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Floriculture and Landscaping See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335312760 A HANDBOOK ON FLORICULTURE AND LANDSCAPING Book · January 2017 CITATIONS READS 0 22,525 2 authors, including: Bulti Merga Haramaya University 15 PUBLICATIONS 127 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Behaviour of Farm Decision Making Units under relaxed Information, Risk and Capital constraints: Lab-in-field Experiment with Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in Water District, East Hararghe View project All content following this page was uploaded by Bulti Merga on 21 August 2019. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. A HANDBOOK ON FLORICULTURE And Landscaping K. Vasanthakumar Bulti Merga Program of Horticulture School of Plant Sciences HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter CONTENTS Page Number Numbers 1 Introduction to the basic concepts of floriculture 1 2 World floriculture sector 6 3 Classification of floricultural and landscape plants 8 4 Propagation of ornamental plants 12 5 Facilities for commercial flower production 18 6 Cut flower production 18 7 Post-harvest handling of cut flowers 21 8 Cultivation of rose 25 9 Chrysanthemum 45 10 Carnation 48 11 Orchids 54 12 Some flowers exported from Ethiopia 56 [1] Gypsophila [2] Statice [3] Freesia 13 Other cut flowers 64 [1] Gerbera [2] Marigold 14 New generation cut flowers 68 15 Dry flower production – A profitable floriculture business 74 16 Bonsai 77 17 Foliage Plants 81 18 Landscaping 83 19 Turf production and uses 104 20 References 110 Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC CONCEPTS FLORICULTURE Definitions of Terms ▪ Horticulture comes from two Latin words ▪ hortus (garden plant) and cultura (culture) ▪ classically defined as the culture or growing of garden plants But as a Science:- Horticulture is the science and art of cultivating, processing and marketing of: ✓ Vegetables (Olericulture), ✓ Fruits (Pomology), ✓ Ornamental plants (Floriculture), ✓ Trees and other woody perennials (Arboriculture), and ✓ Stimulants, Spices, Herbs and Medicinal plants [1] DEFINITION OF FLORICULTURE [Wikipedia] Floriculture or flower farming is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and for floristry, comprising the floral industry. Floriculture crops include bedding plants, house plants, flowering garden plants, pot- plants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. [2] DEFINITION OF FLORICULTURE [Larson, 1980] Floriculture is a branch of horticulture that deals with the cultivation of flowering plants, decorative foliage plants, cacti, orchids, succulents, bonsai, ferns, plants grown in containers as well as landscape gardening. In many of the recent literature, Floriculture is referred as Ornamental Horticulture. Ornamental plants are: ✓ either plants as such or their plant parts are: - decorative, - showy, attractive, and - used for both aesthetic and functional purposes. They can be: flowering or non-flowering with decorative nature. Role of Ornamental Horticulture in Present-Day Life ▪ The role of ornamental plants in the evolution of human civilization ▪ Reaches far beyond food, fiber and medicine ▪ Floriculture enlightens us to communicate with others in peace, love ▪ Provide harmony and balance in our behavior ▪ Ornamental crop culture was earlier considered as an gardener’s activity 1 ▪ Now, Floriculture has become an innovative business with viable export potential The global ornamental crop industry includes:- 1. Florist’s trade: - cut flowers, cut foliage, potted plants, bouquets etc. 2. Production and sale of seeds, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers, rooted cuttings 3. Ornamental plant rental service 4. Plant nursery business and production of tissue culture raised plants 5. Production of flowers for perfumes, essential oils etc. 6. Production of dried flowers and plant parts 7. Landscape and turf grass industry 1. New production centers (a) Africa e.g. Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Uganda, Ethiopia etc. (b) Latin America e.g. Ecuador, Chile, Brazil etc. (c) Asia e.g. India, China, Thailand etc. 2. Traditional production centers a. USA b. Japan c. The Netherlands d. Italy e. Colombia Floriculture in Ethiopia ▪ Ornamental Horticulture started in Ethiopia recently ▪ Now-a-days it is increasing and is one of the top export commodity of the country Opportunities for expansion of Floriculture in Ethiopia ✓ Suitable climate to produce various flower crops ✓ Ample resources such as land, cheap labour, abundant water etc. ✓ Proximity to Middle East and European markets ✓ Increasing domestic market for flowers ✓ Government policy and investment incentives Importance of Floriculture in Ethiopia ▪ Earns foreign currency ▪ Product