrenal cortex activity, thereby reducing few days later at a National Institutes of studies (published between 1974 and 1994) anxiety and leading to social bonding in Health (NIH) lecture organized by the suggest that multiple biological pathways females, Carter said. Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences are invol ved including the immune and "The hortnone oxytocin seems to be at Research in nearby Bethesda, Maryland. neuroendocrine systems. In a study the core of this in voles-and there are Epidemiologist Lisa Berkman, Chair of examining cardiovascular reactivity, which similar data for humans," she said. Health and Social Behavior at Harvard the neuroendocrine system affects, research University, stated there that relationships subjects working on a challenging task with Oxytocin Vberall that foster a sense of belonging and a supportive partner showed beneficially "Everyone on this planet went through intimacy playa vital role in maintaining lowered heart rate and blood pressure an oxytocin experiment when they were health or surviving serious illnesses. And, relative to subjects working alone. The born, whether they wanted to or not," she conversely, social isolation tends to increase "friend 's presence may have acted as a said. "If you' re born in a hospital today, risk for mortality from a number of causes. conditioned stimulus or a 'safety signal,' you have an almost I ()() percent chance of These findings-which add to the alteling neuronal input to the heart during the mother being given extra oxytocin" to mounting scientific evidence that behav­ challenge," the authors concluded. induce or modulate labor, she explained. ioral, social, and biological factors often Berkman expects future studies to But, in addition, ''The mother's interact to affect health or illness-emerge continue to confinn the relation between decision about whether to breast feed or not from a review of population-based mortality social ties and health status, though much is an oxYtocin decision, too," Carter said. risk-research published in recent years. remains to be leanaed. For example, where "Oxytocin is found in human milk in rather "To the extent that we maintain close along the spectrum of di sease progression high concentrations, even hi gher than in personal relationships and feel like we are a do social factors have their greatest impact? women in labor." part of our community or have deep and ''To improve health anaong vulnerable and "Humans are manipulating this abiding social and psychological resources," high-risk populations, we will need to focu s hortnone by all kinds of medical and we help detennine how protected we are on preventive efforts that, at their core, cultural practices," she said. "Even a against biological, environmental, or promote social support and develop fanaily physical touch determines how much interpersonal assaults, said Berkman. and community strengths," he says. • oxytocin is released in your body. You cannot avoid it."

provoking skepti cal sounds from the KAHNEMAN FROM PAGE 19 might not be the settings that we tend to audience. But the data support hi s claim. think about most. But if we accept the measures of instant utility to a range of idea that time is the onl y currency, that psychology areas, including patients Well·being and Happiness ought to have some implications for how undergoing colonoscopy, a painful Kahneman proceeded to apply the we look at settings." procedure involving the colonoscope peak/end law to an analysis of well-being In tertns of the policy relevance of tube. In his work, Kahneman said and happiness, "as the law and the such research, Kahneman noted: "Being patients are asked to report every 60 argument that I presented extends almost from a policy school , I am quite aware seconds on their level of pain, using a directly to happiness." that for economists, who think of eco­ scal e where " 10" is horrible and "0" "The idea is to try to define happiness nomics as the only science of policy that represents no pain at all . The physician not as a subjective judgment to which a exists, preferences are the be-all and end­ lengthens the procedure for some patients, person has direct access but to define it in all. And if you want to evaluate outcomes keeping the colonoscope inserted for tertns of instant utility. This is related to you evaluate choices. What I propose additional time without moving it, so that researcher Ed Diener's finding that here is that there might be an alternative, the pain continues but at a level below happiness is the frequency of positive that there mi ght be an alternative to which what it had been previously. Later, the states .... Now this combines both psychology is best suited, that psychology patients are asked for global evaluations intensity and frequency. Thus happiness is best suited to take on. And that of the pain of th e procedure. Those who becomes an objective judgment based on alternati ve is to focu s on experience, on endured the longer duration of pain subjective data." how outcomes are actually experienced, reported less pain than the patients who Kahneman suggested some researc h and not only focus on occurrences. With didn't suffer as long. directions that fo ll ow from this premise: ex perience utility made measurable­ "If there is a rule of peak and end, "First, we can study self-reports as fallible ultimately, not in the next decade, not neglecting duration," Kahneman said, "it esti mates of an objective reality. And very soon-we coul d conceive of a ought to be possible to make a painful second, we might want to focus on science of experience, a science of quaHty procedure better in memory by adding settin gs in which people spend a great of li fe which would provide distinctly pain to it, or adding di spleasure to it," deal of time and ask about the quality of psychological data to iss ues such as Kahneman suggested with a twinkle, life in those settings, even though they public investment and public policy." •

