OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 34 NO. 2 SPRING 1984

THE ARCHAEOLOGI 'SOQIETY 'OF OHIO The Archaeological Society of Ohio

TERM EXPIRES OFFICERS Robert Harter, 1961 Buttermilk Hill. Delaware. Ohio 1984 President Mike Kish, 39 Parkview Ave., Associate Editor, Martha P. Otto, Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio Westerville, Ohio 43081 Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, 1984 Immediate Past President Frank Otto, 2200 E Powell Rd., Zanesville, Ohio 43701 Westerville, Ohio 43081 All articles, reviews and comments on the Ohio Archaeologist 1984 Vice President Don Gelbach, 3435 Sciotangy Dr.. should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back Columbus. Ohio 43221 issues, changes of address, and other matter should be sent to 1984 Exec Sect. Scott Haskins, 484 Stinchcomb Dr.. the business office Apt 23, Columbus. Ohio 43202 1984 Treasurer Jim Perry, 2668 Blendon Woods Blvd. PLEASE NOTIFY BUSINESS OFFICE IMMEDIATELY OF AD­ Columbus, Ohio 43229 DRESS CHANGES. BY POSTAL REGULATIONS SOCIETY MAIL 1984 fiec. Sect. Chris Olenick, 8140 Anne St S.W , CANNOT BE FORWARDED. Navarre. Ohio 44662 1986 Editor Robert N Converse. 199 Converse Dr.. Editorial Office Plain City. Ohio 43064 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio 43064 TRUSTEES 1984 Alva McGraw, 1177 Eastern Ave, Chillicothe, Ohio 45601 BUS. MANAGER 1984 Jan Sorgengrei. Route 1, Pandora, Ohio 45877 Joe Redick, 35 W Riverglen Dr , Worthington, Ohio 43085 1984 Ernest G Good, 3402 Civic Place, Grove City, Ohio 43123 1984 Donald A Casto, 138 Ann Ct., Lancaster, Ohio 43130 Membership and Dues 1986 Dana L Baker, 1 7240 Twp Rd. 206, Mt Victory, Ohio Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable 43340 on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $12 00; 1986 Steve Balazs, 1010 N MulberrySt.. Mt Vernon, Ohio43050 Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $13.00; Contributing 1986 Douglas Hooks, 120 Yoha Dr., Mansfield, Ohio 44907 $25.00. Funds are used for publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit 1986 Wayne Mortine, Scott Dr Oxford Hts , organization and has no paid officers or employees Newcomerstown, Ohio 43832 The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and subscription Regional Collaborators is included in the membership dues. David W Kuhn, 2642 Shawnee Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio Charles H Stout, Sr , 91 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio Back Issues Mark W Long. Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse . $4.00 William Tiell. 13435 Lake Ave , Lakewood, Ohio Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse 3.00 Robert Jackman. Box 30, Wellsville, Ohio 43968 Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse 7.00 James L Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, Back issues—black and white—each 3.00 Columbus, Ohio 43210 Back issues—four full color plates —each 3 00 Gordon Hart, 760 N Main St , Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, Ohio 43443 are generally out of print but copies are available from time to Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056 time Write to business office for prices and availability

STANDING COMMITTEES SPECIAL COMMITTEES

NOMINATING COMMITTEE PROGRAM COMMITTEE PRESERVATION COMMITTEE SOCIETY PHOTOGRAPHER Robert Converse, Chairman Martha Otto, Chairman Jeff Carskadden, Chairman Len Weidner Steve Fuller Mike Schoenfeld Richard Patterson Jack Hooks John Winsch Jeff Brown FLOOR MANAGER'S Wayne Mortine Bob Hill James Murphy COMMITTEE Dana Baker Joy Jones Don Casto, Chairman MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Edith Campbell AUDITING COMMITTEE Jane Weidner, Chairman SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS Dave United Don Foster. Chairman Sharon Puttera COMMITTEE Robert White Craig Ciola Mike Wilson Robert Converse. Chairman Roy Stuart Mike Schoenfeld Ken Saunders Jeff Carskadden EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Billy Hillen Martha Otto COMMITTEE TO STUDY Scott Haskins Don Casto, Co-Chairman Greg Shipley BUDGETING Wayne Mortine Frank Otto, Co-Chairman Kim Ellis Don Foster, Chairman Billy Hillen Scott Haskins RAFFLE COMMITTEE Jim Hahn James Greenlee Chris Olenick. Chairman Eugenia Kish Steve Olenick Jason Greenlee Dawn Wilson Jim Gooding Jane Weidner Jim Perry Warren Mears FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS Doug Hooks (Joe Redick) COMMITTEE Buddy Haney Scott Haskins Dana Baker. Co-Chairman EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY COMMITTEE TO REVIEW Steve Puttera Steve Fuller, Co-Chairman COMMITTEE CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Doug Hooks Robert Hill. Chairman Robert Converse. Co-Chairman William King, Chairman Don Bapst Craig Ciola Don Gehlbach, Co-Chairman William Tiell Robert Converse Jeff Fruth Tom Grubb Dan Rosette Ernie Good James Gooding Jim Hahn Virginia Morelock Dorothy Good Martha Otto Paul Ford Mark Seeley Lar Hothem CONTENTS J A Remarkable Cougar Effigy 4 j President's Page Fort Miamis Project 6 j On May 20, 1984,1 will relinquish the visitation. We have enjoyed the food Fort Miamis Archaeological Excavations .9 j reins of the ASO Presidency to my even­ facility, free parking, and central lo­ Early Adena In Mahoning Valley 10 j tual successor. cation. Artifacts From Randy Kelly Collection... 12 j Desiring to enrich an educational pro­ My two years as your President have Ohio's Prehistoric Indians 13 gram, I suggested implementing our been most rewarding and personally regular meetings with amateur archae­ enjoyable. As President, I have expe­ Artifacts From Collection Of Jim Hahn .14 ! ologists and scientists who would speak rienced a few frustrations, several chal­ Two Adams County Plummets 15 ! on their special interests and experi­ lenges, and a host of gratifications. One A Shovel-Shaped Pendant 16 ! ences. of the greatest gratifications I can report Historic Powder Flask 16 I I was pleased that our membership to you is that of all the many requests I Scioto County Bottle-Shaped Pendant .17 j attended these mini-sessions in large have made of members and friends Blennerhassett Island: Participation In j numbers and was delighted to hear the during the past twenty-four months to Archeology 18 j nice things they had to say about our perform some service for ASO, I have Excavation At Edwin Harness Mound .22 j speakers and our programs. I personally had almost no refusal. This is the spirit Feelings About Your Society 22 j thank all our speakers who gave so of the Archaeological Society of Ohio! Hopewell Site In Ross County, Ohio . . 23 generously of their time and effort in With this kind of dedication on the our behalf. Your attendance and support Ceramic Art: Attainment of Primitive part of its membership, the trustees, and is a clear signal to me that our programs officers, the future of this organization Americans 25 I and services are meeting your needs. is assured. Squaw Island Trade Silver 26 I I also wish to thank all peoples who In closing, may I urge your continued Examples Of Ohio Slate 29 j chaired our Standing Committees and interest and support to improve all facets Artifacts From Lamantia Collection 30 { our Special Committees, their commit­ of our society and uphold the new lead­ Broken Fluted Point 31 j tee members and for their willingness to ership as we strive toward making the Hill 1040: An Archaic Campsite 32 j serve in these capacities, our Photog­ Ohio ASO the most cohesive organiza­ Archaeology and History: Historians' rapher, Floor managerial staff, and Re­ tion of its kind in the USA. We urge you Viewpoint 34 ! gional Collaborators for their untiring to participate in ASO activities and to Summer Picnic Meeting 38 ! efforts related to their job descriptions. share your talents and ideas. Turkeytails 39 j Our new facility has given us the space Thank you for giving me the oppor­ Hopewell Wood Duck Effigy Pipe 40 ! we have needed for our growing num­ tunity in the past to serve you as Re­ cording Secretary, Treasurer, Vice- Indiana Green 43 I bers in membership. We have adequate areas for displays, business meeting lo­ President, and now President. Damaged Fluted Point Bases 43 { cation, separate mini-session station, Michael Kish Humanoid Effigies 44 j and leisurely viewing of artifacts and Engraved Vasiform Pipe 45 j Converse Award Given Carskadden .... 45 j Socketed Celt 46 , i Our Joint Mission: A Bigger And Better A.S.O. i For many of us, collecting Ohio Indian new President hopes that we never lose relics and studying the related archae­ sight of this original purpose as one of i ology are a large part of our enjoyment the reasons for maintaining the A.S.O. j of our stimulating hobby. We gain satis­ Since we are a successful organiza­ j faction and euphoria from gathering fine tion with over 2,000 members we have j artifacts and speculating on their use by an additional responsibility; that is to be the cultures who lived in various parts of a vehicle for creating interest in pre­ ~ - I the state. Some of us are students of history through education and to pass FRONT COVER prehistory who participate in research along our experiences to both the ama­ Hidden by a century's covering of ! on these early Ohioans. We might enjoy teur and professional in Ohio archae­ trees and undergrowth, the Arledge ! excavating their remains and docu­ ology. This will insure that we have a mound is one of the largest burial I menting their lifeways. Some call us vital, healthy society in the year 2000. mounds in Pickaway County. Situated a j amateurs, para professionals, or even We must maintain honesty and integ­ short distance from the banks of tiny j professionals. But in all cases, we have rity in buying, selling and trading our Scippo Creek, the mound has never : a common mission, that is to achieve a splendid pre-Columbian artforms. Our been professionally excavated. It's di- ! better understanding of our native pre- continuing mission must be to eliminate mensions are impressive; it is one hun- j Columbian residents. as many of the fraudulent relics as pos­ dred twenty feet in diameter and at least j We can all benefit from our joint expe­ sible from our meetings. If we don't make twenty feet high. Since it is built on a j riences and knowledge of Ohio archae­ this a consolidated effort, the A.S.O. will rounded knoll it appears to be even , ology. That's why we have the Archae­ not have respectability in the year 2000. higher from a distance. ological Society of Ohio; not just to Lastly, we all have a stake in preserv­ Just south of the large mound is a ! collect, not just to study, not just to do ing the health of our Society. Our So­ smaller mound which isnowunderculti- ! fieldwork, but to share these pursuits ciety is not just officers, board members vation. It was originally five feet high j with each other. There is no room in our and people who attend "Indian relic and sixty five feet across, but today j Society for petty jealousies or anxiety shows." We have resources to do many it's height is somewhat reduced from about our lack of knowledge or to harbor worthwhile things such as: to publish farming. feelings that others only desecrate what periodicals in our area of interest, to The property on which the mounds ! prehistoric man left behind. sponsor meaningful archaeological re­ are situated is southeast of Circleville I Our Society was formed in 1942 be­ search, to present educational pro­ and is owned by Mr. Jerry Wolford. The j cause as hobbyists some of us simply grams, and to help create more enthu­ site is designated #33-Pi-35 and listed j wanted to get together and share our siasm for our avocation. on the National Register. I hobby. These were our roots and your (continued on page 16)

3 A Remarkable Cougar Effigy Gorget From Clinton County, Ohio By James L. Murptiy James L. Morton Ohio State University Libraries Columbus, Ohio