diversification ▪ Job opportunity for the people ▪ Encourages supportive industries ▪ Promote investment Important flower crops grown and exported from Ethiopia Roses Poinsettia 2 Geranium/Pelargonium Chrysanthemum Lilies Carnation Gypsophila Statice Hypericum Freesia ETHIOPIA’s FLOWER EXPORTS Ethiopian flower export earnings 2005 20 million US dollars 2007 100 million US dollars 2010 140 million US dollars 2011 160 million US dollars 2015 225 million US dollars • Floriculture plays a major role in Ethiopia’s efforts to beat un-employment • Floriculture is so blooming that in near future, it could even overtake coffee, the main horticultural export commodity • Low air-freight cost from Addis Ababa and proximity to European, West Asian, Middle East markets are advantages • Carnation stands 4th in flowers exported from Ethiopia, next to Rose, Geranium, Poinsettia • >1400 ha under Green House cultivation of flowers and ornamentals in Ethiopia • Cool climatic conditions of Ethiopian high lands (with warm sunny days & cooler nights) is ideal for growing cut flowers even in out-door conditions • The quality of flowers produced in Ethiopia, being superior than from Kenya and other countries can compete to gain supremacy among flower exporters of Africa Role of Flowers in Human Life 1. As nature’s gift ▪ Their fragrance and beauty brings joy and happiness 2. As a symbol of grace and elegance ▪ Most ladies adorn their hairstyle with flowers. ▪ Gentlemen put flowers in their pocket to be elegant. ▪ To live in a fashionable way ▪ Well-made garden reflects the wealth of the owner 3. As a symbol of beauty, love and peace also to convey feelings For instance American Floriculture Society has a quote 3 “Say it always with flowers” To say: Thank you! I love you! Congratulations! 4. Flowers are important features or items in all religious and festive occasions Usually offered by devotees:- In the Mosques, In the Churches Given as:- Birthday presents, Wedding gifts, Funeral occasions 5. Importance in perfume and pharmaceutical industries Rosa damascena Jasminum grandiflorum Polyanthus tuberosa Table 1: WORLD’S LEADING EXPORTS OF CUT FLOWERS/ POTTED PLANTS No Top Ten Cut Flowers Top Ten Potted Plants 1 Rose Ficus 2 Dendranthema (Chrysanthemum) Dracaena 3 Tulip Kalanchoe 4 Lily Dendranthema 5 Carnation Begonia 6 Gerbera Hedera 7 Freesia Azalea 8 Cymbidium Saintpaulia 9 Alstroemeria Hydrangea 10 Gypsophila Spathiphyllum ETHIOPIAN FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE After the command economy regime in Ethiopia, the country entertained and introduced a mixed economy where private businesses flourished. Following the emergence and expansion of the private business, the dawn of horticulture farms also came to Ethiopia. Hence, privately owned horticulture farms started to emerge and most of the farms started producing flowers, vegetables, and fruits for local and international markets. Among this the floriculture industry, although only a decade old, has shown significant progress in generating high foreign income and creating huge employment opportunity. The Ethiopian Horticulture Development Agency reported that the floriculture sector has generated 276 million USD last fiscal year (2015). Agency Public Relations Office Head 4 Mekonen Hailu said that the foreign currency secured from export of floriculture products has shown a 10.7 per cent increase compared to the performance of the previous year (2014). He said 49,000 tons of roses and 714.5 million flowers (different types of cut flowers) were exported in the given period. He attributed the increase in foreign currency earnings to consistent government support to the floriculture sector, attractive incentives and increase in export volume. The country is becoming a preferred investment hub for horticulture to the conducive investment climate and government incentives, Mekonnen said. Majority of the 130 companies investing in fields of horticulture/ floriculture in Ethiopia are owned by foreigners. Europe is the key destination for Ethiopia’s horticulture products, taking 80 percent share of the exports. Most of flowers grown in Ethiopia are exported to Europe. These are the Netherlands (nearly 90%), Germany, France, Switzerland, also Israel, India and Russia. But Ethiopia is currently looking for the opportunity to expand the variety of countries- importers, and has already made attempts to advance floriculture products on markets in Japan, North America and other African countries too. And though the flower industry is rather new, it is increasing with a pace up to 500% a year. By 2020 Ethiopia’s flower exports are expected to enrich the countries’ budget on USD 600 million. A lot of different flower species are cultivated, but roses, gypsophila, carnations,
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