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society -

CONVENTION FROM PAGE 15 relief of Raynaud's disease, hyper­ work of Richard Davidson . tension, migraine headache, and Davidson's work has been a ma­ other stress-related conditions. Bringing conceptual clarity and jor force in reestablishing the im­ More recently, Taub conaborated methodological rigourto the study portance of emotion for virtual1y with investigators in the United of emotion, Davidson has virtu­ all areas in the biobehavioral sci­ States and Germany to show that ally single-handedly created a new ences, and the discipline of psy­ ma ssive cortical reorganization hybrid area in the biobehavioral chology has been irrevocably en­ takes place in adult mammals, in­ sdences, affective neuroscience. hanced by his many distinguished cluding humans, following neuro­ He has demonstrated, through his contributions. logical injury. At this point, Taub own research, its relevance to de­ and colleagues have shown that sub­ velopmental psychology, clinical Upon receiving the award, Davipson stantial reorganization is the basis psychology, personality psychol­ commented, "I hope by bestowing this for phantom limb pain in human ogy, comparative psychology, and award upon me my colleagues are not amputees, that it is strongly corre­ trying to give me a message that it's now lated with tinnitus, and rhat there is time to close the show. I feel kind of a definite use-dependent expansion premature in getting thi s kind of award at in the cortical repre sentation of the this stage of my career, yet I gratefully, fingering digits of the left hand in and humbly, accept it." violin and cello players. Taub's William James Fellow award citati on reads as follows: Upon receiving his award, Taub said: Dr. Edward Taub has been named a "This is just an overwhelming experience William James Fellow for his fun­ fo r me. 1 think it makes a point very damental discoveries in the field of clearly about fi rst, ihe virtues of carrying behavioral neuroscience and for his out basic research when it is going to Taub was awarded the application of these discoveries in William James Fellow resul t in applications that are advanta­ Award. the development of innovati ve tre at­ geous to human beings and, second, the ments in the field of behavioral value of this research with animals, health psychology. Hisstudies on medicine. Taub earned his first how the brain implements emo­ because it is really [because of 1t hem that major recognition by demonstrat­ we can investi gate the mechani sms that tion and emotion regulation and ing that primates rerain consider­ will lead to human applications." how these processes change in able residual guidance function in psychopathology creatively com­ Limbs in which sensation is surgi­ bine biological approaches with cally abolished. This finding essen­ behavioral measures to provide a tially overturned the Sherringtonian comprehensive assessment of the reflexological view that had been emotion domain that heretofore the dominant position in neuro­ was simply unavailable. He has science for the first 70 years of this also applied new stati stical rigour century. Hi s work revolutionized to biological measures that are the entire preexisting concept of used to make trait-like inferences. purposive movement and focused Davidson is not simply a con­ attention on the existence of guid­ sumer of tools to answer ques­ ance mechanisms enclosed entirely Loftus was awarded the tions about the brain mechanisms James Mc Keen Cattell within the central nervous system. Award. underlying affect and its normal This basic work led directly to and abnormal variations but has Taub's theory of learned nonuse to Following these presentations, Scarr been a pioneer in the development explain some of the motor impair­ presented an APS James McKeen Cattell of these methods. He has made ment that occurs after neurological Award, for outstandi ng contributions in major contributions to the refine­ injury. He then devised Constraint the area of applied psychological re­ ment of measures of brain electri­ Induced (CI) Movement Therapy, cal activity that are useful in the search, each to Elizabeth Loftus, of the which has res[Ored considerable University of Washington, and Ann study of emotion. However, rec­ motor function in hundreds (to date) ognizing their limitations, Brown, of Harvard Universi ty. of patients suffering from stroke Loftus' James McKeen Cattell Davidson has been a leader in the and traumatic brain injury in this applications of modem citation reads as follows: country and Europe. neufoirnaging methods to the Members of our profession can study of the brain and emotion. make a contribution to society Taub was also oneofthe pioneering through their laboratory research; The remarkable range of his influ­ biofeedback investigators. He de­ through the application of these ence has secured a very signifi­ veloped thermal biofeedback, a pro­ cant place in psychology for the cedure commonly employed for the SEE CONVENTION ON PAGE 45

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 Americall PsycJwlogicaf Societ), • The Student Notebook M. Kimberly Beal - Editor Introducing the 1997-1998 APSSC

Student Research Competition and the Executive Council Small Grant Award and to increase national graduate student involvement in the The APS Student Caucus held a resources it has to offer. I'm a fourth-year APSSc. business meeting at the Ninth Annual graduate student at Kent State University in Convention to elect its officers for 1997- the Experimental Psychology/Cognitive David Samonds 1998. Provided below is some brief program. My area of specialty is auditory Undergraduate Advocate background information on each of the perception with a special interest in music. I will be starting my senior year at the six new Executive Council officers. University of Massachusetts-Amherst in the Among them are Deana Julka fall. I am the local chapter president of Psi both familiar faces Graduate Crn, editor of the Psychology Undergradu­ from last year's Advocate ate Research Joumal, and undergraduate Council as well as I have just advisor in the psychology department. I am some completely completed my fifth currently doing research under the supervi­ new faces. To­ year of graduate sion of Sally Powers, studying parenti gether, they study in social adolescent conflict and the comorbidity of represent a variety psychology at the depression and conduct disorder in children. of academic University of institutions, back­ Notre Dame. My Otto H. MacLin grounds, and research interests Communications Director interests. This include using a I am a third-year PhD candidate in year's elected theory-based experimental psychology at the University APPSC Executive approach to of Nevada-Reno. My current research Council members Past and current members of the APSSC examine the consists of examining the role of adaptation Executive Council met at the APS Convention in are: May. Pictured (clockwise from lOp ieft): Deana psychological on face recognition. I am also interested in Julka, John Jewell, Rodolfo Mendoza-Denton, dimensions of the metacognitive processes involved in Susan R. Yoder Jennifer Thomas. Kimberly Beai, Otto MacLin. attitudes (attitudes object recognition. As the new APSSC David Samonds, Susan Yoder, Nikki Scarberry, President and Mary Jo Nelum-Hart. toward organ Communications Director I would like to This is my third donation, political continue the fine work John Jewell has done year with the Caucus, having previously candidates, exercise, and in marketing building the APSSC web site. I would also served as Graduate Advocate and Student contexts). I also research nonverbal like to increase the APSSC chapter mem­ Notebook Editor. As Presiden~ I hope to behavior and persuasion. I served last year bership and promote APSSC chapter get more students involved in the Caucus as the APSSC Volunteer Coordinator. I am conferences, as well as keep students and APS as an organization. APS has given receptive to student concerns and welcome informed and involved in the other APSSC me many great opportunities and 1'd like to students contacting me. I hope to increase activities. help students become aware of the many student participation in the annual APSSC J eonifer C. Thomas Volunteer Coordinator .:•• :•• :. Attention Students .:•• : •• :. I will be starting my second year this Cedrus Corp. is making a special offer to APS Student Affiliates: fall at Texas Christian University. Myarea SuperLab for Windows-the powerful. expandable experimental laboratory tool is social psychology, and specifically my that allows you to create. edit. and administer many types of experiements with a research interests lie in attitude-behavior point-and-click user interface-is now available to Student Affiliates (in good consistency and attitude change. k; standing) for $S5 (S2 percent off Cedrus' already discounted educational price). Volunteer Coordinator, I will be involved in The software includes a complete range of features like millisecond timing. support SEE NOTEBOOK ON PAGE 42 for visual and auditory stimuli. a Codes Editor that lets you attach codes that you define to every trial. and a free software development kit that lets you extend Correction SuperLab's capabilities like no other program can. Users of this software include In the announcement of the APSSC Student MIT. NIA. NIMH. Yale Univ .. Stanford Univ .. and many other educational and Research Competition winners listed in the research institutions and companies. MaylJune 1997 Obsen'er, one winner's name was misspelled. The correct spelling is Otto For more information call I-SOO-Cedrusl or fax 1-602-631-9047 MacLin from the University of Nevada-Reno.