Among the artifacts preserved in the to cut animal maxilla masks described connected with the famous "Welch Wehrle Collection at The Ohio Historical from Adena (Webb and Baby 1957). A Butterfly" (Welch and Richardson 1879), Society is the unusual cougar or puma cut puma {Felis concolor) maxilla was now generally considered to be a fraud, effigy gorget illustrated in Figures 1 found with a burial in the Dover Mound, but the raw material, style of execution, through 4 (OHS 3490/12). According to Mason Co., Kentucky, and cut puma and even the comparative lack of atten­ the accession records, this item is mandibles are reported from the West- tion given to the cougar gorget by its "Steatite carved to represent lower jaw enhaver Mound, Pickaway Co., Ohio, discoverers all suggest that it is genuine. of puma1' and was collected by Jonathan and Mound 77 at the Chilton Site, Henry It will be noted, also, that the right canine M. Richardson and sons James E. and Co., Kentucky. A cut wolf maxilla from has been broken off and that the front Frank Richardson, in the vicinity of the Wright Mound 6, Montgomery Co., edge of the gorget is very irregular, Wilmington, Clinton Co., Ohio, sometime Kentucky, and a similar restored artifact suggesting that the gorget may have between 1865 and 1905. During this from the Ayres or Ayers Mound, Owen been reworked; if so, however, we are period, the Richardsons excavated Co., Kentucky, are shown in Figure 5, unable to determine what the original some 25 mounds in Clinton County, and reproduced from Webb and Baby (1957). artifact was like. no more specific provenience for the The resemblance of the Clinton Co. gorget is available. Much of the Richard- gorget to these animal masks is so strik­ sons' activity seems to have centered in ing as to suggest that the chlorite schist References the years around 1880. artifact is Adena rather than Hopewell Anonymous Although labelled "steatite," the gor­ and was intended to represent an animal 1970 Front cover. Ohio Archaeologist 20 (4): 249, front cover. get is made from a dark green chlorite maxilla mask. Although we have not lo­ Hart, Gordon L. schist similar to if not identical with the cated specific references to Adena arti­ facts made from chlorite schist, a chlorite 1973 "Great pipes'' of the Woodland material from which the "great pipes" Period. Ohio Archaeologist 23 (3): (Hart 1973) generally associated with cone (Anonymous 1970) has been illus­ trated from Brown Co., Ohio, and may 23. the Middle and Late Woodland periods Webb, William S. and Raymond S. Baby well be Adena. That the Clinton County are made. These are believed to derive 1957 The Adena People-No. 2. Ohio from the Tennessee area, as may the gorget represents a cougar or puma is Historical Society, Columbus. raw material. This artifact might, in fact, indisputable, since a row of relatively Welch, L. B. and J. M. Richardson be rather confidently assigned to the small incisor teeth is clearly repre­ 1879 An illustrated description of pre­ Hopewell culture on the basis of raw sented. Nor does there seem to be any historic relics found near Wilming­ material alone, were it not for the re­ doubt about the authenticity of the arti­ ton, Ohio. Journal Steam Printing, markable resemblance the gorget bears fact. It is true that the Richardsons were Wilmington, Ohio.

I

Fig. I Side view of Clinton Co.. Ohio, cougar effigy gorget. Scale equals one inch.

Fig. 2. Front view. Note faint incising made to represent incisor teeth.

A mti -OT-^IM *s*& >

h 1 .""••

Fig. 3. Bottom view. Fig. 4. Top view. Note irregular, unfinished or broken front edge.

Fig. 5 Restored wolf maxilla artifact from Ayres Mound, Kentucky, and (right) nearly complete wolf maxilla artifact from Wright Mound 6, Kentucky. Reproduced from Webb and Baby (1957). Fort Miamis Project: An Experiment In Public Archaeology By G. Michael Pratt Heidelberg College Tiffin, Ohio

During the spring and summer of onset of excavation activities and was the lower Maumee to Detroit, the post 1982, the City of Maumee, Ohio spon­ reiterated prior to the start of each day was designed to withstand assault by sored a professionally supervised public during the first week of the project. both infantry and artillery. Plans for the excavation program entitled "the Fort Written information was posted at the fort as proposed (Cruikshank 1924:309) Miamis project." The project was devel­ entrance to the site area, in the field have not survived, but contemporary de­ oped in response to the need to obtain laboratory, and in the participant log scriptions indicate a "regular" fort, i.e., a information on the condition and content book. rectangular work with bastions at each of the archaeological reminas of Fort Volunteers were logged in and out of corner. Miamis park, site of a British fort con­ the excavation area and participation The fort was constructed in two stages. structed in 1974. was permitted on a flexible basis. Those Initial construction in late May was Previous plans for site interpretation who could commit only short blocks of hampered by illness among the garrison were delayed when city officials became time were assigned to assist in lab activi­ and the fact that as Wayne's Army ap­ cognizent that proposed interpretations ties or as extra screeners. As persons proached the lower Maumee, work were poorly documented and without became proficient at certain tasks they shifted towards completion of parapets archaeological support. In an attempt to were permitted to assume increased re­ and batteries and clearing fields of fire. document existing information and sponsibility; however, all paperwork was These activities were continued through avoid inadvertant impact to the poten­ subject to signed approval by the proj­ the opening stages of the Battle of Fallen tial site, the City permitted Dr. G. Michael ect director or supervisors. Timbers, August 20,1794. With Wayne's Pratt, then with the University of Toledo During the ten week excavation period departure from the area, a hurried re­ Regional O.H.P. Office, to conduct brief a field laboratory was operated within inforcement of defense structures was test excavations in the spring of 1981. the cordoned area of the site. This lab followed by attempts to get the bulk of These excavations demonstrated that proved very useful when volunteers the garrison and its provisions under portions of the site were intact and well exceeded available excavation tasks, in cover for the winter, a task which was preserved (Pratt 1982). The importance facilitating artifact recognition by new­ not completed until late December. of continued archaeological research comers, and in dealing with persons of (Cruikshank 1925:219, 244). was recognized and due to a number of limited physical abilities. An indoor lab When U.S. forces assumed command factors including interest generated by facility was available for use during in 1796 an inventory of the post indi­ the 1981 project, limited financial op­ inclement weather, permitting project cated many of the buildings were "out of tions, and the perceived need for an activity to proceed under all conditions. repair" and that the fort had "never been all-ages recreation program, the City Upon completion of the ten week field completed. "(HSP) Although Fort Miamis accepted a proposal for a public archae­ program, laboratory sessions were held was garrisoned by U.S. troops until at ology program at the Fort Miamis site. off-site for three weeks. Combined lab­ least 1798, there is no indication of major The Fort Miamis project was designed oratory activities permitted the cleaning, repair or construction during this time. as a thirteen week excavation and lab­ cataloging, sorting, preliminary analysis (Bald 1944). oratory program which was opened to of most artifact types, and specimen pho­ The 1982 excavations were oriented the general public without charge. All tography of all diagnostic artifacts. towards exploration of the east and north ages were permitted, but children under During its thirteen week duration, wall and the northeast bastion of the 13 had to be accompanied by an adult. some 56 square meters of the site were fort. The initial excavation units en­ The project operated on a 40 hour week sampled through controlled excavation. countered portions of a structure ap­ which included Saturdays and two eve­ 100% of the fill from the units was proximately 5.8 meters (19 feet) wide nings for the convenience of those with screened, and more than 53,000 arti­ containing a cellar approximately 1.5 daytime employment. The Project was facts from 117 excavation levels and fea­ meters (5 feet) deep. The length of this funded entirely by the City of Maumee tures were cataloged by provenience building was not determined but the which provided a field vehicle, equip­ into one of twenty-one artifact cate­ structure appears to have been con­ ment, laboratory facilities, and salaries gories (nails, ordnance, non-ferrous structed of squared logs and set against for the project director Pratt, and two metal, prehistoric ceramics, etc.). All or into the east rampart. Structural ele­ professional supervisors Patricia Cron- categories were subjected to prelimi­ ments recovered included remains of inger and Janice del Castello. These nary analysis, ceramics and glass con­ the east wall timbers, floor and/or ceiling three, in turn, were assisted by several tainer fragments were crossmatched, joists, and planks and sleepers from the members of the Toledo Area Aboriginal and all major artifacts were photo­ floor of the cellar. Handwrought iron Research Society, experienced amateur graphed within the duration of the proj­ nails, window or sheet glass, brickbats, archaeologists who volunteered their ect. Over five hundred persons partici­ and mortar were also recovered from time. pated in the project for approximately within the structure. Liquor bottle frag­ In an attempt to simplify recording pro­ 5,600 volunteer hours of field and lab­ ments, ceramics, barrel hoops, a trade cedures, excavation level, feature, and oratory work. silver earring, lumps of vermillion and preliminary analysis forms specifically Fort Miamis was constructed in an British coins were recovered from the tailored to the Fort Miamis site were attempt to prevent U.S. forces under cellar along with buttons representing developed. Excavation and laboratory General "Mad Anthony" Wayne from both officers and ranks of the garrison procedures were outlined and site eti­ defeating the Miami-Shawnee-Delaware regiment, the 24th Regiment as well as quette rules were posted. This informa­ confederacy and gaining control of the 1st American or "Queen's Ranger" tion was presented in a formal orienta­ British-held Detroit. Carefully sited to Regiment. tion session held three days prior to the control the land and water routes from A 5 x 2 meter unit in the northeast

