DOCSLIB.ORG

Conservation of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx Lynx) in a Fragmented Landscape – Habitat Models, Dispersal and Potential Distribution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conservation of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx Lynx) in a Fragmented Landscape – Habitat Models, Dispersal and Potential Distribution Faculté de Biologie et de Médecine Département d’Ecologie et Evolution Conservation of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx) in a fragmented landscape – habitat models, dispersal and potential distribution Thèse de doctorat ès sciences de la vie (PhD) Présentée à la Faculté de biologie et de médecine de l’Université de Lausanne Par Fridolin Zimmermann Biologiste Diplômé de l’Université de Lausanne Jury Prof. Dieter Haas, Président Prof. Jacques Hausser, Directeur de thèse Prof. Luigi Boitani, Expert Dr. Urs Breitenmoser, Expert Dr. Alexandre Hirzel, Expert LAUSANNE 2004 Digital environmental data sets: Lakes, rivers, and political boundaries: GEOSTAT © Swiss Federal Statistical Office; Euromaps © Bartholomew Human population density: GEOSTAT © Swiss Federal Statistical Office Settlements, roads, railways, and forest: Vector 200 © Federal Office of Topography; Euromaps © Bartholomew Digital elevation model: DHM25, RIMINI © Federal Office of Topography; MONA Pro Europe 250 m © GEOSYS DATA Land use: AS85r, AS97 © Swiss Federal Statistical Office GEOSTAT; CORINE Land Cover © Swiss Federal Statistical Office GEOSTAT for Switzerland and European Environmental Agency for the remaining areas Delimitation of the Alpine Convention and borders of the national and natural reserves © Réseau Alpin des Espaces Protégés to Manuela to my parents ‘No amount of clever modeling or detailed GIS habitat maps can circumvent our need for this natural history information’ Ruckelshaus et al., (1999) M24 pictured by a camera-trap during the intensive session conducted in winter 2003-04 in the Simmental and Saanenland. This lynx has been captured in the year 1998 as juvenile and fitted with a radio-collar. We could follow his dispersal and home range establishment until March 2001 when the signal of his radio-collar got interrupted. Later on, he has frequently been pictured by means of camera traps in the study area. Abstract The expansion of a recovering population – whether re-introduced or spontaneously returning – is shaped by (i) biological (intrinsic) factors such as the land tenure system or dispersal, (ii) the distribution and availability of resources (e.g. prey), (iii) habitat and landscape features, and (iv) human attitudes and activities. In order to develop efficient conservation and recovery strategies, we need to understand all these factors and to predict the potential distribution and explore ways to reach it. An increased number of lynx in the north-western Swiss Alps in the nineties lead to a new controversy about the return of this cat. When the large carnivores were given legal protection in many European countries, most organizations and individuals promoting their protection did not foresee the consequences. Management plans describing how to handle conflicts with large predators are needed to find a balance between “overabundance” and extinction. Wildlife and conservation biologists need to evaluate the various threats confronting populations so that adequate management decisions can be taken. I developed a GIS probability model for the lynx, based on habitat information and radio-telemetry data from the Swiss Jura Mountains, in order to predict the potential distribution of the lynx in this mountain range, which is presently only partly occupied by lynx. Three of the 18 variables tested for each square kilometre describing land use, vegetation, and topography, qualified to predict the probability of lynx presence. The resulting map was evaluated with data from dispersing subadult lynx. Young lynx that were not able to establish home ranges in what was identified as good lynx habitat did not survive their first year of independence, whereas the only one that died in good lynx habitat was illegally killed. Radio-telemetry fixes are often used as input data to calibrate habitat models. Radio-telemetry is the only way to gather accurate and unbiased data on habitat use of elusive larger terrestrial mammals. However, it is time consuming and expensive, and can therefore only be applied in limited areas. Habitat models extrapolated over large areas can in turn be problematic, as habitat characteristics and availability may change from one area to the other. I analysed the predictive power of Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) in Switzerland with the lynx as focal species. According to my results, the optimal sampling strategy to predict species distribution in an Alpine area lacking available