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Pryc/wlogical Sociery APSSC Small GrantAward Recipients APSSC Officers .1997-1998 inners of the third Annual APSSC Small Grant Award competition were Each Executive Council Member welcomes students and others to contact announced at this year's APS convention in Washington, DC. The student them about any concerns or questions W grant is a competitive funding sonrce for student affiliates of APS. All relevant to the member's respective office. submissions received by APSSC were reviewed by a panel of qualified judges in Executive Council various areas of psychology. Submissions were judged on criteria such as overall quality, possible President theoretical contribution, originality, potential to Susan R. Yoder Department of Psychology advance the field of psychology, and the potential Kent State University for publication or conference presentation. Kent. OH 44242 The three graduate submissions and one under­ Office: 330-672-2166 graduate submission that received the highest com­ FAX: 330-672-3786 bined ratings were selected to receive the grants. The Email: sperry I @kent.edu principal investigator of the selected proposals received Past-President $250 for the graduate award or $100 for the under­ Nikki Scarberry graduate award to help conduct the proposed research. Department of Psychology The APSSC would like to thank all of the APS outgoing Past·President Richard Texas Christian University Thompson and APSSC President Susan Forth Worth. TX 76129 students who submitted proposals for this year's Yoder stand with the undergraduate Office: 817-921-7110 competition, and all of the reviewers who volunteered winners of the Small Grant Award: Fax: 817-921-7110 their time to judge them. In addition, the APSSC Brandy Craft, Elizabeth Anderson, Karen Email: [email protected] Executive Council would like to extend further Hemphill, and Adriane Louie. all from Millsaps College. congratulations to the 1997 APSSC Small Grant Graduate Advocate Deana Julka Award winners: Department of Psychology-Haggar Hall University of Notre Dame GRADUATE WINNERS UNDERGRADUATE AWARD Notre Dame. IN 46556 Otto H. MacLin, University of Nevada-Reno Karen Hemphill, Elizabeth Anderson, Office: 219-631-8790 Mark W. Miller. Florida State University Brandy Craft, and Adriane Louie Fax: 219-631-8883 Email: [email protected] Nancy M. Puccinelli. Harvard University Millsaps College Undergraduate Advocate David Samonds 86 Dana St. APSSC Research Competition Winners Amherst, MA 01002 Email: [email protected] very student who conducts research does so with the hope of making a significant Communications Director E contribution to the field of psychology. The Otto H. MacLin APSSC has, therefore, designed a research competi­ Department of Psychology tion to encourage and acknowledge outstanding University of Nevada-Reno/296 Reno. NY 89557 student research. APS student affiliates who are first Office: 702-784-4710 author on a paper they have submitted to the annual Fax: 702-784- 1358 convention are eligible to apply, according to the Email: [email protected] rules published in past issues of the Student Note­ Volunteer Coordinator book. Jennifer C. Thomas The Executive Council of APSSC chose four Pictured (left to right): Susan Yoder. Department of Psychology graduate applicants and one undergraduate applicant Lisa Pickel Cherfey. Otto MacLin. Wei TCU Box 298920 to receive the $250 awards. Each winner had the Huang, Lesley Teitelbaum. and Gerene Texas Christian University opportunity to present his or her work at the APSSC K. Starratt. Fort Worth. TX 76129 Office: 817-921-7414 Student Research Competition Symposium. This year's symposium was chaired by APS Fax: 817-921-7681 Past-President Richard Thompson at the APS convention. The APSSC wishes to extend Email: [email protected] thanks to all who submitted entries and congratulations to the winners: Student Notebook Editor GRADUATE WINNERS M. Kimberly Beal Wei Huang. West Virginia University: Reasoning about conventional time as a function of Interdisciplinary PrOg. in Social Psych.l296 conventional time systems University of Nevada~Reno Otto H. MacLin. University of Nevada-Reno: The effects of adaptation on the ability to Reno, NY 89557 recognize faces Office: 702-784-6420 Fax: 702-784-4506 Gerene K. Starratt, Florida Atlantic University: Electrophysiological (event-related Email: [email protected] potential) evidence of cognitive change in HIV infected children Lesley Teitelbaum. Syracuse University and Syracuse Veterans Administration Medical Ethnic Minority Concerns Committee Center: The validity of MAST in psychiatric settings: A meta-analytic integration TBA UNDERGRADUATE WINNER Mentorship Committee Lisa Pickel Sherfey, King Col/ege: Time tagged cue words flatten the second peak of TBA autobiographical memory