6 bastion area yielded remains of the The 1982 project recovered some and 60 d sizes represented within a total casemate beneath the artillery platform. 17,000 artifacts relating to the construc­ size range of %" to 6". Invoices and Structural remains consisted primarily tion and occupation of the fort. Approxi­ shipping records in the Canadian Ar­ of charred planks, sleepers, and perhaps mately equal numbers of prehistoric and chives indicate nails were ordered by rafters within a zone of fire-reddened post-fort occupation materials were also hundred count and penny size. Most earth. The casemate represents a struc­ recovered but will not be discussed nails were recovered from within struc­ ture centered within the filled bastion here. tures and were probably utilized in which appears to have burned following The majority of the Fort's structural framing, flooring and furniture. However, abandonment of the fort since only a remains consist of bricks and nails. All nine square-head spikes, ranging from few nonstructural items such as Royal bricks appear to have been formed in 3" to 7%" were used in securing timbers Artillery and plain brass buttons were rectangular molds, with excess clay utilized in exterior building walls. recovered. "struck" or scraped level with the top of The recovery of these remains indi­ Additional units in the throat of the the molds. Bricks exhibit distinctive cate that the fort was intended as a bastion produced numerous for period striations on the top and show matted substantial and permanent structure. artifacts such as case bottle fragments, grass or straw impressions on the bottom Brick and mortar hearths and chimneys, a variety of ceramics, artillery and other site. As was the case at Forts Michili- glass windows and board floors were buttons, gun flints and lead flint pads, mackinac (Stove 1974) and Stanwix indicated archaeologically and invoices iron cannister shot and Brown Bess or (Hanson and HSU 1974), bricks may for the construction of berths, tables, "land pattern" musket butt plat. This have been produced at the site from and benches for barrack buildings sur­ material was recovered from beneath a local clays and the presence of a cal­ vive in the Canadian Archives. However, layer of brick bats and within an ash cined bone fragment in one specimen by 1796 a British inventory of fort struc­ lands area. These units are alligned with suggests on-site, midden-bearing soils tures listed many as wanting repair and the casemate of the bastion and may may have been utilized. No complete after assuming control of the Fort, represent a collapsed brick entranceway bricks were recovered from the site but Wayne wrote that without immediate for the casemate or a large fireplace and measurable fragments suggest a median repairs the fort would quickly fall into chimney area associated with the case­ width of 106.5 mm (4)4") and thickness ruins. This statement was prophetic mate or an adjacent structure. The of 54.2 mm (2K"). since by 1813 only the ruins of the variety and number of Royal artillery The majority of nails utilized at the fort ramparts were visible. buttons suggest that this area was oc­ consisted of handwrought "rosehead" The 1981 and 1982 excavations re­ cupied or frequented by the northeast types (Stone 1974). 85% of these fit the vealed that at least in the eastern portion bastion gunners. "penny nail" scale with 2 to.3Qd-, 40 d, of the fort a level platform was prepared by filling .5 to 1.5 meters above the nat­ floor boards, be easily overlooked, or Cruikshank, E. A. ural slope of the land with loosely packed were broken. Larger items such as a 1923- The Correspondence of Lieut. Gov- clay. Although this activity sealed a large carving knife, and shoe buckle seem to 1931 ernor John Graces Simcoe, with Allied Documents Relating to this area of prehistoric midden for future have been discarded into a midden in Administration of the Government archaeological research it provided a the exterior ditch. of Upper Canada. Ontario Historical situation where the fort structures were The Fort Miamis Project was success­ Society, Toronto Vol. 1-5. built partially on fill and partially on the ful in terms of recovering information Hanson, Lee and Dick Ping HSU natural surface. about the construction and decay of Fort 1975 Casemates and Cannonballs: Ar­ In all cases that were archaeologically Miamis, as well as additional informa­ chaeological Investigations at Fort examined, the sill and lower wall timbers tion on the Late Woodland occupants of Stanwix, Rome, New York. Publica­ had settled deeply into the fill, while the Maumee Valley. Certainly just as sig­ tions in Archaeology 14, U.S. De­ nificant, over five hundred more persons partment of Interior, National Park those on the natural surface had not. Service, Washington. Thus, many of the structures of the fort in the Toledo area were treated to a first­ appear to have been subjected to torque hand experience in archaeology. Many Pratt, G. Michael 1982 The Construction and Appearance or warping by settling processes which more were able to visit the site and of Fort Miamis: A Preliminary Re­ probably began with the first rain fol­ judging from expressed interest in con­ tinuation of the project, these people port to the City of Maumee, Unpub­ lowing construction. Erosion of the fill lished 19 pp. also explains the slumpling of the clay can be counted upon for continued Stone, Lyle M. side walls and puddled clay deposits in support and interest in archaeological endeavors. 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: the cellar located beneath the east wall An Archaeological Perspective on structure. the Revolutionary Frontier. Publi­ Bibliography cations of the Museum, Michigan Most of the artifacts relating to the Bald, F. Cleaver State University Anthropological fort occupants are small items, such as 1944 Fort Miamis, Outpost of Empire Series, No. 2, East Lansing. buttons, ceramic fragments, coins, gun- Northwest Ohio Quarterly April HSP Marchalk to Wayne August 14, flints and small caliber shot and appear 1944: 74-111 (Reprinted by Toledo 1796 in Anthony Wayne Papers, to be items which could fall between Metropolitan Park Board). Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

Program Announcement—Digging Into History, Public Archaeology at Fort Miamis

May 10, 1984—Maumee High School-7:00 PM Orientation session —G. Michael Pratt, Director May 17,1984—St. Pauls Auditorium-7:00 PM Ohio Indians and the Fallen Timbers Campaign May 21-June 29,1984 —Six Week Excavation/Laboratory Program —Fort Miamis Park—M-W-F 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM T-Th 12:00 noon to 8:30 PM July2-July 13, 1984—Laboratory Session Aug. 23,1984-Slide Presentation of Results-G. Michael Pratt

For further information contact G. Michael Pratt 419 448-2070 or 419 472-0350. The excavation program is open to all interested parties—no prior experience or reservation is necessary. Program is free and sponsored by a grant from the Ohio Humanities Council and the City of Maumee Recreation Program.

8 Fort Miamis Archaeological Excavations: Prelude to the Second Season By G. Michael Pratt, Ph.D. Janice del Castillo Archaeologist The University of Toledo The University of Toledo

In May and June of 1981 preliminary presented at that time listed four bas­ port or gate with a blockhouse or guard test excavations were undertaken at Fort tions, two with casemates; a water bat­ structure. Miamis b^ Dr. G. Michael Pratt, then tery; three bombproofs for soldiers Trench 2 produced few artifacts from Regional Archaeologist, Ohio Historic quarters; one bombproof for provision the fort period with the exception of sev­ Preservation Office, with a volunteer store and ordinance magazine; a bake eral parallel hewn timbers, the purpose crew composed of students from The house, blacksmith shop, carpenters of which is unknown at this time other University of Toledo and Maumee res­ shop, and engineers store; a log guard than that they represent part of the fort idents, most of whom are members of house, six log houses for officers quar­ structure. the Toledo Area Aboriginal Research ters, a log house for artillery and four log Both trenches disclosed considerable Society. houses outside the fort. A note proclaims evidence of prehistoric Indian occupa­ Assisted by the generous cooperation the works to be generally "very much tion in the form of lithics, bone tools, of the City of Maumee, owners of the out of repair, having never been prop­ and both grit and shell-tempered ceram­ property on which the fort is located, erly finished" (Penn. Wayne Papers 45, ics. Several intact refuse pits dating from the project was designed to determine 76). the period A.D. 500-1300 were uncov­ the existence of archaeological remains Fort Miamis was not considered strat­ ered in Trench 2. They had been covered of construction and occupation; to lo­ egically important and was abandoned by fill from earth moving activities during cate and identify specific structures by the American forces in 1798 or 1799 construction of the fort. listed in the 1796 inventory; and to aid at the latest. Laboratory analysis of the recovered the City of Maumee in future interpre­ Test excavations were conducted in material is in progress at The University tation of the Fort site. 1953 by the late Raymond Baby of the of Toledo. When completed, analysis of Ft. Miamis was constructed in 1794 Ohio Historical Society. His notes and this material will provide additional in­ by the British military in defiance of the the artifacts recovered were reportedly formation about the fort, its garrison, and treaty of 1783 which placed the U.S.­ deposited with the Ohio Historical So­ the material culture of the Maumee Re­ Canadian boundary well north of the ciety in Columbus but, at this writing, gion during the late Eighteenth Century. Maumee River. It represented a last have not been located. Due to the public interest generated ditch effort by the British to pacify their The 1981 Fort Miamis archaeological by last season's excavations, the City of Indian allies and retain as much as half research conducted by Dr. G. Michael Maumee will sponsor a ten week public of their threatened fur trade by providing Pratt excavated trenches in two areas of archaeology program at Fort Miamis a buffer zone in this area of their frontier. the fort. Trench 1 was placed perpen­ during the spring-summer of 1982. Still under construction in August of dicular to the location of the north wall Under the direction of Dr. G. Michael 1794 when Wayne met and defeated so as to bisect the parapet and any Pratt, the program will begin May 25 the Shawnee-Miami-Delaware confed­ structures present. This trench success­ and run through the end of July, with eracy at Fallen Timbers, Fort Miamis was fully uncovered a limestone and mortar laboratory analysis of recovered mate­ described by Wayne as "a regular strong double fireplace foundation, brick and rials continuing through August 21. The work" with four guns mounted on the glass fragments, and iron nails and program will include excavation and field river side, two bastions protecting the spikes indicating the presence of a sub­ laboratory activities on a daily and even­ rear (each mounting four cannon), and stantial structure. Gun flints, musket ing hours schedule with a Tuesday the whole surrounded by a ditch with shot, and pewter uniform buttons repre­ through Saturday work week. Although horizontal pickets projecting from the senting both U.S. and British forces of this is not a TAARS sponsored project, parapet over the ditch (Wayne Papers the period 1794-1796 were recovered TAARS members are invited and en­ XXXVII, 49, Penn. Wayne Papers 2, 81). from the remains of this structure indi­ couraged to participate. Barracks for housing the men were not cating it probably was one of the "three Research plans for the 1982 season completed until the end of 1794. In early bombproofs for soldiers quarters "listed at Fort Miamis are to continue to in­ 1795, expenditures on posts south of the in the inventory. Based on similar con­ vestigate the previously located build­ 1783 treaty line were ordered stopped. struction plans of an 1809 barrack at ing, gain increased understanding of the At Fort Miamis, however, further work Fort Maiden, Ontario, this building is arrangement of the fort, and search for was ordered for repairs to the men's projected to have been about 98 feet in other fort structures. barracks prior to the winter of 1795. length, containing three rooms divided The majority of the British garrison by two double fireplaces. A similar build­ was evacuated in June 1796 prior to ing would have been located adjacent turning the fort over to an American to this structure on the north wall, sepa­ force in July of that year. An inventory rated from it by a centrally located sally

