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Year-Round Production of Freesia in Japan

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Year-Round Production of Freesia in Japan Year-Round Production of Freesia in Japan By JOICHI KAWATA Ornamental Plant Breeding Division, Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Research Station The sweet scented white flower of Freesia duction deviced oy Van de Nes,8> Glasshouse refrncta alba is admired as a symbolic plant Crops Research and Experimental Station at of early spring. However, there is no great Naaldwijk in the Netherlands, and discussed demand for it because of the smallness of the its adaptability to our country•>. plant and flowers. It is highly esteemed as a Now the year-found production is experi­ cut flower crop since the introduction of new mentally achieved through the medium of freesias represented by "Rijnveld's Golden cool storage and. of retardation. of the corms Yellow" enjoying a world wide popularity be­ following coordinated work between research- cause of its larger flowers and having a wider ers of several research and experimental sta­ range of colors. tions. Flowering time of the freesias grown under In parallel to extending the marketing dura- glass or plastic film in Japan is usually from tion, the demand has been steadily increasing. January to March. However, year-end produc­ tion for Christmas or New Year season is Forcing temperature on growth highly desired. At the end of the year, a small and flowering quantity of the poor quality flowers caused by high forcing temperature fetched high Freesia originated from South Africa price at the market. where it is absent even in frost winter. There­ As chilling played an important part in fore, freesia is not a hardy plant and can be flower induction of freesia, several Japanese grown under structure during winter in Ja­ researchers made efforts to advance flowering pan except in warm area without frost. time through the cool storage of corms prior In the standard type of cultivation, corms to planting. As to its merits it showed that are planted in boxes or bed in the open in Sep­ cool storage effectively promoted flowering but tember and they grow substantially as the it resulted in irregular flowering and in pro­ temperature which dropped below 2o·c stimu­ duction of poor length of cut flowers for com­ lates flower bud initiation. mercial use owing to the cool storage of After the completion of inflorescence forma­ corms. tion the plants are transferred to a glasshouse The author also conducted studies on the or structure covered with plastic film so as forcing of freesia since 1959 conceived and not to be damaged by frost. They should the new cultivation type through cool storage flower from January to March according to for early flowering from November to Decem­ the forcing temperature. ber0·'>. When the temperature at the early stage of Moreover, the author introduced the retar­ growth rises, freesia keeps vegetative growth dation method of corms for year-round pro- showing the increase and over elongation of 258 JARQ Vol. 7, No. 4, 1973 leaves. On the contrary when the temperature Table 1. Effects of duration of wet-cool storage drops around 1o•c even in the daytime, the at 10°C and planting t ime of corms on flower bud formation greatly advances re­ the forcing in "F reesia refracta alba" (ABE, K AwA'rA, UTADA 1964) sulting in poor quality in length, in the num­ ber of leaves and in cut flowers. So the quality Planting Days for Flowering Nu '11ber date cool storage date of leaves of cut flowers is mainly controlled by the ---- forcing temperature deeply concerned with 0 (control) Jan. 7 11. 1 Aug. 31 30 Jan. 6 10. 1 light condition provided the density of planting 45 Dec. 31 9.6 and fertilizer application are suitable. 0 (control) Jan. 9 10. 0 In autumn or winter, in the phytotron con­ Sept. 14 30 Jan. 6 9.4 trolled with the temperature of 13°C at night 45 Dec. 13 7. 1 and 18°0 in the daytime, freesia initiates 0 (control) Jan. 10 8. 9 seven to eight leaves before flower bud initia­ Sept. 28 30 Dec. 15 6. 2 45 Dec. 4 5. 