data would be to pool presence cells from contrasted regions (Jura Mountains, Alps), whereas in regions with a low ecological variance (Jura Mountains), only local presence cells should be used for the calibration of the model. Dispersal influences the dynamics and persistence of populations, the distribution and abundance of species, and gives the communities and ecosystems their characteristic texture in space and time. Between 1988 and 2001, the spatio-temporal behaviour of subadult Eurasian lynx in two re-introduced populations in Switzerland was studied, based on 39 juvenile lynx of which 24 were radio-tagged to understand the factors influencing dispersal. Subadults become independent from their mothers at the age of 8-11 months. No sex bias neither in the dispersal rate nor in the distance moved was detected. Lynx are conservative dispersers, compared to bear and wolf, and settled within or close to known lynx occurrences. Dispersal distances reached in the high lynx density population – shorter than those reported in other Eurasian lynx studies – are limited by habitat restriction hindering connections with neighbouring metapopulations. I postulated that high lynx density would lead to an expansion of the population and validated my predictions with data from the north-western Swiss Alps where about 1995 a strong increase in lynx abundance took place. The general hypothesis that high population density will foster the expansion of the population was not confirmed. This has consequences for the re-introduction and recovery of carnivores in a fragmented landscape. To establish a strong source population in one place might not be an optimal strategy. Rather, population nuclei should be founded in several neighbouring patches. Exchange between established neighbouring subpopulations will later on take place, as adult lynx show a higher propensity to cross barriers than subadults. To estimate the potential population size of the lynx in the Jura Mountains and to assess possible corridors between this population and adjacent areas, I adapted a habitat probability model for lynx distribution in the Jura Mountains with new environmental data and extrapolated it over the entire mountain range. The model predicts a breeding population ranging from 74-101 individuals and from 51-79 individuals when continuous habitat patches < 50 km2 are disregarded. The Jura Mountains could once be part of a metapopulation, as potential corridors exist to the adjoining areas (Alps, Vosges Mountains, and Black Forest). Monitoring of the population size, spatial expansion, and the genetic surveillance in the Jura Mountains must be continued, as the status of the population is still critical. ENFA was used to predict the potential distribution of lynx in the Alps. The resulting model divided the Alps into 37 suitable habitat patches ranging from 50 to 18,711 km2, covering a total area of about 93,600 km2. When using the range of lynx densities found in field studies in Switzerland, the Alps could host a population of 961 to 1,827 residents. The results of the cost-distance analysis revealed that all patches were within the reach of dispersing lynx, as the connection costs were in the range of dispersal cost of radio-tagged subadult lynx moving through unfavourable habitat. Thus, the whole Alps could once be considered as a metapopulation. But experience suggests that only few disperser will cross unsuitable areas and barriers. This low migration rate may seldom allow the spontaneous foundation of new populations in unsettled areas. As an alternative to natural dispersal, artificial transfer of individuals across the barriers should be considered. Wildlife biologists can play a crucial role in developing adaptive management experiments to help managers learning by trial. The case of the lynx in Switzerland is a good example of a fruitful cooperation between wildlife biologists, managers, decision makers and politician in an adaptive management process. This cooperation resulted in a Lynx Management Plan which was implemented in 2000 and updated in 2004 to give the cantons directives on how to handle lynx-related problems. This plan was put into practice e.g. in regard to translocation of lynx into unsettled areas. Résumé L’expansion d’une population en phase de recolonisation, qu’elle soit issue de réintroductions ou d’un retour naturel dépend 1) de facteurs biologiques tels que le système social et le mode de dispersion, 2) de la distribution et la disponibilité des ressources (proies), 3) de l’habitat et des éléments du paysage, 4) de l’acceptation de l’espèce par la population locale et des activités humaines. Afin de pouvoir dé- velopper des stratégies efficaces de conservation et de favoriser la recolonisation, chacun de ces fac- teurs doit être pris en compte. En plus, la distribution potentielle de l’espèces doit pouvoir être déter- minée et enfin, toutes les possibilités pour atteindre les objectifs, examinées. La phase de haute densité que la population de lynx a connue dans les années nonante dans le nord- ouest des Alpes suisses a donné lieu à une controverse