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Notebook FROM PAGE 40 Visit Us at Our Web Site! organizing the volunteers for the next APS convention and managing the Travel http://Psllch.hanolJer.edu/APS/APSSC/apssc.htm/ Awards. My goal is to make the 1998 convention the most organized and best­ Questions? Comments? Contact: running convention yet! Communications Director Otto Maclin [email protected] M. Kimberly Beal Student Notebook Editor I am a doctoral candidate in the heartened by modest increases in some pro­ Interdisciplinary PbD Program in Social CHRONICLE FROM PAGE 3 grams cannot be silent when other equally Psychology at the University ofNevada­ worthy programs are dying on the vine. Reno . My research interests are centered on programs to prevent teen-age pregnancy? Neither should we be engaging in the par­ the social and cognitive aspects of schemata. That's not a sound basis for determining ticularly savage practice of suggesting what As the new Student Notebook Editor, I am research goals. Instead, have thecourage to other programs might be cut to produce interested in continuing to provide a forum back systematic planning in which all wor­ more money for the programs with which for tbe presentation of important resource thy programs can survive, even in difficult we are most concerned. For example, groups information to graduate students in the form times. that promote research on one disease must of brief articles and announcements. In For example, if child-abuse research not justify an increase by attacking spend­ particular, I am interested in soliciting suffers at one agency in HHS, other agen­ ing in another area, such as AIDS, that has articles regarding: the importance of cies with similar or related responsibilities received comparatively strong appropria­ participating in grant writing while a should take up at least some of the slack. tions. Congress makes the hard choices student; what to do with your PbD if you are Institutes within the NIH that are concerned among programs. Our job is to hold legis­ not interested in a traditional academic with child abuse could do research that lators accountable for what they do, not to career; authorship issues; and how to get on would at least partially sustain the make it easier for them to avoid making the the publishing track. Please direct your government's involvement in protecting difficult choices themselves. ideas and draft submissions on these, and children, even if the budget ofHHS's Ad­ Understandably, events ofthepast sev­ other issues, to me at tbe address printed in ministration for Children and Families is eral years- budget cuts, government shut­ the accompanying APSSC Officers box in slasbed. (In fact, interagency task forces downs-have created a siege mentality even this Student Notebook. already exist that try to coordinate activi­ in agencies whose budgets have been stable ties among agencies with related interests, or increased. BUl agencies and advocates but they do not have sufficient authority to should not be swayed by the promise of direct that one agency's programs be growth in their preferred programs on the changed if another agency has to cut back condition that others go without support. Attention APS or drop specific programs.) • Instead, we all should work to ensure that Student Affiliates: Of course, it would be naive to expect research, education, and services receive individual agency officials to think this adequate financing, because in life, these Express Yourself way unless Cabinet-level officials and other things are not separate. After all, research White House policy makers encouraged it. has shown that programs such as Head Start The APS Student Notebook is your Policy makers should recognize the con­ space; take advantage of it! We are work because the kids attending them re­ always seeking contributions from nections between research and education ceive improved nutrition as well as educa­ student affiliates: brief topical articles and services, and, when cuts are made, tional enrichment. An unhealthy or hungry (500-600 words), letters to the editor, or decide what programs in other settings can child will not learn well in school. descriptions of graduate school experi­ partially substitute for those cuts. These Similarly, university research hospi­ ences. Through the Student Notebook leaders must be visionary enough to think you can share your thoughts with other tals are also essential health-care providers students across the nation. Send your beyond this year's budget, maybe even to our nati on's poor and uninsured. Yet draft conuibution to: beyond this Administration, so that the ups government budget cuts are forcing them to M. Kimberly Beal and downs in the annual appropriations for make painful tradeoffs between research APS Student Notebook Editor a particular program don't jeopardize the and clinical care. Interdisciplinary PhD Program in Social government's ability to meet the nation 's A balanced-budget agreement Psychology/296 University of Nevada-Reno domestic needs. shouldn't translate into these kinds of ei­ Reno, NV 89557 This same message applies to Wash­ ther/orchoices. Instead, everyone involved Office: 702-784-6420 ington organizations that advocate spend­ needs to show the same kind of balance and Fax: 702-784-4506 ing for science and research, many ofwhich compassion in advocacy and planning that Email: [email protected] also work for appropriations for health and we would like federal programs to deliver education programs. Those of us who are to our citizens.

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society Association for Organizational Profile_ Women in Psychology Origins and Purpose The Association for Women in Psy­ chology (AWP) is an organization of OFFICERS over 2,000 psychologists and allied (The Collective) professionals and students who share Collective Coordinator Ruth L. Hall, College of New Jersey a common interest in the psychology Hospitality Suite Coordinator Joan Rabin, Towson State University Newsletter Editor Lynn H. Collins. University of Baltimore of women. The organization is RecorderiCorresponder Sharon L. Siegel, Private Practice, Los Angeles multidisciplinary (members include Treasurer Michele Boyer, Indiana Stare University Conferences Liaison , Kathryn Quina. University of Rhode Island social workers, counselors, nurses, Regional CoordhwlOr Helen Jackson. Private Practice, Albuquerque teachers, and social activists) and Women of Color Coordinator Elizabeth Davis-Russell, CSPP-Fresflo Spokesperson Kris Morgan diverse in its focus. Several sub­ Membership Coordhwtor Linda Gallahan, Pacific University groups (or caucuses) have formed in Staff Jani s Anderson, Harvard University recent years to draw attention to particular issues; current groups include Women of Color, Jewish Women, Older Women, Students, BACKGROUND Bisexuality and Sexual Diversity, and AWP wa, founded in 1969, after a group of women had tried unsuccess­ Experimental Psychologists. The fu ll y to lobby the officers of APA for increased attention to women's issues and research on the psychology of women. Further lobbying ultimately membership is international, but about proved successful and directly resulted in the founding of APA's Committee 90 percent of the members reside in on Women in Psychology and later Division 35 (the Psychology of Women). North America. A WP members considered disbanding after Division 35 was formed, but Membership decided to maintain independence from the APA structure. Among the objectives of AWP are: chall enging unfounded assumptions Annual membership dues range from about the psychological "natures" of women and men; encouraging feminist $10 to $75, depending on income. research on sex and gender; developing a feminist model of psychotherapy; Membership includes a quarterly achi eving equality for women within the profession of psychology and in newsletter, a membership directory, allied disciplines; promoting unity among women of all races, ages, social and reduced registration fees for the classes, sexual orientations, physical abilities, and religions; and sensitizing the public and the profession to the psychological, social, political, and annual conferences. AWP maintains - economic problems of women. a hospitality suite at APA conferences AWP achieves its goals through programming at its annual conferences in cooperation with Division 35, in on feminist psychology, its newsletter, and the activities of its committees, which it makes available low-cost task fo rces, caucuses, organizational liaisons, and regional groups. A WP is sleeping accommodations for low- committed to encouraging diversity among its conference presenters and income members. AWP also encour­ attendees, and it regularly offers travel scholarships to low-income partici­ ages and supports several dozen pants. AWP also makes annual awards to publicize innovative scholarship regional chapters around the country. and leadership. A WP is an official NGO, and has maintained representation at the United Nations since 1976. A WP members participated in the UN­ sponsored Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985), and Beijing (1995) confer­ ences on women. The "Organizatianal Profile:' a regular AWP does not have officers per se. Members volunteer to serve three­ feature of the APS Observer. informs year terms on the Implementation Col1 ective. a nonhierarchical group that the research c ommunity a bout organizations devoted to serving meets quarterly to do the business of the association. The Collective uses psychological scientists and academ­ femi nist process and consensus decision- ics. It is difficult for anyone to keep making. Other committees, caucuses, and Contact: abreast of the various organizations of regional chapters operate more or less Sharon L. Siegel potential personal Interest. This independently. It sounds impossible, but 8235 Santa Monica Blvd., #303 section should help in that task. The it has worked for over 25 years! Los Angeles, CA 90046 Editor welcomes your suggestions as Tel.: 310-455-3832 to organizations warranting coverage. Fax: 310-455-3832