6 tion and produces cut floweres of good quality ---- in the balance of leaves and flower stalk in length. In spring or summer, grown under the 1) Breaking dormancy of corms same condition mentioned above, they pro­ The dormant period of Freesia refractci alba, duce many leaves and require long duration the main cultivar before 16 years ago, is from planting to flowering. This difference much shorter than that of the newly in­ of growth and development by growing sea­ troduced large-flowered freesia. Therefore, sons is due to the fact that the flower bud not much attention was paid to the dormancy initiation is promoted by short day0 >.n. at that time. In north European countries, Therefore, on the cultivation after March where the average temperature during they should be grown in lower temperature summer month3 is below 20°C, most growers than in autumn or winter until their in­ of freesia from corms had come acl'Oss the florescences are completely formed. After­ "sleeping" of corms. wards they can be grown in higher tempera­ Hartsema0 , researcher of the Department ture by 2 or 3°C than winter because of the of Plant Physiological Research at Wageningen better light condition in spring or summe1·. in the Netherlands, announced that the fatal sleeping sickness could be avoided by storing Early forcing with cool storage the corms for a certain period at high tem­ of corms perature. Subsequently Van de Nes confirmed that freshly harvested corms stored for three The results of our experiments on the effect months at 28 to 30° C were free from of cool storage of corms prior to planting dormancy. showed that when the planting date is delayed, Since the introduction of new freesia, non­ the number of days from planting to flowering sprouting after planting has been observed as well as the number of leaves drastically also in Japan. Especially was the occurrence decreased as shown in Table 1. of the serious problem of non-sprouting of The experiments were conducted to find the cooled corms for early forcing. The author reason and we concluded that when cool carried out experiments to overcome this storage and planting started late, the dor­ problm and found that corms produced in mancy of corms is so completely broken that Okinoerabu Island where the temperatu1·e the corms become sensible to cooling and out­ during winter is rather high and flowering door temperature after planting is low enough and lifting time is earlier by three weeks to keep the effect of cool storage for early than that in Hachijo Island. flowering. The main corm-growing area at that time sprouted well during cool storage and ensured 259 Table 2. Difference. of adaptability of corms to Table 3. Effects of temperature and duration forcing through cool storage between of wet-cool storage on flowering in corm producing area in freesia "Freesia refracta alba" (KAWATA, "Rijnveld's Golden Yellow" (KAWATA, UTAOA, ABE 1971) UTAOA, ABE 1971 ) Days Temper- Days from Flower stalk Number Length of sprouts Flowering fo.1 cold ature of planting of Prefecture at planting (cm) date cold to length 0 leaves storage storage (C ) flowering (cm) Kagoshima (Okinoerabu) 8. 7 Dec. 8 0 Kochi (Susaki) 8.6 Dec. 12 Tokyo (Hachijo) 3. 7 Dec. 16 5 118. 0 31. 4 8.2 7. 5 118. 4 26. 3 7.2 Cool storage: 10°C for 5 weeks Date of planting: Oct. 5 10 10 115. 4 29. 3 7.3 12. 5 111. 6 30. 9 7.3 early growth and flowering (Table 2). After­ 15 111. 2 30. 1 8.3 wards the big demand of corms for early 5 113. 2 27. 6 7. 2 forcing boosted corm output in Okinoerabu 7. 5 103.8 26. 7 6. ~ Island. 20 10 89.9 24. 7 6.6 Growers of forced narcissus in some district 12.5 85.3 24.6 6.9 have discovered that bulbs hung over a 15 98. 1 25. 5 8.1 smoking fireplace always produce flowers 5 103. 2 27. 5 6.5 earlier than other flowers. Hayashi31, a 7.5 83.6 28. 5 6. 1 researcher of Chiba Horticultural Experiment 30 10 70.6 26. 7 5.8 Station, continued studies on the effect of 12. 5 71. 6 26.6 5. 9 smoking on flower bulbs for early forcing and 15 81. 4 26.6 6.8 eventually found and that smoking breaks the dormancy of freesia corms and Dutchiris 5 93.4 26. 7 5.5 7. 5 72. 1 27. 0 5. 7 bulbs. He confirmed that acetylene, ethylene, 40 10 66.3 26. 5 5.4 propylene, ethane and carbon oxide contained l2. 5 59.4 22.5 4.6 in sm·oke are effective but he could not find 15 77.9 26.5 6. 2 any gas which is more effective than smoke itself (unpublished). 5 88.8 24. 1 4.8 Nowadays freesia corms produced in Okino­ 7.5 78.4 23. 1 4. 6 e1·abu Island for early forcing are stored at 50 10 61. 9 25. 3 5. 7 30°0 for five weeks. They are smoked for L2. 5 63.3 26.6 6. 1 three days by using three liters of rice chaffs 15 71. 3 25. 2 5.2 per cubic meter per day and then shipped to Planting date: Oct. 6 the mainland where freesia forcing is preval­ ent. These treated corms can be put in cool more practically preferable because of less storage after mid-July.
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