9 Early Adena In The Mahoning Valley By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

On the overleaf of their book on The Fig. 2 for reverse sides of this spear.) Conclusion Adena People, No. 2, William S. Webb The second piece is also from Trum­ Though primary Adena occupation and Raymond S. Baby portray in map bull County's Mahoning Valley. It is an was a hundred or more miles away from form the area of Adena occupation in Adena leaf-shaped blade of whitish-gray the Mahoning River, cultural artifacts the Ohio River basin, drawing both on chert with reddish streaks of iron. Except found in the valley of that river suggest known Adena sites at the time the first for two small fractures on one blade the probability of at least occasional book, The Adena People, was written by edge, it is in excellent condition, thin Early Adena contact. Webb and Charles E. Snow in 1945 and and finely made, with sharp cutting Acknowledgment those revealed in subsequent explora­ edges. It measures 2>Y by 1% inches. 2 Appreciation is certainly due the tion. An examination of their map shows Both obverse and reverse sides are Audio-Visual Department of Miami Uni­ a succession of Adena sites stretching shown. (See Figs. 3 and 4). versity for assistance in the photograph­ from the Monongahela valley in west­ Third in this group is another Early ing of objects appearing in this and other ern Pennsylvania, down the Ohio valley Adena spear of possible Cresap Mound- articles by the author. from present day Pittsburgh to a point type variation, also from the Mahoning. just west of Cincinnati; then running Shaped from local chert of tannish gray References northward from the Ohio River into the color, it has an over-all measurement of ,5 Converse, Robert N. valleys of the Muskingum, Hocking, 2>2 by /ie inches. It has a flat based 1973 Ohio Flint Types, pp. 55-56. Archae­ Scioto, Little Miami, Great Miami, and stem expanding towards weak shoul­ ological Society of Ohio. Columbus. Whitewater rivers and southward into ders, a Cresap characteristic. The stem Dragoo, Don W. the valleys of the Kanawha, Big Sandy, measures 3A inches in length and % 1963 "Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis and Kentucky rivers. Included in this inches in width at mid-point. The quality of the Adena Culture," in Annals of area of primary Adena occupation was of chipping is much cruder than that of the Carnegie Museum, No. 37. Pitts­ the southwestern corner of Pennsyl­ the others. (See Figs. 5 and 6.) burgh. vania, southern and central Ohio, south­ The fourth and final piece appears to Greenman, Emerson F. eastern Indiana, northern Kentucky, and be another Early Adena spear, possibly 1932 "Excavation of the Coon Mound and an Analysis of the Adena Cul­ western and northern West Virginia. of Cresap-type though unlike the other Significantly, neither an earlier analysis ture," in Ohio State Archaeological two spears in this group from the Ma­ and Historical Quarterly, Vol. XLI, of Adena cultural sites by Emerson F. honing the stem is ovate rather than flat- pp. 366-523. Columbus. Greenman in 1932 nor a subsequent based. The shoulders are well defined, Shriver, Phillip R. one by Don W. Dragoo in 1963 took and the blade is long in proportion to the 1982 "An Adena Site at Lake Rockwell," exception to the conclusion of Webb stem. Made from coarse black flint from in Ohio Archaeologist, Vol. 32, No. and Baby that this was indeed the extent eastern Ohio, the spear measures 3% 2, Spring, 1982, p. 32. Columbus. of the area of Adena occupation in the inches in length by VA inches in width. Webb, William S. and Raymond S. Baby Ohio River basin. The stem is 1 inch long by 3A inch wide at 1957 The Adena People, No. 2. Ohio Historical Society. Columbus. Though these several studies corrob­ mid-point. Sizeable percussion scars are Webb, William S. and Charles E. Snow orate rather conclusively that primary present on both blade faces, a diagnos­ tic characteristic of both Early and 1945 "The Adena People," in Reports in Adena occupation did not extend much Archaeology and Anthropology, Middle Adena according to Converse above the present Knox County area of Vol. VI. University of Kentucky, (1973, 56). (See Figs. 7 and 8.) central Ohio, I have personally exam­ Lexington. ined one Adena site in northeastern Ohio in the valley of the Cuyahoga River in present Portage County (Shriver: 1982,32) and I have collected a number of Adena artifacts from both Portage and neighboring Trumbull County from the valleys of both the Cuyahoga and Ma­ honing rivers. The focus of this present article is on Early Adena points and blades from the Mahoning Valley of Trumbull County, several of which are pictured here. The first is a large dark blue spear with a light tan stem. Showing beautiful workmanship and still in excellent con­ dition, it was fashioned from eastern Ohio flint. Possibly a variant of the so- called "Cresap Point," it is flat-based with a narrow stem and defined shoulders. If it is a Cresap type, as appears to be the case, Robert Converse suggests a pos­ sible date of 500 B.C. (1973, 55). Long and narrow, it measures 5Va inches by 1 % inches overall, with a stem that is 1 % inches in length and 13/ie inches in width Fig. 1 (Shriver) Large Early Adena spear of Fig. 2 (Shriver) Same spear as that in Fig. 1. at mid-point. (See Fig. 1 for obverse and blue and tan flint. Found in the Mahoning Val­ Reverse side. ley of Trumbull County.

10 Fig. 3 (Shriver) Adena leaf-shaped knife from Fig. 4 (Shriver) Reverse side, showing two Fig. 5 (Shriver) Flat-stemmed Early Adena the Mahoning Valley. small fractures on the cutting edge. spear of tannish gray chert.

Fig. 6 (Shriver) Same chert spear, reverse side. Fig. 7 (Shriver) Ovate stemmed Early Adena Fig. 8 (Shriver) Reverse side, showing large spear of black flint. percussion scars.

1 1 Artifacts From The Randy Kelly Collection By Randy Kelly Rt. 2 Box 581, Minford, Ohio

In the accompanying photographs are a few of the artifacts I have found. I have been surface hunting for three years and have built up a very nice collection with artifacts mostly from Scioto County.

Fig. 2. Collection of birdpoints from Scioto County. Fig. 3. Two celts and a hoe. Celt, on left, and hoe were found near Scioto River in Scioto County. Celt Fig. 1. A very fine % grooved axe on right is made of black flint and was found on Ohio made of green and white speckled River bank in Callipolis, Ohio. granite. 4Vi inch es long, from Scioto County. Ifftff •••ffff

Fig. 5. Closeup of three points from Fig. 4. Point on right found near Ohio River in Western Scioto County. Middle IM§*t point was found on west bank of the Scioto River in Southern Scioto County The large drill was found on Ohio River bank Fig. 4. Group of surface finds made up of large blades and in Callipolis, Ohio. spear points.

o 0 0

Fig. 8. Two Paleo points were found in a 4$+/%\* f rock shelter in Jackson County, Ohio. The three points were found in Scioto ^ a a A Fig. 7. Frame of Turkey tails from the Kelley County near Minford Airport, along the Fig. 6. Hematite, slate, and granite artifacts all from Cache. Cache was found while surface hunting Little Scioto River. Scioto County, Ohio. near Pike County, Ohio in the Spring of 1983. Many points were pieced together by Scott Kelly, finder of the Cache.

12 OHIO'S PREHISTORIC INDIANS Submitted By Thomas C. Grubb 1017 Newark Rd., Mt. Vernon, Ohio 43050

300BC-600 AD C I. HOPEWELL *• SKILLED IN MAKING ARTI­ FACTS AND IN CONSTRUCT­ (I ING EARTHWORKS 9000-6000 BC FLUTED POINTS PALAEO-INPIANS 6000-1500 BC •RUNTED MAfjIObuN ARCHAIC

PLANO SPEAR POINTS J"- C±S.v^-W" (\v: v

USE OF HAMMERSTONES, 2500-1000 BC GLACIAL KAME GROOVED AXES, ATLATLS 1000 BC-400 AD J AND SPEARS ADENA *' COPPER *£** CUT-OUT PLATFORM PIPE

800-1300 AD COLE

FIRST IN THIS AREA TO SEEDS WERE PLANTED IN MAKE COPPER ARTIFACTS HOLES MADE BY A DIGGING STICK FOOD SOURCES WERE FISH, COOKED IN STONE COV-7 CLAMS, ANIMALS, NUTS, ERED PITS WITH A FIRE BUILT BERRIES AND ROOTS 0 ON TOP LEAF SPEAR CELT SHAPED POINTS BLADE SPEAR CHIPPED "L" SHAPED POINTS CELT PIPE

MADE ROUND BURIAL PITS SPEAR POINTS WERE MADE IN HILLS OF GRAVEL LEFT BY BY CHIPPING FLINT WITH GLACIERS INCISED STONE TABLETS 1000-1654 AD 7. A PIECE OF GRANITE ERIE (NORTHERN OHIOI BTFTATED BY IROQUOIS

1"^ FORT ANCIENT a GD 00 (SOUTHERN OHIO) PIPE SPEAR BIRD CIRCULAR PESTLE GROOVED POTTERY TUBULAR POINT STONE SHELL AX VESSELS PIPES GORGET

ARCHAIC SPEAR POINTS

©Copyright The Ohio Historical Society

13 Artifacts From The Collection Of Jim Hahn By Jim Hahn Newark, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Hahn) Shown are some of the artifacts from my collection. All are from Ohio counties of Richland, Knox, Darke, Summit. Ross, Licking, Butler. Montgomery and Stark.

14 Two Adams County Plummets By Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679

Many artifacts receiving attention ently intended for heavy, everyday Piano Complex era through the late within the pages of this publication tend usage and therefore are devoid of har­ Mississippian/Ft. Ancient phase. The to be well crafted examples of prehis­ monious lines and classic features. plummet on the right was found in re­ toric artistry or at least exhibit some Illustrated here are two such examples cent years by Robert O'Brien of West interesting feature peculiar to the indi­ discovered in Adams County. Ohio. Both Union, Ohio. It was recovered on a vidual piece. However, as every archae­ of these plummets are fashioned from terrace on the east bank of the Ohio ologist and collector is aware, not every hematite, albeit not the highest grade of Brush Creek in Brush Creek Township. relic manufactured by early man illus­ that intractable material. The plummet Measuring 1 % inches long, it is made of trates symmetry, quality of material and on the left was found by the author on a burled hematite and exhibits polishing highly skilled craftmanship. Indeed, small terrace overlooking the Ohio River within the groove. Both of these pieces every collection, at some time or an­ in Green Township. This tiny site has are in the author's collection. other, contains artifacts that were appar­ yielded artifacts from the Paleo Indian/

iHfa,

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Two hematite plummets from Adams County. Ohio.

15 A Shovel-Shaped Pendant By Bob White 506 Heath Rd., Heath, Ohio

The undrilled shovel-shaped pendant The area in which this pendant was shown in Fig. 1 was found on the surface found is southwest of the Zanesville by theauthoron May 2,1983, in Muskin­ drainage area. gum County, Ohio. Although the pendant is not drilled, it This type pendant is extremely rare is a finely made piece of slate. The mate­ and until 1977 was surrounded with rial is gray-green in color with green some controversy as to which culture it stripes. This is the only whole piece of belonged. At that time a Hopewell slate I have ever found on the surface. A mound was excavated in Muskingum great many of these fragile artifacts are County by James Morton and Jeffrey broken by farm machinery. Carskadden in which several burials were found. In addition to other artifacts, References two burials were accompanied by Converse, Robert N. shovel-shaped pendants. A radio-carbon 1981 OHIO Archaeologist, Winter, pp. date for this mound of 300 AD was 16, 17. obtained thus making this pendant type 1978 OHIO Slate Types, by Robert N. late Hopewell (Converse 1978:74). Converse.

Fig. 1 (White) Undrilled shovel-shaped pendant of banded slate.

Historic Powder Flask Our Joint Mission (continued from page 3) By Matt McDonald All of us can pitch in. Contribute your 1095-F Carrie Lane, Fostoria, Ohio energy to helping us improve our So­ ciety. Volunteer for one of our many com­ While surface hunting a field in San­ mittees and help plan our future. Let's dusky County along the Sandusky River, make our Society not only the biggest a friend of mine found this powder flask. but also the most responsive and per­ A week later the cap was also found sonally rewarding state group in the 20 feet away. The flask, now in my col­ country. If you have any suggestions on lection, is probably English in origin and how to make your association with the is made of pewter except for the cap A.S.O. a more enjoyable experience, let which is brass. The damage may have us know. We need your ideas and sup­ come about from its being plowed out port to continue our forty-two year old of the ground since it is still partially building program. I look forward to serv­ full of hardened powder. ing you as your new President during the next two years. The Sandusky River area is rich in early Indian history as well as being an Don Gehlbach, President, A.S.O. area marched over by the French, Eng­ lish and Americans. It would be interest­ ing knowing the circumstances sur­ rounding its loss.

Fig. 1 (McDonald) Two broken pieces of an English powder flask.