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society • SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH COUNCIL FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING ON THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST The Social Science Research Council, with support from the US Information Agency Near and Middle East Research andTraining Act (NMERTA), is able to provide support for research and training on the Near and Middle East, in the social sciences and humanities, through the following programs:

FELLOWSHIPS FOR GRADUATE STUDENTS FELLOWSHIPS FOR SCHOLARS

PRE-DISSERTATION RESEARCH AND ADVANCED RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS TRAINING FELLOWSHIPS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Contingent upon funding, fellowships are offered to graduate stu­ Contingent upon funding, fellowships are offered for periods from dents to spend from four to nine months engaged in direct prepara­ four to nine months to scholars in the social sciences and humanities tion for their dissertation research through training and study in the engaged in advanced research requiring fieldwork in the Middle East. Middle East. Language training may be required as one component Applicants should be scholars with demonstrated competence for of the fellowship when appropriate. Students would be permitted to research on the area and who intend to make continuing contributions propose programs to explore the feasibility of dissertation topics, to to the field. Scholars who are US citizens and who hold the PhD in pursue course work, andlor arrange supervised study programs in a social science or humanities discipline are eligible to apply. consultation with staff of the host overseas research center. Gradu­ Application Receipt Deadline: December I, 1997 ate students who are US citizens. and who are currently enrolled in a PhD degree program, and who will have completed at least two JUNIOR FACULTY TENURE SUPPORT FELLOWSHIPS academic years of work toward the doctorate at the time of applica­ Contingent upon funding, fellowships are offered to junior faculty tion, are eligible to apply. Students who have advanced to candidacy (two to six years past their PhD), for a period of four to nine months are not eligible to apply. These fellowships are not intended for for research in a Middle Eastern country. The fellowship has been students currently engaged in dissertation research or writing. created to pennit junior faculty to spend an extended period of time Application Receipt Deadline: November I, 1997 in the field, with the aim of building their publication records and increasing their prospects for tenure. Applicants will be selected DISSERTATION RESEARCH FELLOWSHIPS based upon evidence of substantial work in progress, evidence of a IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND THE HUMANITIES high capacity to operate effectively in the fi eld, and evidence of the Contingent upon funding, fellowships are offered to graduate stu­ applicant's standing in his or her department, among other criteria. dents in the social sciences and humanities, who have completed all Scholars who are US citizens and who have held the PhD in a social PhD requirements except their dissertation, to spend from four to science or humanities discipline for between two to six years are nine months engaged in dissertation research requiring fieldwork in eligible to apply. Scholars who have been granted tenure are not the Middle East. Full time students, who meet the above criteria, eligible to apply. who are US citizens, who are enrolled in full-time doctoral programs Application Receipt Deadline: December 1,1997 in the United States or abroad, and who have completed all PhD requirements except lheirdissertation by March I, 1998, are eligible MID-CAREER SKILLS ENRICHMENT PROGRAM to apply. FOR TENURED FACULTY Application Receipt Deadline: November 1, 1997 Contingent upon funding, fellowships are offered to associate and full professors in the social sciences and humanities, for a period from four [0 nine months for research in a Middle Eastern country in which they have not previously studied, and/or for training in a new field, Applicants must be US citizens to be eligible for programs discipline or method. Scholars who are US citizens and who have sponsored by the US Information Agency. Permanent re si­ held the PhD in a social science or humanities discipline for less than dents are not eligible to apply for these fellowships. Non­ 20 years are eligible to apply. citizens who are graduate students enrolled full time in a PhD Application Receipt Deadline: December 1. 1997 Program in a US uni versity and conducting research on the Middle East may be eli gible for other Social Science Research Council fellowship programs. Please contact program stafffor Please note that it is imperative to specify the grant additional information. program of interest and all countries where fieldwork will be Current eligible locales for overseas research through pro­ conducted in order to receive application materials: grams supported by the US Information Agency are Bahrain, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi The Near and Middle East Program Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Social Science Research Council Yemen. Those interested in research in countries not listed 810 Seventh Avenue should contact SSRC staff. American Overseas Researcb 31st Floor New York, NY 10019 Centers are located in Jordan, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, and Tel: 212-377-2700 Yemen. All research projects must be concerned with the Fax: 212-377-2727 period since the beginning of Islam. email: henderso@ssrc_org