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Upper Rhine Valley: a Migration Crossroads of Middle European Oaks
    Upper Rhine Valley: A migration crossroads of middle European oaks Authors: Charalambos Neophytou & Hans-Gerhard Michiels Authors’ affiliation: Forest Research Institute (FVA) Baden-Württemberg Wonnhaldestr. 4 79100 Freiburg Germany Author for correspondence: Charalambos Neophytou Postal address: Forest Research Institute (FVA) Baden-Württemberg Wonnhaldestr. 4 79100 Freiburg Germany Telephone number: +49 761 4018184 Fax number: +49 761 4018333 E-mail address: [email protected] Short running head: Upper Rhine oak phylogeography 1 ABSTRACT 2 The indigenous oak species (Quercus spp.) of the Upper Rhine Valley have migrated to their 3 current distribution range in the area after the transition to the Holocene interglacial. Since 4 post-glacial recolonization, they have been subjected to ecological changes and human 5 impact. By using chloroplast microsatellite markers (cpSSRs), we provide detailed 6 phylogeographic information and we address the contribution of natural and human-related 7 factors to the current pattern of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation. 626 individual trees 8 from 86 oak stands including all three indigenous oak species of the region were sampled. In 9 order to verify the refugial origin, reference samples from refugial areas and DNA samples 10 from previous studies with known cpDNA haplotypes (chlorotypes) were used. Chlorotypes 11 belonging to three different maternal lineages, corresponding to the three main glacial 12 refugia, were found in the area. These were spatially structured and highly introgressed 13 among species, reflecting past hybridization which involved all three indigenous oak species. 14 Site condition heterogeneity was found among groups of populations which differed in 15 terms of cpDNA variation. This suggests that different biogeographic subregions within the 16 Upper Rhine Valley were colonized during separate post-glacial migration waves.
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into the Thermal History of North-Eastern Switzerland—Apatite
    geosciences Article Insights into the Thermal History of North-Eastern Switzerland—Apatite Fission Track Dating of Deep Drill Core Samples from the Swiss Jura Mountains and the Swiss Molasse Basin Diego Villagómez Díaz 1,2,* , Silvia Omodeo-Salé 1 , Alexey Ulyanov 3 and Andrea Moscariello 1 1 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, 13 rue des Maraîchers, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; [email protected] (S.O.-S.); [email protected] (A.M.) 2 Tectonic Analysis Ltd., Chestnut House, Duncton, West Sussex GU28 0LH, UK 3 Institut des sciences de la Terre, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This work presents new apatite fission track LA–ICP–MS (Laser Ablation Inductively Cou- pled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) data from Mid–Late Paleozoic rocks, which form the substratum of the Swiss Jura mountains (the Tabular Jura and the Jura fold-and-thrust belt) and the northern margin of the Swiss Molasse Basin. Samples were collected from cores of deep boreholes drilled in North Switzerland in the 1980s, which reached the crystalline basement. Our thermochronological data show that the region experienced a multi-cycle history of heating and cooling that we ascribe to burial and exhumation, respectively. Sedimentation in the Swiss Jura Mountains occurred continuously from Early Triassic to Early Cretaceous, leading to the deposition of maximum 2 km of sediments. Subsequently, less than 1 km of Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic sediments were slowly eroded during the Late Cretaceous, plausibly as a consequence of the northward migration of the forebulge Citation: Villagómez Díaz, D.; Omodeo-Salé, S.; Ulyanov, A.; of the neo-forming North Alpine Foreland Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Response of Drainage Systems to Neogene Evolution of the Jura Fold-Thrust Belt and Upper Rhine Graben