16 A Scioto County Bottle-Shaped Pendant By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Prehistoric man, not unlike his modern found in Ohio are of the fringed, anchor, piece. Certainly the lower Scioto Valley counterpart, had an eye for artistic ex­ shovel-shaped, pentagonal, keyhole, is well within the traditional Adena area. pression, a concern for color and form. bell-shaped, trapezoidal, and pebble A case in point is the symmetrical bottle- types representing cultures from Early shaped pendant pictured, obverse and Archaic to Fort Ancient. I have seen reverse sides, in Figures 1 and 2. Found examples of all of these types, and indeed have representatives of most of in Scioto County in extreme southern References Ohio, not far from the junction of the them. Yet the only bottle-shaped pend­ Scioto and Ohio rivers,'the single-holed ant I have come across to date is the one Converse. Robert N. pendant was drilled from both sides and here pictured and described. Possibly a 1978 Ohio Slate Types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. Columbus. was fashioned from beautifully banded variant of the keyhole pendant, it has slate of light gray and green shadings the square upper end, large hole, Dragoo, Don W 1963 Mounds for the Dead: An Analysis with only a mottled cream-colored stripe smoothly flattened faces and well-de­ of the Adena Culture," in Annals of fined edges of the keyhole type. Also, on the reverse side as variance. At one the Carnegie Museum, No. 37. like most keyhole pendants it is distinctly time part of the Knoblock Collection, it Pittsburgh. was acquired by the author nearly thirty heavier and thicker than most other Moorehead, Warren K. years ago, in March, 1955. Measuring pendant forms. On the other hand, it 1917 Stone Ornaments of the American 4V2 inches in length, it is 2Va inches wide, differs from the keyhole in its square Indian. Andover Press. Andover, % inch thick in mid-section, with a hole lower end and in the absence of a pro­ Massachusetts. that is A inch in diameter. nounced outward flare from center sec­ Webb. William S. and Raymond S. Baby According to Converse (1978: 70-85), tion to the upper end. If it is variant of 1974 The Adena People No. 2. Ohio His­ the prehistoric pendants most frequently the keyhole form, it may be an Adena torical Society. Columbus.

•

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Banded slate bottle-shaped pendant from Scioto Fig. 2 (Shriver) Reverse face of the same pendant. County.

17 Blennerhassett Island: People Participating In Archeology By Stanley W. Baker Blennerhassett Historical Park Commission P.O. Box 283, Parkersburg, West Virginia

In 1979, the State of West Virginia the house to the ground and closed this investigate two sites. Excavations con­ began developing a new state park on very interesting chapter of island history. tinued at the Blennerhassett mansion an island in the Ohio River. This island, Blennerhassett mansion remained in and although work the previous year, named for Harman Blennerhassett its the minds of the local inhabitants 1973, was limited to partial definition of most well-known inhabitant, is situated throughout the 19th and early 20th the perimeterfoundation, the continued 1.5 miles below the mouth of the Little centuries. Not until the West Virginia work allowed the near total excavation Kanawha River at Parkersburg, West Vir­ Geological and Economic Survey began of the foundation's interior. This work ginia. Blennerhassett Island is much archeological excavations at the site did not only provided dimensional informa­ different than other parks found through­ people begin to realize that there was a tion, which had not been preserved in out the state. Most of these parks are potential to learn much more about one historical records, but much of the build­ found in mountainous regions. However, of the most famous families who lived in ing's hardware including hinges, door the natural beauty of Blennerhassett the Upper Ohio Valley. This and other locks, and even segments of ornate Island is derived from the flood plain efforts rekindled Blennerhassetts idea plaster moldings were found preserved environment surrounded by the Ohio to make the island a showplace, as it in the 1811 fire rubble. Since the fire River's wide expanse. The natural was once called. spread quickly and with almost no warn­ beauty is only one attraction. To 40,000 Although serious archeological field- ing, most of the contents of the house visitors annually and to the dedicated work did not begin on Blennerhassett were also consumed and non-burnable staff of the Blennerhassett Historical Island until the early 1970s significant artifacts also awaited rediscovery by the Park Commission, the island is a place archeological resources were known to archeologists trowel. Although the loss where both the historian and the arche- exist there for at least 100 years prior to of the mansion was a tragedy, the arche- ologist have teamed together to make these formal excavations. The Smith­ ologist has been left with a very impor­ history come to life. In the past 11 years sonian Institution became interested in tant archeological time capsule filled the island has been the focus of inten­ the island in the early 1880's and they with remains from a very discreet 13- sive research to learn as much as pos­ now house a modest but important col­ year period, the contents of which lay in sible about its former inhabitants. lection of Late Prehistoric artifacts re­ the ground undisturbed for some 160 Obviously, the story of Blennerhassett covered by J. P. MacLean in 1882. This years. Island should begin with its namesake. information, the constant recovery of In 1974, the West Virginia Geological Harman Blennerhassett was an Irish prehistoric artifacts by local collectors and Economic Survey's Section of Ar­ aristocrat who migrated to North Amer­ in the following years, and the subse­ cheology also conducted full scale ex­ ica in 1796. While on the east coast, quent interest in relocating the actual cavations at a Late Prehistoric site called Blennerhassett made many new friends. mansion site culminated in 1973 with Neale's Landing. Sheet midden, large Unlike these other men of wealth, he testing on the island. Although each site refuse pits,"human burial remains and became enamored with the idea of mov­ addressed by the West Virginia Geologi­ one rectangular house was uncovered. ing west. By 1798, he had in fact moved cal Survey in that year was important, The Neale's Landing Site excavations to the Ohio Valley and bought the upper the identification of the mansion foun­ were quite important since analysis of half of a 400-acre island then called dations stimulated interest in the island the material culture of the people who Belpre or Backus Island In the spring of and research has continued to date. occupied the site indicates that the site that year he immediately began devel­ Public interest, and both historic and was occupied a mere 350 years ago. oping his estate. This development in­ archeological research ultimately en­ The occurrence of trade goods, includ­ cluded a 8200 square foot mansion near couraged the West Virginia Legislature ing glass beads, brass cut-outs and an the head of the island. Upon completion to create the Blennerhassett Historical iron trade axe, suggested that the in­ in 1800, this house became the focus of Park Commission specifically to pro­ habitants were in limited or indirect con­ social life throughout the region. Ap­ mote, develop and preserve this im­ tact with coastal European populations. proaching the island from upstream, one portant historical resource. With the In fact, the inhabitants on Blennerhas­ was met by the sight of this magnificent formation of the Commission in 1975 sett Island were probably quite unaware white two-story house rising out of the archeological investigations have con­ of the new European coastal settle­ wilderness. In the Palladian style, the tinued and a total of 16 significant arche­ ments. Ceramics from the site are cur­ main house was flanked by two depen­ ological sites have been studied. Blen­ rently being re-evaluated, and this dencies, an office and a summer kitchen. nerhassett Island is geomorphologically research might provide valuable data These three elements of the house were complex, and in reality about 15% of the regarding Proto-historic cultural expan­ connected by two curved and covered island or about 25 acres have been sion or re-alinement. It appears that this passageways. As one passed by either systematically surveyed. Obviously, only expansion was a result of economic side of the island, travelers would a fraction of the island's cultural history changes felt by native inhabitants glimpse either the formal gardens or the is known. throughout the region directly resulting kitchen gardens which lay to the rear of It should be stressed that archeologi­ from the new European market for furs the house. Further down the island, cal fieldwork was limited to a locational and the influx of technologically superior about V2 mile, one could see the estate's survey in 1973. However, funds secured merchandise. farm complex composed of stables, from the West Virginia State Legislature, Archeologists did not return to Blen­ barns, slave and servants' quarters and the West Virginia Antiquities Commis­ nerhassett Island until 1979 with staffing otheroutbuildings. For political reasons sion and the National Park Service al­ of the Blennerhassett Historical Park the Blennerhassetts left the island in lowed archeologists in 1974 to return to Commission and when additional data 1806. An unfortunate fire in 1811 burnt Blennerhassett Island and intensively were needed during the park's planning

18 phase. Subsurface testing efforts across ture excavations. Archeological exca­ artifacts or those remains derived di­ the island were resumed and a second vations just outside the mansion walls rectly from island excavations. Neither Late Prehistoric village was re-evalu­ have identified areas covered by rubble the Blennerhassetts or previous in­ ated. Widespread testing focused on relating directly to the 1811 mansion habitants of the island lived in a cultural areas highly prone to island or park de­ fire. By carefully removing this fill, ini­ vacuum. The inhabitants interacted with velopment. This and subsequent years tial layers of old topsoil were exposed other individuals and groups throughout of island exploration have given both which were found to contain such arti­ the region. Our understanding of many the archeologist and the designer much facts as imported china, glassware, mis­ prehistoric periods is a combined look new site information and an increasing cellaneous building materials, and at the material remains from many ar­ amount of data on how to best locate personal artifacts including pipe frag­ cheological sites. The collections and modern park facilities. All work on the ments. A well-conceived research strat­ acquisitions policy is based on this island, whether archeological or con­ egy was designed in anticipation of reality. Future visitors and researchers structional in nature, is dedicated to these historic remains and controlled coming to the museum will have the preservation and future research. For sampling of this old topsoil has defined opportunity to see and study a well- example, the second Late Prehistoric a pattern of "Blennerhassett Phase" rounded archeological collection based site, Blennerhassett Village, just men­ refuse disposal around the mansion. on this perspective. The archeological tioned, was defined and evaluated in Fieldwork was more than just the sal­ staff is already in the process of devel­ 1979 and 1980. It has been determined vaging of temporarily diagnostic arti­ oping an archeological library again that the site is not being affected .by facts. Archeological research has focusing on the Upper Ohio Valley re­ river bank erosion and that it is situated considered human behavior such as how gion. Not only will these reference mate­ well away from most public facilities. dooryard areas were once put to use. rials be an aid to strengthen the park's Further excavations at Blennerhassett Upon removal of these historic remains, research, they will be available pub- Village have been given a very low prior­ a thin layer of prehistoric midden and lically for both the professional and the ity. While other Late Prehistoric sites scattered features were found. The ex­ amateur. throughout the Ohio Valley will continue cavation of these remains is also con­ Interpretation and education are to be destroyed by urban expansion, this sidered to be particularly significant and closely related. A long standing belief at site will be a repository for intact data the data from this work will also contrib­ the park is that the general public should and a place where new archeological ute to our understanding of the island be able to witness the archeologist at techniques and strategies can be ap­ and how it was used throughout its work. During the past 2 summer seasons, plied by subsequent generations of history. daily excavations were scheduled to archeologists. The 1983 excavations continued to coincide with public visitation to the The fieldwork in 1982 and 1983 can define the perimeter fence around the island. Visitors were encouraged to in­ be described as a continued look as the Blennerhassetts formal gardens. In ad­ teract with the excavators. A volunteer "Blennerhassett Phase." In 1982, arche­ dition to the total excavation of the entire program has also been developed for ologists began looking at the grounds 240' eastern flank of the garden, a Late those individuals so inclined. For them around the mansion and tried to put this Adena open habitation site was inadvert­ it was a valuable learning experience. only known Blennerhassett structure in ently found along the northern limits of The volunteer program was however a some perspective. Sketchy historic rec­ the garden. Both Blennerhassetts line two-edged sword and the amount of data ords indicated that gardens and ancillary of posts and the 2000-year old prehis­ retrieved for study grew many fold as a buildings were once found on the island toric site were found to be focused at result of the amateur archeologist. and that the mansion was only one part the crest of an old island riverbank. In coming seasons, the archeological of a much larger estate. However, pre­ Archeological data such as this is pro­ program at Blennerhassett Island will cise locations for supportive structures viding a wealth of information suitable launch into experimental archeology. had all but been forgotten through time. for geomorphological research. This and Already planned is a prehistoric pottery The work in 1982 was met with much other geological data is providing much workshop where participants will be success since the cellar of a combina­ new information about the evolution and exposed to the processes of prehistoric tion washhouse-milkhouse and two earlier configurations of Blennerhassett ceramic technology. Recreating exam­ other cellars possibly used for food Island and is also an aid in predicting the ples of Native American architecture storage were found in close proximity to potential for sites in a variety of geo­ found on Blennerhassett Island have the house. The Blennerhassetts were morphological features which now com­ also been considered and the construc­ known to have a professional gardener prise the modern island. tion of an historic Indian hunting cabin at the estate, who was personally re­ Fieldwork on Blennerhassett Island is may soon become a reality to both the sponsible for a 2-acre formal, or flower, only one aspect of the archeologists researcher and the island visitor. Such garden. Although this garden was once job. In addition to the island park, a workshops will be designed to make the a pleasant retreat for both the family museum in downtown Parkersburg, West public aware in some real sense what and island visitors, its physical relation­ Virginia is also planned. More specif­ life on Blennerhassett Island was like ship with the mansion had also been ically, the museum would provide an and to explain how archeological data is forgotten. Through archeological efforts environment conducive to historical and collected and how it can be used. Con­ in 1982, the eastern flank of this garden archeological research, provide cura­ sidering the relative age of the arche­ was defined by uncovering the perim­ torial storage and laboratory facilities of ological program at Blennerhassett eter line of fence posts dug deeply into the conservation of collections, as well Island, it is quite vigorous. This vigor or the subsoil. as being a center for exhibitions and vitality is based for the most part on the Fieldwork in 1983 was once again interpretation of island cultural data. Six island's archeological potential. The park devoted to historic research. Excava­ activities are envisioned for the park and staff is allowing this potential to flower tions just outside the mansion walls were the museum. Two of the goals, i.e. exca­ and is not limiting the program to re­ scheduled in anticipation of the 1984 vation and preservation have been dis­ stored artifacts resting in museum cases. mansion reconstruction. With general cussed. Although collection activities For each visitor, Blennerhassett Island building in this area and the placement and exhibit have been mentioned, it can be a unique place where each per­ of 4 feet of new fill over the original site should be emphasized that the mu­ son can participate in the archeological elevation, modern use of the original seum's curatorial responsibilities will process in a variety of ways. site would preclude any extensive fu­ not be limited to just Blennerhassett