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American PsycJlO/ogicaJ Society CONVENTION FROM PAGE 39 peri mental work and their appli­ understanding of children's capa­• bilities for generalizing their learn­ cations (0 education. findings to so me important prob­ ing. This work was fundamental lems that confront society; or Her seminal experimental studies to her outstanding studies of the through public service. Elizabeth on memory in children helped relationship between children's Loftus has distinguished herself define the concept of metamemory problem-solving strategies and through outstanding achievements self-regulation in learning that led in each of these domains. to a widely adop ted program on text comprehension called "Re­ Her early basic research on ciprocal Teaching." Her applica­ memory set the stage for her land­ tion of social learning theory to a mark contributions to law and psy­ research program on communi­ chology and the criminal justice ti es of learners has been an sys tem. Her important and highly overarching contribution to the original research asks questions interaction between the refi nement such as "Can expert and eyewit­ of theory, the elaboration of cog­ ness testimony be trusted? Are nitive processes and the design of memories veridical, especially re­ Brown was awarded the environments for studying teach­ garding traumatic events, or are James McKeen Cattell ing and school learning. they likely to be distorted? If so, Award. by whom, when and in what [Due to a family emergency, Brown could ways?" Her answers to theseques­ as an important process of cogni­ not be present to receive the award. She tions have led to much publ ic de­ tion. Her ingenious studies of was represented by her friend and bate. By making the public aware analogical transfer renewed our colleague Rachel Gelman.] • of the importance of psychologi­ cal research to society with her impeccable experiments, she has SSRC-MACARTHUR FOUNDATION served as an advocate on behalf of the profession and has honored us FELLOWSHIPS ON PEACE AND SECURITY IN A CHANGING WORLD all. The Social Science Research Council announces two-year dissertation and post-doctoral fellowships for training and research on peace and security in Elizabeth Loftus is named aJames a changing world, under the direction of the Committee on Internationa l McKeen Cattell Fellow in recog­ Peace and Security. These fellowships will support Innovative and interdisci­ nition and appreciation of her plinary research on the relationships among security issues and worldwide ground-breaking and provocative cultural, military , social, economic, environmental, and political changes, contributions to the field of psy­ and the impact of these changes on issues of international peace and security. chology. Requirements: There are no citizenship, residency, or nationality require­ Loftus reacted: HI very much appreci­ ments. The competition is open to researchers in the social and behavioral ate receiving this award, especially at this sciences (including history and area studies), the humanities, and the physical particular time in my life and career when I and biological sciences. Researchers in non-academic settings are welcome to apply. seem to be surrounded by so many enemies. Though I must say I am reminded by the Dissertation Fellowships: These fellowships are open to researchers who are remarks of General George Patton at the finishing coursework, examinations, or similar requirements for the PhD or its time of the Battle of the Bulge, when equivalent. Applicants must complete all requirements for the doctoral someone said to him: 'We're surrounded degree except the dissertation by June 1, 1998. by enemies. What can we And Patton doT Postdoctoral Fellowships: In most cases, successful applications will hold the replied, 'This is actually a good thing. You PhD or its equivalent. However, possession of that degree is not a requirement can shoot in any direction and be sure to hit for lawyers, public servants, journalists, or others who can demonstrate somebody.' comparable research experience and an ability to contribute to the research Ann Brown's Cattell Award citation literature. This competition is designed for researchers In the first ten years of their postdoctoral careers. Applicants for the postdoctoral fellowship must states: have received their PhD by March 1, 1998. [Ann Brown is presented with the APS James McKeen Cattell For further information and application materials please contact: Award for] brilliantly combining Social Science Research Council .;. Program on Internallonal Peace and Security the fields of developmental psy­ 810 7th Avenue .;. New York, NY 10019 chology, learning theory, and the Tel.: (212) 377-2700 .;. Fax; (212) 377-2727 .) http://www.ssrc.org design of learning environments Deadline: November 14, 1997 in a career of theoretical and ex-

APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 America/l Ps)'cllO/ogicai Society HeI FROM PAGE 5 Blocking Traumatic Thoughts. Basic research in psychology also has shown that retention of emotional experiences depends effort on the part of scientific psychology to articulate the on a distinct system, and that memory for emotionally-arousing potential contributions of psychology" to the problems addressed events is especially vivid. This knowledge has significant in the HC!. implications for understanding and possibly counteracting the kinds of intrusive recollections that can plague survivors of A Portable Summary emotionally traumatic events. For example, we know that drugs Weber summarizes the value of the HCI process this way: such as beta blockers interfere with the emotional memory "It is useful for researchers, individually as well as collectively, system. It has been found that when these drugs are adminis­ to take stock of our current state of knowledge from time to tered to participants in research, they no longer show enhanced time. Keeping sight of the big picture focuses basic research on memory for an emotionally arousing event, even though they the most important next steps. I think that the HCr workshop­ perceive the event as emotionally arousing. Based on this with tlie continuing dialogue among its participants and the fundamental knowledge, continued research could lead to the resulting report-will have a dual benefit. It will provide us use of beta blockers by emergency workers who are required to with a portable summary of current psychological knowledge deal with disasters such as fires, bombings, or other highly and a guide to their practical implications. At the same time, it disturbing events that would be remembered vividly and should also help to make our collective inquiry more effective intrusively. and cumulative," Following is a sample of just a few of the recent accom­ A Hot Combo. Basic research in social psychology has plishments that will be summarized in the HCr report on basic provided a great deal of insight into the mechanics of human research: social interactions. A promising new area of research may emerge in which this knowledge is combined with the concepts Memory Systems. Psychologists, in collaboration with neuro­ and empirical and analytical methods developed in cognitive scientists, have discovered different memory systems, each science about the underlying psychological processes, for involving specific networks of brain regions. Studies of patients example, that determine how people handle information and how with brain damage reveal that memory impairment differs, they use language. Combining these areas of research offers the depending on what structure of the brain is damaged. For prospect of greatly expanding our scientific knowledge about the example, patients with damage to the hippocampus and related processes of problem-solving, decision-making, and reasoning, structures in the medial temporal lobes have great difficulty and our understanding of how people collaborate and how they remembering specific events, but can learn new skills in an interact with complex information systems. entirely normal manner. In contrast, patients with damage to the basal ganglia show the opposite pattern. Modeling Social Interactions. Knowledge in social psychology also is being expanded through the use of computer simulations and BASIC RESEARCH IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE modeling, where advances in methodology A Human Capital Initiative Workshop have significantly expanded the capability of PARTICIPANTS scientists to characterize the properties of social relationships and to investigate group Co-Chairs tendencies not present in individuals. One Marilynn B. Brewer R. Duncan Luce example is clustering, which is the tendency Ohio State University University of California-Irvine for different opinions to become segregated Participants within a group. Among other things, this preserves and strengthens minority opinions John T. Cacioppo Daniel Kahneman Ohio State University Prin ceton University by creating "local" majorities. Understand­ ing this phenomenon could be important for Susan Carey Roberta Klatzky New York University Carnegie Mel/on University predicting and managing social changes such as those occurring in Eastern Europe Patrick Cavanagh Douglas L. Medin Harvard University Northwestern University countries which have been experiencing rapid political and economic transitions Carol A. Fowler Daniel L. Schacter Haskins Labs (New Havell, CT) Han/ard University after the collapse of the Communist empire. Michael S. Gazzaniga Anne M. Treisman Dartmouth College Princeton Universit), Social Stereotyping. Some experiments on the effects of social stereotyping-specifi­ James G. Greeno Robin R. Vallacher Stanford University Florida Atlantic UniverSity cally, on the consequences of widely held social stereotypes for members of stigma­ Ervin Hafter Elke U. Weber UniverSity of California-Berkeley Ohio State University tized groups-have demonstrated that test