    1661-8726/09/010057-19 Swiss J. Geosci. 102 (2009) 57–75 DOI 10.1007/s00015-009-1306-4 Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2009 Response of drainage systems to Neogene evolution of the Jura fold-thrust belt and Upper Rhine Graben PETER A. ZIEGLER* & MARIELLE FRAEFEL Key words: Neotectonics, Northern Switzerland, Upper Rhine Graben, Jura Mountains ABSTRACT The eastern Jura Mountains consist of the Jura fold-thrust belt and the late Pliocene to early Quaternary (2.9–1.7 Ma) Aare-Rhine and Doubs stage autochthonous Tabular Jura and Vesoul-Montbéliard Plateau. They are and 5) Quaternary (1.7–0 Ma) Alpine-Rhine and Doubs stage. drained by the river Rhine, which flows into the North Sea, and the river Development of the thin-skinned Jura fold-thrust belt controlled the first Doubs, which flows into the Mediterranean. The internal drainage systems three stages of this drainage system evolution, whilst the last two stages were of the Jura fold-thrust belt consist of rivers flowing in synclinal valleys that essentially governed by the subsidence of the Upper Rhine Graben, which are linked by river segments cutting orthogonally through anticlines. The lat- resumed during the late Pliocene. Late Pliocene and Quaternary deep incision ter appear to employ parts of the antecedent Jura Nagelfluh drainage system of the Aare-Rhine/Alpine-Rhine and its tributaries in the Jura Mountains and that had developed in response to Late Burdigalian uplift of the Vosges- Black Forest is mainly attributed to lowering of the erosional base level in the Back Forest Arch, prior to Late Miocene-Pliocene deformation of the Jura continuously subsiding Upper Rhine Graben.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 France, Jura
    Jura Winter Meet 14 - 20 January Leader - Mick Borroff Introduction The Haut Jura straddles the Franco-Swiss border to the north of Geneva and is characterised by long parallel limestone ridges and valleys along a northeast-southwest axis. Moving SW along this ridge from the north, the principal summits include Le Chasseron (1607m), Mt d’Or (1462m), Dent de Vaulion (1483m), Mt Tendre (1679m), Mt Sala (1511m), Le Noirmont (1567m), La Dole (1677m), Columby de Gex (1689m), Cret de la Neige (1717m) and Le Reculet (1718m). The panoramic view from these Jura summits across to the main alpine chain is magnificent, ranging from the Bernese Oberland to the Ecrins. The excellent PeakFinder website will give you a good idea of what is to be seen from many individual summits. Participants Helen Smith Mick Borroff , President Michael Smith John Brown Gail Taylor (guest) Ros Brown (guest) Richard Taylor Ann Chadwick (guest) Hilary Tearle (guest) Peter Chadwick Sue Thomason (guest) Tim Josephy Rory Newman We had been checking the snow reports and webcams for the Jura for a couple of weeks before and like much of the Alps, there was little snow to be seen. The weekend before we left it had snowed but Paul Everett, our chief Guest from the 2015 dinner who lives in Geneva, had been up Mont Sala near Les Rousses and had carried his snowshoes the whole way. Fortunately, a reasonable dump of snow had fallen late in the intervening week and all we had to do was get there! Sat 14th The party used a mixture of fly-drive, rail-drive and ferry-drive to get to Les Rousses on the French side of the border.
    [Show full text]
  • Precision Industry Cluster
    Precision industry cluster Facts and figures Leading companies Technology transfer Research and development Education Official bodies and associations Networking and trade fairs Our services Facts and fi gures: precision industry in Switzerland Facts and fi gures: precision industry in the Canton of Bern Swiss precision industry includes machine-building, electrical Precision industry in Switzerland The long tradition in the watchmaking industry has driven forward The Federal Institute of Metrology and the offi cialSwiss Chrono- industry and metal industry (MEM) and the watchmaking industry. know-how used in precision industry work. It is a major advantage meter Testing Institute have their head offi ces in the Canton of Bern. Share in Swiss Number of Number of It is characterised by a large number of SMEs that perform at the value added employees companies for the successful development of precision industry in the Canton of The Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry has its head offi ce in top level in the world market. As part of this, nanotechnology is Bern. Many well-known watch manufacturers are benefi ting from the Biel. The Swissmechanic federation, uniting SME employers, profes- opening up new opportunities for traditional microengineering and MEM industry 9 % 358,400 14,500 close proximity of suppliers in the Jura region. The supplier industry has sionals and specialists, has representative sections in Biel and Bern. electrical engineering, and in surface treatments. In Switzerland, Watchmaking 8.5 % 59,100 650 developed strongly and diversifi ed. Its businesses are not only working around 358,000 people work in precision industry and around industry in the watchmaking industry, but also in automotive engineering, med- Precision industry in the Canton of Bern 14,500 companies operate in this area of industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Bernese Anabaptist History: a Short Chronological Outline (Jura Infos in Blue!)