19 Fig. I (Baker) Aerial view of Blennerhassett Island looking upstream with West Virginia on the right and Ohio on the left flank of the Ohio River.

Fig. 3 (Baker) Archeological excavations in 1974 at the Neale's Landing Site on Blennerhassett Island.

20 Fig. 4 iBakcrl A 350 year old "Proto-historic" child's burial Fig, 5 (Baker) A 1979 news team viewing the work in progress at a excavated ai the Neale's Landing Site Note the pottery vessel 14th century AD. prehistoric village site on Blennerhassett Island. near the cranium and the bird effigy pipe associated with the chest cavity

Fig. 6 (Baker) Initial 1982 excavation of two stone-lined storage cellars found in association with the Blennerhassett Mansion.

21 Recent Excavations at the Edwin Harness Mound By N'omi Greber Liberty Works, Ross County, Ohio

An analytical study of data recovered Hopewell Archaeology during the 1976-1977 excavations at The Chillicothe Conference, by David the remnant of the Edwin Harness Brose Mound, located in the Scioto River val­ ley near Chillicothe, Ohio, and long 309 pages, 1980, $24. cloth, $13.50 paper (s) LC: 79-88607, ISBN: 0-87338-235-8 cloth recognized as a major Hopewell burial ISBN: 0-87338-236-6 paper mound. This site report reflects the ap­ plication of new analytic techniques in The Southeastern Check Stamped conjunction with the reanalysis of data Pottery Tradition: A View from collected from earlier (1840-1905) ex­ Louisiana, by Ian W. Brown cavations. The design and construction of a major Hopewell civic-ceremonial 100 pages, 1982, $6.25 paper (s) building, parts of its contents, and the LC: 82-10101, ISBN: 0-87338-272-2 mound that covered it are described. This important report of work done at Botanical, faunal, and soil analyses in­ the well known Harness mound by N'omi dicate that the physical environment in Greber is a welcome addition to the the central Scioto Valley near A.D. 300, literature on Ohio Hopewell. Miss Gre­ when the building was in use, was similar ber, who was assisted by a number of to that found in the area in the late eigh­ members of our Society, has given the teenth century Detailed studies of ce­ most in depth analysis of Hopewell burial ramics, lithics, and human skeletal re­ MCJA Special Paper No. 5 modes to date. It is unfortunate that she mains are presented, and the varied could not have been the one and only ex­ activities which took place within and 72 pages, 22 figures, 22 tables, 8)4 x 11", cavator of this unique monument since near the major structure, as well as im­ April in reality her work consisted of salvaging plications for interpretations of materials ISBN: 0-87338-303-6, $9.95 paper (s) what was left after a number of previous from Seip (Pricer) Mound on Paint • excavations. Creek, are discussed. Other books in the series of Midcon- If one were to have any criticism of tinental Journal of Archaeology Special This report will be of special interest the publication—and realizing it was not to archaeologists concerned with the Papers are: the purpose of the report—it would have Hopewellian complex in Eastern North Archaeological Survey and Settlement been interesting to have included a sec­ America. Pattern Methods in Central Illinois, by tion of up to date photographs of the N'omi Greber is Collections Curator Donna C. Roper large number of classic artifacts which at the Cleveland Museum of Natural 240 pages, 1979, $7.00 paper (s) came from this famous site. Highly History, Department of Archaeology. LC: 79-4539, ISBN: 0-87338-230-7 recommended. Robert N. Converse

HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT YOUR SOCIETY D. R. Gehlbach, President A.S.O.

Vitality is the foundation of any organi­ A.S.O. activities and organization. These are just a few of the sugges­ zation. The A.S.O. grows with new ideas 3. Recognize an A.S.O. chapter at each tions we've received. They all increase contributed by its active membership. meeting;' announce such things as the involvement of our membership at A number of people have come forward their location, activities, meeting our state meetings. With over 2,000 with suggestions on how our society can dates, officers, etc. members, we need to take a closer look be more responsive to our membership at how our meetings can become more 4. Provide name tags (member tags/ and become a friendlier, more intimate of a medium for becoming better ac­ group. Among the ideas received were non-membertags)forthose attending quainted and building friendships. We a number relating to our state meetings. the meeting. welcome your suggestions on how to 5. Have an annual best of chapter dis.- enhance the value of our state meetings. For instance: play award at the annual meeting in 1. Have a "sign in" book or register at May. the entrance for non members to sign. 6. Provide chapter sponsored mini-ses­ 2. Provide an opportunity for potential sions and more presentations by new members to have orientation on members of the A.S.O.

2? An Open Hopewell Site in Ross County, Ohio By Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio

In the fall of 1983, the father and son (Fig. 3C). The large body sherd lower combination of Ned and Mark Shaw, of right Fig. 1 is thin and heavily cord Williamsport, Ohio, discovered an un­ marked. It is black and grit tempered. usual site in Ross County, Ohio. The site Occasional large granules of pyrite can is located in a flat open field and is asso­ be seen protruding from both the outside ciated with no apparent earthworks or decorated and inner surfaces of these mounds. In fact, the Shaw's attention sherds. was drawn to the area, about 40' by 40', The flint inventory includes a number because of what seemed to be large of interesting pieces. Most typical are quantities of burned rock and earth and the Hopewell bladelets which are all a number of potsherds. Several surface made of jewel Flint Ridge flint and ex­ hunting trips were made to the site and hibit the usual three flake scar facets. a final test excavation revealed a great Two projectile points are classic Hope­ deal of typical Hopewell material. well—one being of the favorite Hopewell The area under discussion seems to honey colored translucent flint which is have little reason for being where it is. similar to moss agate. The second point There are no nearby streams, no par­ is of Upper Mercer flint and typical of ticularly high ground, and other than the many surface found Hopewell points. fact that it is situated in the epicenter of One uniface blade of yellow Flint Ridge Ohio Hopewell activity, there is little to flint has pressure flaking on all edges — set it apart from numberless similar lo­ 2nd row Fig. 2. Of interest are three cations in south central Ohio. triangular points. Two are thick and Several hundred pot sherds were heavy in cross-section and the third is found including a variety of rim designs small and thin and typical of Fort Ancient and body treatments. Portions of rims of varieties. The large blade upper left Fig. what seem to be two large pots are the 2 is of colorful Flint Ridge flint, yellow Fig. 1 (Converse) Hopewell rim and body largest sections shown in Fig. 1, top row. and orange, and is like many Hopewell sherds. The vessels were big — perhaps eighteen blades. A curious specimen is the Upper inches across—and are orange in color Mercer tool, top row 2nd, chipped as and grit tempered. From the lip down­ though it were used as a miniature plane. ward one and one half inches it is About a pint of cracked and disinti- smoothed, but where body expansion grated bone was found on the surface starts there are a series of vertical lines and in the excavation. Little of it is diag­ incised into the body portion (See Fig. nostic except what may be the small jaw 3A). Second row left in Fig. 1 is a rim of a dog or other carnivorous animal. which is orange-brown in color and grit This site is puzzling in that it seems to tempered. The top 3A inch of the rim is have an inordinate amount of pottery. It decorated with oblique cross-hatched does not seem to be a habitation site lines bordered by a row of tiny double since most of the material is confined to punctates (Fig. 3B). Second row right a rather small area. Perhaps further Fig. 1 is the rim of a fairly large pot with extensive excavation will reveal its no decoration but with large spicules of purpose. the grit temper showing on the surface

Fig. 2 (Converse) Typical Hopewell flint in­ ventory.

Fig. 3 (Converse) Drawings of the configurations and decoration on the pottery.

23 Hopewell and Adena points from the collection of Kendall Saunders, Westerville, Ohio. Top row-Hopewell points, Guernsey and Wood Counties. Middle row-Allen, Ashland. Lorain Counties. Bottom row —Marion County. Marion County. All points are of Flint Ridge material.