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society -

FROM PREVIOUS PAGE The Hel report, tentatively titled Basic Research in Psycho­ performance on standardized aptitude tests can be significantly logical Science, is scheduled to be published this fall and is influenced by negative expectations. In one experiment, women expected to be used by NSF to guide its funding decisions in with a history of success in math were tested in mathematics psychological research for some time to come. Watch future under one of two instructional conditions. In one condition, the issues of the Observer for details. S.B. expectations of sex differences in performance were invoked; in the other, the test was introduced as one in which no sex differences had been previously found. Women taking the exam under first condition performed significantly less well than men ALTMAN FROM PAGE 13 with the same mathematics background. However, under the alternative instructions, their performance improved signifi­ other on professional ethical issues in medicine. cantly and was equal to or better than that of the men in the same "One of the problems with psychology, from my perspec­ condition. These dramatic findings have clear implications for tive, is that not enough of psychology is translated to real-world the development of human capital. applications beyond the individual." Psychologists roust make more of an effort to translate their basic findings into real-world Other Examples. Examples of advances in other areas include: applications to influence real-world issues, he says. '"The work cognitive research showing how people process and use scien­ that community psychologists are doing and SPSSI members are tific information in their everyday lives, which has enormous doing is an exception to the rule, which is one reason why I implications for things ranging from science education to belong to SPSSI. Here are psychologists who engage in high­ solving global environmental problems; cross-cultural research quality science, who then deal with pressing social issues, and showing how babies build a rich understanding of the world who try to understand the various sorts of problems that we face around them even before they begin to learn language; research in society and use the substantial intervention technology that we in decision-making showing that people make different decisions have in psychology to apply it at levels higher than the indi­ when the consequences of risky alternatives are framed in terms vidual." of potential losses compared to when the alternatives are framed in terms of potential gains; and research on perception showing I. D.O. Altman, D.W. Levine, G. Howard, H. Hamilton. (1996). Tobacco farmers and diversification, Tobacco Comrol, Vol. 5, pp that people's experience of the world is limited not by sensory 192-198; and factors such as bad eyesight, which can most often be corrected, 2. D.O. Altman, D.W. Levine, G. Howard, H. Hamilton. (1997). but by attentional factors. Journal a/Social Issues, Vol. 53, No. I, pp. 11 3- 128.