    Bernese Anabaptist History: a short chronological outline (Jura infos in blue!) 1525ff Throughout Europe: Emergence of various Anabaptist groups from a radical reformation context. Gradual diversification and development in different directions: Swiss Brethren (Switzerland, Germany, France, Austria), Hutterites (Moravia), Mennonites [Doopsgezinde] (Netherlands, Northern Germany), etc. First appearance of Anabaptists in Bern soon after 1525. Anabaptists emphasized increasingly: Freedom of choice concerning beliefs and church membership: Rejection of infant baptism, and practice of “believers baptism” (baptism upon confession of faith) Founding of congregations independent of civil authority Refusal to swear oaths and to do military service “Fruits of repentance”—visible evidence of beliefs 1528 Coinciding with the establishment of the Reformation in Bern, a systematic persecution of Anabaptists begins, which leads to their flight and migration into rural areas. Immediate execution ordered for re-baptized Anabaptists who will not recant (Jan. 1528). 1529 First executions in Bern (Hans Seckler and Hans Treyer from Lausen [Basel] and Heini Seiler from Aarau) 1530 First execution of a native Bernese Anabaptist: Konrad Eichacher of Steffisburg. 1531 After a first official 3-day Disputation in Bern with reformed theologians, well-known and successful Anabaptist minister Hans Pfistermeyer recants. New mandate moderates punishment to banishment rather than immediate execution. An expelled person who returns faces first dunking, and if returning a second time, death by drowning . 1532 Anabaptist and Reformed theologians meet for several days in Zofingen: Second Disputation. Both sides declare a victory. 1533 Further temporary moderation of anti-Anabaptist measures: Anabaptists who keep quiet are tolerated, and even if they do not, they no longer face banishment, dunking or execution, but are imprisoned for life at their own expense.
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Landscapes in the Jura Mountains During the 19Th Century : So Many Invisible Hands Jean-Marc Olivier
    Industrial Landscapes in the Jura Mountains during the 19th Century : So Many Invisible Hands Jean-Marc Olivier To cite this version: Jean-Marc Olivier. Industrial Landscapes in the Jura Mountains during the 19th Century : So Many Invisible Hands. 2009. hal-00974211 HAL Id: hal-00974211 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00974211 Preprint submitted on 7 Apr 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Industrial Landscapes in the Jura Mountains during the 19th Century: So Many Invisible Hands Jean-Marc OLIVIER University of Toulouse Framespa Nineteenth-century industrialization did not always mean a transformation of the landscape. In addition to English industrial cities, with big brick buildings and smoking chimneys, there were also invisible industrialized spaces. The Jura Mountains, a low range of peaks varying in altitude between 800 and 1500 meters, offer a beautiful example of this "soft industrialization". This phenomenon, consisting of cottage industries and small factories along the riversides, developed on both sides of the mountain range : the Swiss side1 on the east and the French side on the west. This kind of production evolved without modifying the natural balance of the region, which remained essentially rural throughout the 19th century, with few towns exceeding 2000 inhabitants2.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hazard Events Affecting Transportation Networks In
    Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-27 Manuscript under review for journal Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discussion started: 7 February 2018 c Author(s) 2018. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Natural hazard events affecting transportation 2 networks in Switzerland from 2012 to 2016 3 4 Jérémie, Voumard1, Marc-Henri, Derron1, Michel, Jaboyedoff1 5 1 Risk analysis group, Institute of Earth Sciences, FGSE, University of Lausanne, Switzerland 6 Abstract 7 Switzerland is a country threatened by a lot of natural hazards. Many events occur in built 8 environment, affecting infrastructures, buildings or transportation networks and producing 9 occasionally expensive damages. This is the reason why large landslides are generally well 10 studied and monitored in Switzerland to reduce the financial and human risks. However, we 11 have noticed a lack of data on small events which have impacted roads and railways these last 12 years. Therefore, we have collected all the reported natural hazard events which have affected 13 the Swiss transportation networks since 2012 in a database. More than 800 events affecting 14 roads and railways have been recorded in five years from 2012 to 2016. These events are 15 classified into six classes: earth flow, debris flow, rockfall, flood, snow avalanche and others. 16 Data come from Swiss online press articles sorted by Google Alerts. The search is based on 17 more than thirty keywords, in three languages (Italian, French, German). After verifying that 18 the article relates indeed an event which has affected a road or a railways track, it is studied in 19 detail.