24 Ceramic Art: The Maximum Attainment Of Primitive Americans By D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Dr., Columbus, Ohio

Pre-columbian ceramic art in a broad third color. The prevailing motifs are a period. (A.D. 1400-1700). sense may be man's expression of taste, swastika whorl and vertical stripes. The Many individual pottery vessels of the the innate linking of symmetry and latter decoration is portrayed on the lower Mississippi not only represent the beauty. Although prehistoric pottery is superb pot shown in figure 1. Excavated maximum artistic attainment of primitive common in most areas of North America on the State Line Site, Pemiscot County, Americans, but, despite the present-day after the early woodland period, it is Missouri, this red on white bottle rep­ artistic traditions, are entitled to a place mostly of a utility sort, decorated, if at resents superior achievement in pottery with the best ceramic productions of all all, with simple cord and fabric markings. technology in the late Mississippian time. This is particularly true of the districts associated with the major midwestern river drainage basins. The outstanding pottery development of these northern districts is that of the Hopewell culture centering in southern Ohio. The utility ware is not impressive; the so-called ceremonial ware, however, was an important medium of art expres­ sion. Ceremonial vessels are distinctive in being often equipped with flattened bases and with feet. These are four in number, equally spaced to correspond to the four oval or flattened faces of the vessel. Handles are never present, and each side usually bears such conven­ tionalized designs as the roseate spoon­ bill or shoveler duck, indicated by incised outline. The interspaces are filled by crosshatching and roulette patterns. Quite characteristic of the lower Mis­ sissippi region are patterns made of single motifs three or four times re­ peated, accompanied by small circles tangent to one another or to the main figure. The space between these de­ signs is generally crosshatched and the whole pattern divided at intervals by three or four diagonal lines, the central line having incised, pointed dots at intervals. Apparently the artists of this region did not copy botanical forms. Foliate patterns and shapes derived from such vegetables as the gourd are ex­ tremely rare. Life forms, animal, reptile, and human are found modeled in the round in clay and stone and incised on clay, stone, copper, and shell. A vessel with the head and tail of a bird sculptured on opposite sides of the rim, sometimes realistically and sometimes high conventionalized, is quite common. The effigy forms and many others are often symbolic rather than aesthetic. Pure fancy, no doubt, had a place in the creation of unusual forms. An interesting development is found in southeastern Missouri and northeast­ ern Arkansas adjacent to the Mississippi River. In this region there occurs a painted form of pottery vessel called Nodena. Three variations are employed; red on buff, red on white and a very rare polychrome pottery with black as the

25 Squaw Island Trade Silver By Phillip R. Shriver Miami University

Ohio has at least two Indian burial the island has long been obscured from three ear bobs or earrings of rolled silver islands in the Lake Erie watershed. To the bay is attested by the caution ad­ (see Fig. 5, top and lower center), and residents of the area near Maumee in dressed by a French mapmaker of the 65 circular silver chain links of graduated Lucas County it is Ewi-ng Island in the eighteenth century: "L'entree de cette size from small to large, a representa­ Maumee River which they know as rivierre est difficille a trouver a cause tive selection of which is shown in Figs. "Burial Island" because of the historic des roseaux qui croissent a son am- 5 and 6. (The scale shown in Fig. 4 is Indian burials found on it. Associated bouchure." ("The entrance to this river calibrated in centimeters for compara­ with those burials were a number of is difficult to find because of the reeds tive purposes.) All of the pieces are trade silver items, including the two which grow at its mouth.") extremely thin. All appear to be pure single crosses, now part of the collec­ Though Squaw Island is just inside silver rather than plated. tions of the Ohio Historical Center in the Sandusky County line, a good col­ Interestingly, on the arm bands ap­ Columbus, which were featured on the lection of artifacts found on the island is pears the "touchmark" or hallmark of cover of the 25th or "silver" anniversary housed in the nearby Ottawa County the craftsman, the initials "R C", together issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. Unusu­ Historical Society Museum in Port Clin­ with the name "MONTREAL," evidently ally well-made and finely decorated, nei­ ton. When that museum began accepting the city where they were made. On one ther bears any identification as to its Indian cultural materials for its perma­ of the small wrist bands the initials "R C" maker nor the place where it was made nent collection in November 1931, it also appear. On the other there is no (see Fig. 1). received pottery items found on the engraving. "R C" was the touchmark of But mention "Burial Island" to old- island by Bruce and Richard Hostrup Robert Cruickshank, probably the pre­ timers living in and around the Sandusky and also a number of pieces of trade eminent silver craftsman in Montreal and Bay area and they will point to Squaw silver found there by Earl Wendling. among the very finest in all of North Island in the mouth of the Sandusky These latter objects of silver provide the America. George I. Quimby, Jr., has River opposite Winous Point in the ex­ focus for this article. observed that Cruickshank was "the treme western basin of the Sandusky Writing on Indian trade silver in the ranking silversmith with regard to quan­ Bay. Indeed, Squaw Island has been Canadian journal The Beaver \r\ Decem­ tity of production for the fur trade in called the "Burial Island" for more than ber 1942, Marius Barbeau has noted Michigan and vicinity, his touchmark a hundred years, dating back to the time that, "Plain money for the payment of appearing on 36 out of 119 ornaments" when the first Indian grave sites were furs was of little or no value to the Indians catalogued in the library of the Univer­ discovered on it. In recent decades, the in the wilderness of North America. The sity of Michigan (Barbeau, 12). Surprised slow but steady erosion of the island by barter between the natives and the white that "the old trade silver recovered in the waters of the lake and bay has re­ traders was, from the beginning, an the graves of Indians around the Great vealed still more burials and with them exchange in kind—of pelts and com­ Lakes often bears the mark of Montreal objects of silver, not unlike those found modities. Whenever a little coinage silversmiths, whose working dates range inthe other burial island in the Maumee, trickled into a hunter's hand or a bullet between 1775 and 1830, rather than all suggesting their importance in the pouch, it was soon hammered into per­ those of Philadelphia or other eastern fur trade from the time of the French sonal ornaments and engraved for the cities, Quimby concluded: "At the be­ and Indian War of the 1750s and 1760s nose, the ears or the arms, or it was ginning of the war between the United down to the time of the War of 1812. At sewed or tied onto the garments, where States and England in 1775, both the that time both the valleys of the Maumee it tinkled like bells. Burying it under­ Americans and the British made great and the Sandusky were occupied by the ground, except in graves where it might efforts to secure the support of the historic tribe called Wyandot by the Brit­ enrich the soul of the dead (underlining Indians. Nevertheless, the Indians in ish but Huron by the French, though mine), was of no avail, since those peo­ general favored the British, perhaps lesser numbers of another tribe closely ple were mostly all nomadic . . . The because of the active work of their allied to the Wyandot, the Ottawa, also American Indians had no silvercraft of agents in distributing presents among inhabited the same area. Not far from their own . . . (consequently) a vast them. So thorough were the efforts of Squaw Island and its burial ground, on amount of small ornamental silverware these agents and traders that the in­ the south bank of the Sandusky River, was produced for the Indian trade. fluence of the English lasted until after was the Wyandot village called Nungun- Among these we find arm plates, hair the War of 1812." (Barbeau, 12). tanty, a village of about 200 men, women, plates or hair bobs, brooches round or The name of Robert Cruickshank has and children. otherwise, wrist bands, half moons and appeared in at least one earlier article in moons (gorgets), crosses, shirt buckles, Old navigational maps of the San­ the Ohio Archaeologist, entitled "Notes rings, buttons, etc. . . . There is ample on Indian Trade Silver in the Collection dusky Bay show Squaw Island at one evidence, from various sources, that time to have been much larger than it is of Mr. Lamont Jones, Waterville, Ohio" very soon after 1770, a vast amount of written by Francis Waring Robinson of at present. Lying in shallow water some silverware comparable in type to the 2,500 feet northeast of the nearest the Detroit Institute of Arts. Highlighted (Philadelphia) Pennsylvania silver, was in that article were three silver gorgets shoreline of the Sandusky River, it was produced in Montreal for the fur traders, once nearly 600 feet long and 300 feet and a silver headband found by Lamont particularly the North-West Company." Jones on the west bank of the Maumee wide. In recent decades it has been (Barbeau, 10-11). reduced to about 300 feet by 100 feet, River near the town of Waterville about with a narrow outer rim suggesting its Significantly, the Squaw Island trade- fifteen miles southwest of Toledo. The once much larger size. Presenting a low silver includes a double Cross of Lor­ first gorget bore the touchmark of Nar- silhouette against the waters of the bay, raine (see Figs. 2,5, and 6), a pair of arm cisse Roy of Montreal; the second was the island today has a channel light to bands and a pair of wrist bands (see unmarked; the third had the touchmark mark the approach to the Sandusky Figs. 3 and 4), a thimble (see Fig. 4), two of Robert Cruickshank of Montreal. The River. That the mouth of the river beyond fragments of arm bands (see Fig. 5), headband had been fashioned by Pierre

26 Jean Desnoyers and Baptiste Piquette, One can only wonder if the trade silver References silversmith partners in Detroit, and bore pictured here with the touchmark of Barbeau, Charles Marius the touchmarks of both. Concerning Robert Cruickshank, fashioned in Mon­ 1942 "Indian-Trade Silver," in The Bea­ Cruickshank, Robinson had this to say: treal, Quebec, in the valley of the St. ver, A Magazine of the North, De­ "Cruickshank was active in Montreal, Lawrence, found its way to the Wyandot cember, 1942, pp. 10-14. Winnipeg, 1774-1807. ... As a silversmith and village of Nunguntanty near the mouth Canada. purveyor of silverworks and other trade of the Sandusky River in Ohio by way of Converse, Robert goods, Cruickshank was so prolific that a British fur trader such as Angus Mack­ 1983 "Trade Silver," in Ohio Archaeolo­ gist, Vol. 33, No. 1, Winter, 1983, he must have had many helpers or have intosh of Sandwich, Ontario, eventually p. 26. Columbus. farmed out his orders for trade silver to to be interred in Wyandot graves out on other silversmithing shops. Much infor­ Squaw Island in Sandusky Bay. A good Grimm, Elmer deal of human history is reflected in that 1979 "Pendants and Brooches from the mation on Cruickshank can be found in Grimm Collection," in Ohio Archae­ Traquair, The Old Silver of Quebec, speculation. ologist, Vol. 29, No. 3, Summer, 1940, and in the notes of Louis Carrier 1979, p. 4. Columbus. of Montreal and the files of the Inventory Hutslar, Donald of Works of Art in the Province of Que­ Acknowledgments 1967 "25th Anniversary Issue Cover" bec, in the Provincial Museum, Quebec (and inside comment), in Ohio Ar­ City. ... He was presumably born in To Tom Edwards, executive director chaeologist, Vol. 17, No. 1, January, England or Scotland; he died in 1809 off of Lakeside, goes my appreciation for 1967, p. 1. Columbus the coast of England while returning alerting me to the presence of the Squaw Robinson, Francis Waring from a visit there. H is trade silver is often Island trade silver in the Ottawa County 1957 Notes on Indian Trade Silver in the marked RC on script in a shaped car­ Historical Society Museum and for pro­ Collection of Mr. Lamont Jones, touche and sometimes with MON­ viding me with a copy of the French map Waterville, Ohio," in Ohio Archae­ TREAL. Typical of the orders filled is of the Sandusky Bay area of the eight­ ologist, Vol.7, No. I.January, 1957, pp. 9-16. Columbus. that of January 26,1801, in a letter book eenth century. His avid interest in and of Angus Mackintosh of Sandwich (now encouragement of archaeological in­ Tiell, Wi iam W. Windsor), Ontario, preserved in the Do­ vestigation is a source of inspiration 1976 "A Silver Pendant," in Ohio Archae­ minion Archives, Ottawa. Included were: to many including myself. To Randall ologist, Vol. 26, No. 3, Summer, 10 setts of gorgets Buchman, fellow historian at Defiance 1976, p. 42. Columbus. 8 setts of Moons College, goes my thanks for a Lakeside 1976 "A Silver Gorget," in Ohio Archae­ ologist, Vol. 26, No. 4, Fall. 1976, 16,000 small broaches lecture that first aroused my curiosity to p. 5. Columbus. 5,000 large broaches know more about the Wyandot village of 8 large armbands Nunguntanty. And to Mrs. Elizabeth 150 ear wheels Denney, curator of the collections of the 30 large crosses Ottawa County Historical Society Mu­ 15 head bands seum, goes my gratitude for her assist­ 3,000 pairs small ear bobs ance in permitting me to study and film 12 Hair pipes" the artifacts described in this article.

yr,»-

Fig. 1 (Shriver) Part of the Ohio Historical Center collections in Columbus, Fig. 2 (Shriver) A double-barred cross of Lorraine. 1% inches these two silver crosses were found on Ewing Island, an Indian burial island in long and'% inches wide, without touchmark] found on Squaw the Maumee River near Maumee, Ohio. Neither bears the touchmark of its Island at the mouth of the Sandusky River. It is now part of maker. Equal in length (3VA inches), the one on the left is 2Vi inches wide; the the collections of the Ottawa County Historical Society Museum one on the right, 2'/16 inches. The photograph was taken by Donald Hutslar in Port Clinton. of the Center staff and appeared on the front cover of the 25th or silver anni­ versary issue of the Ohio Archaeologist in January 1967.