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APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society •PRESIDENT FROM PAGE 18 same genes? Is there an overlap in the genetic effects? Or, another way of putting it: Is there any variation for the measure in adolescence shows up in early life, perhaps in infancy, or that is not shared? Similarly, we are looking at what is mediat­ whether its emergence later in life can be predictive of later ing the associations," emergence of antisocial personality. There are lots of develop­ When you have an association between two measures, ment questions that may never occur to molecular biologists," he Pedersen said, the question is whether the association is due to said. So psychologists bring to the research bench the knowl­ the fact that they share the same genetic experience or effect, or edge that allows the construction of interesting and useful whether it is the environmental effects that are responsible. genetic questions. Plomin predicted that psychologists will be using genetic Some Numbers from Behavioral Genetics markers, once they have been found, both in the laboratory and Looking to the future of behavioral genetic studies of in clinics. "Once we find that a gene differentially predicts risk, personality, Pedersen pointed to three broad avenues. One is to and that you can intervene differentially, or that it predicts carry further the pursuit of understanding gene-behavior associa­ differential re sponse to therapy, then I think it will take hold in tions, as is being done in the Swedish twin studies. Another is practice as well.... Using genes that have already been found is trying to get a sharper grasp on the environmental aspects relatively easy and inexpensive. The point of this is that you can in volved in these studies, "because you might have several genes do this without becoming a molecular geneticist. It' s a lot easier of moderate effect and al so several environments of moderate than many of the things we already do in psychology. You have effect." And the third is to start to identify specific genes. to get material with DNA and extract the DNA, but once you Lykken recalled that a great many surprising and provoca­ have DNA data on your subjects, then whenever somebody tive findings were turned up by Bouchard's celebrated study of comes up with a gene that is related to your research topic you twins separated in infancy and reared apart. One of the findings can pull out the DNA, which lasts forever, and then you can was that the 69 pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart corre- analyze the gene," he said. lated .53 in their levels "You no longer need of subjective well­ blood. We're doing DNA Using genes that have already been found is being or happiness, as studies by mail with cheek relatively easy and inexpensive. The point of measured by the well­ swabs, and this is now a being scale used in the standard technique. All you this is that you can do this without becoming a MPQ personality have to do is take a Q-tip in molecular geneticist. It's a lot easier than many questionnaire, devel­ a particular solution, rub it of the things we already do in psychology. You oped by University of on the inside of the mouth, have to get material with DNA and extract the Minnesota psycholo­ and you get enough DNA DNA, but once you have DNA data on your gist Auki Tellegen. out of that to do several subjects, then whenever somebody comes up This result suggests hundred DNA markers." that individual differ­ To extract the DNA, with a gene that is related to your research ences in happiness owe Plomin suggested seeking topic you can pull out the DNA, which lasts about 50 percent of Ollt molecular geneticists on forever, and then you can analyze the gene. their variance to campus, who are "generally genetic differences very keen to collaborate." ROBERT PLOMlN between people, He said, "They've got all the INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY , LONDON Lykken stated. toys but they don't know Lykken and his how to play with them colleagues later studied You' ll find them very ' "ested in what we do, because these 663 monozygotic and 715 dizygotic middle-aged pairs reared are important and in h.,n ing sorts of issues ." together, using data they collected from the Minnesota Twin Pedersen and her Stockholm colleagues have found that Registry. They found a happiness correlation of .44 for monozy­ genetic vari ance accounts for 30 to 50 percent of variance in gotic twins and .08 for dizygotic twins. personality traits among the slightly more than 850 pairs of Nine years later Lykken and his team retested 410 pairs of monozygotic and di zygotic twins in their Swedish Adoption the twins from the Registry study. They found they could Twin Study of Aging. predict a monozygotic twin's current subjective happiness or (The Swedish registry is comprised of all twins born in the well-being score from his co-twin's score nine years earlier. The country since 1886, she pointed out. In 1984, at the start of the restudy suggests very close to 100 percent heritability of a current study, there remained 527 pairs of separated twins and a happiness "set point," Lykken said. Happiness constantly varies matched sample of 620 pairs of conventionally reared twins, above and below the individual subject's set-point "in response which has now declined to 351 and 407 pairs, respectively.) to the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune-or to the Pedersen focu sed on multi variate analyses "where instead of successes and jackpots of good fortune," Lykken said. looking at one measure at a time you're looking at pairs of The set point provides a typical value of individual well- measures or multiple measures. We want to know to what extent genetic influences are shared by measures: Are they the CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society FROM PREVIOUS PAGE Kathleen McCartney has shown, and as already noted by this panel, in fact heritabilities increase across age. not decrease. Genetic being that appears to reflect genetic influences. But it is not the factors become more and more important in explaining variation only determinant of happiness, Lykken noted. among us as we get older. Kathy and I published a paper about how "I do not believe that the high heritability of the happiness people make their own environments, meaning that people evoke set-point indicates that our average subjective well-being is from others responses that are correlated with their own characteris­ determined just by the level of some neurotransmitter that was tics and that they actively choose or associate with or ignore people set, once and for all, by the genetic lottery at birth," Lykken said. and events in their environments as they are compatible or not with "If we let our personal genetic steersman have his way, then we their own characteristics. So the hypothesis is that across time we shall indeed tend to follow a course laid down for us in our reinforce our own characteristics; through our own action we make DNA. But...if much of what is inherited consists of behavior our own environments. That's not the whole story, but there's at tendencies that can be resisted, modified, and shaped, then there least a plausible mechanism here by which to explain how genetic is a real possibility for intervention, for countermanding the effects become developed and how they increase over time. genetic steersman . ''The second irony is always hard for people to think about. We think of genetic explanations as being somehow unfair, Social Psychology unjus!.... You can't fix the fact that someone is less bright than Historically, Bouchard recalled, most social psychologists someone else, or that someone is more anxious than other rejected out of hand the idea that social attitude variables might people. (Wel1, we might ameliorate it, but fix it? Maybe.) We reflect genetic influences. would like to attribute all the variance we possibly can to what "I include myself in this group," he said. "In 1979 when my we think of as fairer, more just sources (Le., environmental students and 1 were assembling an assessment battery to begin influences), because we think those might be easier to fix. the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, I recall very Ironically, I think they are much harder to fix . specifically going to my bookshelf and pulling down Shaw and "When we think about a truly just world, we ought to think Wright's classic 1967 text, Scales for the Measurement of Social about a world in which there are virtually no arbitrary environ­ Attitudes ... And 1 recall quite clearly deciding not to include any mental differences among us and where virtual1y all the differ­ of these measures on the grounds that attitudes were largely ences between us are genetic. Because a really just world would shaped by family environment and simply wouldn't show any allow each of us to choose and express ourselves in those genetic effects. This reflects my training as a social psycholo­ environments that we find most compatible (i.e., most correlated gist-that's one of the assumptions you bring with you." with ourselves), and where there would be virtual1y no arbitrary Bouchard said at the time he was not aware of a 1978 study differences among us. Heritabilities for almost everything by Hans Eysenck or Sandra Scarr's and Richard Weinberg's would be ~ery, very high. 1978 study of certain sociopolitical attitudes, which they said, "[ leave these thoughts with you because to think in this area "appear to be genetically transmitted from parents to their is to get beyond ideology. To think, as all of these panelists children in the form of verbal ability and personality and to show have suggested, that we can use what we know about genetics to no effect of direct learning." Bouchard said he later learned that help us as psychological researchers-and advance our sci­ the ScarrlWeinberg study aroused a "hostility that would send a ence-is such a wonderful and exciting prospect for the future chill down your back." that 1 hope al1 of us wil1 join in." • Bouchard commented on key behavioral genetics studies published in the 1980s and I 990s, concluding: "Most of the evidence points in the direction of social attitudes of various sorts showing significant heritabilities transmitted or created in these individuals independent of many of the factors that many STOP! researchers thought were important- family environment Have you visited factors, mental ability factors. Other personality factors might APS on the Web yet? be mediators. But it doesn't appear that those work as well. "So we are left with what 1 think is really a striking, if not Check out the AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCImYS mysterious, set of outcomes. It is very difficult to think off the World-Wide-Web homepage on th e Internet and top of the head how genetic factors could influence social discouer a whole world of information of rel­ values.... So my suggestion here is that it really forces us to euance to the academic. applied, and research begin to think, in a more pointed way than we have done in the psychologist. past, about what these mechanisms might be. What this does is URL: http://WWW.hanover.edUipsychiAPSlaps.html what good research should do: It poses more questions and or problems than it answers, and opens up research arenas for us." URL: http://psych.hanover.edUiapS/ In conclusion, Sandra Scarr said, " 1 want to propose to you two ironies. The first is that we think that infants come into this AMERICAN world relatively unformed and become more and more shaped by PSYCHOLOGICAL their experiences and their environments as they develop across SOCIETY childhood into adolescence and adulthood. But ironically, as APS OBSERVER July/August 1997 American Psychological Society