    [Show full text]
  • The Occurrence of Wildcats in the Southern Swiss Jura Mountains
    Acta Theriologica 41 (2): 205-209, 1996. FRAGMENTA THERIOLOGICA PL ISSN 0001-7051 The occurrence of wildcats in the southern Swiss Jura Mountains Michael DOTTERER* and Frank BERNHART Dótterer M. and Bernhart F. 1996. The occurrence of wildcats in the southern Swiss Jura Mountains. Acta Theriologica 41: 205-209. Fourteen wildcats Felis silvestris silvestris Schreber, 1777 were trapped in winter 1993 in the southern part of the Swiss Jura Mountains as a bycatch. During the last thirty years of protection the presence of wildcats in Switzerland could be confirmed by a few dead-found individuals, but the status of the species was unknown. This is the first indication of an existing population. Even though the upper distribution limit of wildcats in central and western Europe is described at 800 m a.s.l., most individuals were caught in altitudes from 970 to 1200 m. We registered a higher catching success in south exposed beech forest and in the sycamore forest, than in the northern exposed Norway spruce forest. During snowcover above 30 cm no wildcats were caught. The capture sites were located within distances of 200-1900 m from human settlements. Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Tungasletta 2, N-7005 Trondheim, Norway (MD); Dans les Crocus, CH-1453 Bullet, Switzerland (FB) Key words: Felis silvestris, capture, distribution, habitat, Switzerland Introduction Since the middle ages the wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris Schreber, 1777 was exposed to extensive habitat loss and hunting pressure (Eiberle 1980) in central and western Europe. In the lowlands of Switzerland the wildcat became extinct in the 1920s, whereas in the Jura Mountains this species was common until 1930, but decreased continuously (Eiberle 1980).
    [Show full text]
  • Karst and Caves of Switzerland
    Jeannin, R-Y., 2016. Main karst and caves of Switzerland. Boletin Geoiôgico y Minera, 127 (1 ): 45-56 ISSN: 0366-0176 Main karst and caves of Switzerland R-Y Jeannin Swiss Instituts for Speleology and Karst-Studies, SISKA, PO Box 818, 2301 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland. [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper présents an overview of thé main karst areas and cave Systems in Switzerland. The first part encloses descriptions of thé main geological units that hold karst and caves in thé country and summari- zes a brief history of research and protection of thé cave environments. The second part présents three régions enclosing large cave Systems. Two régions in thé Alps enclose some of thé largest limestone caves in Europe: Siebenhengste (Siebenhengste cave System with -160 km and Bàrenschacht with 70 km) and Bodmeren-Silberen (Hblloch cave System with 200 km and Silberen System with 39 km). Thèse Systems are also among thé deepest with depths ranging between 880 and 1 340 m. The third example is from thé Jura Mountains (northern Switzerland). Key-words: caves, Hdlloch, karst, Siebenhengste, Switzerland. El karst y las cuevas mas importantes de Suiza RESUMEN Este îrabajo présenta una vision général de las principales areas kârsticas y sisiemas de cuevas en Suiza. La primera parte incluye descripciones de las principales unidades geologicas donde se desarrollan et karst y las cuevas en el pais, y résume una brève historia de la investigaciôn y protecciôn de los entornos de la cueva. La segunda parte présenta très regiones que incluyen sisîemas de grandes cuevas.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hazard Events Affecting Transportation Networks In
    1 Natural hazard events affecting transportation 2 networks in Switzerland from 2012 to 2016 3 4 J., Voumard1, M.-H., Derron1, M., Jaboyedoff1 5 1 Risk analysis group, Institute of Earth Sciences, FGSE, University of Lausanne, Switzerland 6 Abstract 7 Switzerland is a country threatened by a lot of natural hazards. Many events occur in built 8 environment, affecting infrastructures, buildings or transportation networks and producing 9 occasionally expensive damages. This is the reason why large landslides are generally well 10 studied and monitored in Switzerland to reduce the financial and human risks. However, we 11 have noticed a lack of data on small events, which have impactedaffected roads and railways 12 during these last years. Therefore, we have collected all the reported natural hazard events 13 which have affected the Swiss transportation networks since 2012 in a database. More than 14 800 events affecting roads and railways have been recorded in five years from 2012 to 2016. 15 These events are classified into six classes: earth flow, debris flow, rockfall, flood, snow 16 avalanche and “others.”. 17 Data comecoming from Swiss online press articles were sorted by Google Alerts. The search 18 is based on more than thirty keywords, in three languages (Italian, French, German). After 19 verifying that the article relates indeed an event which has affected a road or a railways track, 20 it is studied in detail. We get finally the information on about sixtymore than 170 attributes by 21 event aboutof events such as event date, event type, event localisation, meteorological 22 conditions as well as impacts and damages on the track and human damages.
    [Show full text]
  • Meine Gipfelsammlung
    Meine Gipfelsammlung Diese Liste ist gewidmet : Engelbert Treitinger, meinem (Ein)F¨uhrer in den Ostalpen, und Fred Fr¨olicher, meinem (Ein)F¨uhrer in den Westalpen. Ganz im Osten 1. Rangitoto 291m (Vulkan im Hafen von Auckland, mit Schiff und durch den Bush, nebst Bad im winterlichen South-Pacific, New Zealand 1973, wieder 1998) 2. Wytakeries 0m (mit David Gault, New Zealand, hier ging man umgekehrt : durch Bush und Schluchten zum Meer hinunter, daher die Null; mein “niedrigster” Gipfel) 3. Jiao Shan 300m (The Great Wall, Shan Hai Guan, China) 4. Tai Shan 1534m (der heilige Berg, Shandong Province, China) Dolmonites und Italien 5. Rosskopf 2600m (Obstanserseeh¨utte mit Beate) 6. Pfannspitze 2678m (Obstanserseeh¨utte mit Beate) 7. Zwolferkofel¨ 3094m (in den Sextenern mit Norbert) 8. Grosse Zinne 3003m (H. Frenademetz) 9. Plose 2571m (Brixen, allein) 10. Peitlerkofel 2875m (allein) 11. Saas Rigais 3025m (Reitberger) 12. Poppekanzel 2460m (Myriam) 13. Monte Maggiore 2200 m (Luggi) 14. Monte Pizzocolo 1581m (Lago di Garda, Luggi) 15. Gran Paradiso 4061m (Myriam, Andreas) 16. Vesuvio 1277m (Myriam) 17. Stromboli 924m (vom Meer aus; Myriam) Karwendel, Kette 1 18. Pfeiser Spitze 2317m (H. Atz) 19. Thaurer Jochspitze 2306m (H. Atz) 20. Rumer Spitze 2454m (H. Atz) 21. Gleirschtaler Brandjoch 2372m (H. Atz) 22. Brandjochkreuz 2268m (allein) 23. Vord. Brandjoch 2589m (Ernst, Alexander) 24. Hint. Brandjoch 2599m (Ernst 1971) 25. Hohe Warte 2596m (idem) 26. Kleiner Solstein 2637m (idem) 27. Grosser Solstein 2541m (idem) 28. Erlspitze 2405m (Engelbert+Inge, ⇒ Kuhljsp., Freiung, Seefeld) 29. Kreuzjochl¨ 2048m (Engelbert, Lisi) 30. Kuhljochspitze 2297m (oft) 31. Kuhljochscharte 2100m (h¨aufige Schitour, Engelbert, Norbert) 32.
    [Show full text]