27 GO

Fig. 3 (Shriver) Trade silver arm bands (above) and wrist bands (below) Fig. 4 (Shriver)o A small silver thimble, a relative rarity among trade bearing the touchmark RC and MONTREAL of their maker, Robert items, is flanked by arm bands and wrist bands — all found on Squaw Cruickshank. silversmith of that Canadian city. All were found at Island. Squaw Island. ©e^o® ^ e Q> w (D

Fig. 5 (Shriver) Silver ear bobs, necklace links, and arm band frag­ Fig. 6 (Shriver) Silver chain links of graduated size, part of the total ments are grouped around the cross of Lorraine —all Squaw Island of 65 found at Squaw Island, encircle three ear bobs and the cross items. of Lorraine.

Fig. 7 (Shriver) This fine crescent-shaped l5 silver gorget. 4% inches in length by i /|6 inches in width, was made by the silversmith Robert Cruickshank in Montreal and was found near a disturbed Indian burial on the west bank of the Maumee River near Water­ ville about five miles southwest of Ewing Island, the burial island near Maumee cited in the first paragraph of this article. It was featured in the article by Francis Waring Robinson which appeared in the January 1957 issue of the Ohio Archaeologist. The gorget has an engraving of an owl on a branch in the center and has the touchmark RC in script directly below the owl.

28 Fine Examples of Ohio Slate By Mel Wilkins Lima, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Wilkins) Shown are some examples of some of the many forms of Ohio slate in my collection.

29 Artifacts From The Lamantia Collection By Bill and Janie Lamantia P.O. Box 105, Hopedale, Ohio

Fig. 1 (Lamantia) Flint hoe, axe, celt. Fig. 2 (Lamantia) An Adena blade of milky blue Fig. 3 (Lamantia) Five Hopewell points of Flint Flint Ridge flint. The knife is of Upper Mercer Ridge material. flint.

Fig. 4 (Lamantia) Three bifurcated points. Cen­ ter point is of blue-gray chert and shows no use.

Fig. 6 (Lamantia) Two bone awls. Longer one is from Jefferson County and shorter one is from Holmes County.

Fig. 5 (Lamantia) Six pieces of white flint.

«« t Fig. 9 (Lamantia) Two corner notched points. Fig. 7 (Lamantia) Five fishspear points. Ml Fig. 8 (Lamantia) Adena points. Largest point • • measures three inches.

Fig. 10 (Lamantia) Two points — larger example » has heavy basal grinding. Shortest one has light grinding and is flatter in cross-section. Fig. 12 (Lamantia) Four stemmed points. Bot­ tom two are Piano. Top two are archaic.

Fig. 11 (Lamantia) Archaic blade with scraping notch showing heavy use. Point on right is of red Flint Ridge flint.

Fig. 15 (Lamantia) Large point measuring 2% inches with fine pressure flaking and percus­ Fig. 13 (Lamantia) Triangular points. Fig. 14 (Lamantia) Two Ashtabula points sion flaking. There is no basal grinding and it is made of dull black flint. (Editor's note: Such 30 points are probably Hopewell in origin). A Broken Fluted Point From Adams County By Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679

Illustrated is the obverse and reverse or nipple which set the stage for fluting References sides of a broken, unfinished fluted point the reverse side. Kritzinger, Keith found several years ago near West Union Figure 2 illustrates the reverse side 1967 An Unfinished Fluted Point Base" in Adams County, Ohio. This specimen which reveals a less than perfect blow Ohio Archaeologist 17(4): 144. is made from tan Delaware chert and to the nipple that resulted in a flute which Glover, Thomas etal measures 1"/io inches across its widest terminated in a hinge fracture that 1978 "Rare Insight into the Fluting Tech­ point and 13/io inches in length. Its maker snapped the blade in two. This fluting nique of a Paleo Point" Ohio Ar­ was apparently attempting to knap what effort was slightly off center and left most chaeologist 28(1 ):15. is defined as a bifacially fluted Convex- of the nipple intact. This process, known Prufer, Olaf H Parallel Sided Point. as the Folsom fluting technique, is de­ Baby, Raymond S. 1963 Palaeo Indians of Ohio, Ohio His­ Figure 1 shows the obverse side scribed by Prufer and Baby as being torical Society. where the fluting process had been "used very rarely" in Ohio. It can only be successfully performed. It shows sev­ presumed that the initial flute on the eral pressure flakes removed at the base, obverse side was also removed by the following the fluting. The removal of same technique. these flakes created a striking platform

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Obverse side of a broken fluted point showing successful Fig. 2 (Kelley) Reverse side of the same specimen showing where the fluting. Notice the removal of the pressure flakes at the base creating fluting spall originated at a nipple at the base and terminated in a the "nipple." hinge fracture that ruined the blade.

31 Hill 1040: An Archaic Campsite By James Grandy 932 South East Street, Bucyrus, Ohio 44820

Fig. 1 (Grandy) A total of fifty one artifacts was collected on the first day's hunt.

When one thinks of Ohio's primitive people, especially those designated "archaic," he may visualize a nomadic people whose lives depended on the successful hunting of animals associated with the receding of the glacier. Such image may reveal a people so linked to a nomadic-hunting culture that one tends to overlook evidence to the con­ trary. The evidence, emerging today through efforts of professional and ama­ teur archaeologists in collection and verification of artifacts, suggests that compared to the truly nomadic-hunting Paleo-lndian, the evolution of the society of the archaic Indian was both complex and progressive. Still nomadic, archaic man operated, it seems, within estab­ lished and recognized group territories. Such territorial limitation required change in life-style: he may have built comparatively permanent shelters; his diet was enhanced by the addition of systematic harvesting of berries, roots, nuts and by fishing (he began to utilize Fig. 2 (Grandy) A total of 105 artifacts have been collected from the site thus far. trapped glacial lakes and streams, add­ ing shellfish to his diet); he altered his

32 system of tool-making. As he settled highest, flattened portion of the hill. A Reading Sources on Other into his new life-style of permanence break-down by number of the types is Archaic Material instead of wandering, he was enabled as follows: Converse, Robert N. THE GLACIAL to enjoy the benefits of cultivation. With 28 points (almost all are broken) KAME INDIANS. Archaeological So­ such an enlargement of the scope of his 12 blunts or re-worked points ciety of Ohio. Columbus. life had to come development of words 4 drills (broken) Converse, Robert N. OHIO FLINT to characterize achievement. That ar­ 3 leaf scrapers TYPES. Archaeological Society of chaic man could make such a cultural 55 scrapers and incisers of usual and Ohio. Columbus. 1973. leap away from Paleo-man must be at­ eccentric shapes Dragoo, Don W. MOUNDS FOR THE tributed to the effect of receding glaciers. 1 shale celt DEAD. Annals of the Carnegie Mu­ As the ice sheet melted, two impor­ 2 pitted hammerstones seum, Vol. 37. 1963. tant changes (among others, but for Hansen, Michael C. "Ohio's Glaciers." different reasons) resulted: one, glacial Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources. Co­ drift provided the basis for a soil that Conclusions lumbus. 1974. would support an abundant flora; two, 1) As to its origin: the campsite appears trapped water provided the basis for an to be the result of glacial recession. equally abundant marine life. Within a 2) As to its feasibility for permanent few thousand years, the land was ready residence: historical references suggest for settlement, and archaic man proved abundance of forested land, essential capable of the challenge to adapt. to building needs. In Crawford County, Ohio, is abundant 3) As to its opportunities for suste­ evidence of the existence and liferstyle nance: one must assume, and by his­ of archaic man, and it is to evidence of torical references, that many of today's one such group, territorial "farm" that berries, nuts, roots, and fruits existed I direct this article. I have discovered then. Attendant with the lake (?) marsh what I conclude is an archaic campsite (?) would be typical aquatic life, fauna in the northwestern part of Whetstone and flora. Animals peculiar to such en­ Township. Hill 1040, as I designate it, is vironment would necessitate his de­ roughly Y-shaped, the base of which veloping weaponry and crafts to kill and runs from somewhat southwest to north trap them. Native cereal grasses had for about 400 yards on the left of the Y, to have flourished in the area. and from the base to the east on the 4) As to word development: one can right arm of the Y for about 300 yards. speculate and infer that among other Today, Hill 1040 appears to be at least things, he would need to develop words 15 feet higher than the deepest part of Fig. 3 (Grandy) Shown as it was found, this to denote and characterize the many point has a broken base making it difficult to a great depression which lies 500 yards changes in his way of living. identify. It is made of Nellie chert. to the southeast of the right arm of the 5) As to the location of Hill 1040: a Y and to a smaller depression which lies chief aspect is that if the concentration 200 yards to the northwest of the left arm of artifacts is representative of the actual of the Y. In short, Hill 1040 is bounded location of his dwellings, he would have on three sides by ground depression enjoyed several advantages: first, the of varying degrees of depth. The hill "belly" of the Y runs somewhat north itself is under cultivation and appears and southeast, thus providing an ex­ to this untrained eye to be made up of posure to the warming rays of the morn­ ground moraine. Beginning immedi­ ing sun, and, at the same time, giving ately at the base of H ill 1040, the colora­ him the hunting advantage of having tion of the soil changes, as does its the sun at his back as he stalked game composition, to a black, peaty type of coming up from the western lake. soil. The area around Hill 1040 is under Breezes off the water would both cool cultivation, but in the depression noted him and help to keep mosquitoes off his on the topographical map, standing campsite. Second, the height of his water (to no wee depth in places) pre­ campsite would be a vantage point for sents a constant problem to the farmer. a variety of things. Third, the area is The nearest water to Hill 1040 today is large enough to accommodate a 12-15 a drainage ditch some % miles to the member group. southwest of it and to the upper reaches of the Little Scioto River some 22Ao 6) As to the artifacts: the workings and miles to the west. Both the hill and the re-workings and obvious discardings depression around it suggest the effect suggest an extended stay Cultivation of of glacial activity. the area over the years may have ob­ literated much evidence. Artifacts collected in five excursions As a final note, I have inquired of the of surface hunting number 105 pieces land-owner of Hill 1040 about how long and include points of varying sizes, he has owned the property (nearly 20 types, and condition; assorted scrapers; years) and whether he had found any incisers; drills; celt; pitted hammer- artifacts (none, so he said). Perhaps, stones. The material from which the then, it has been only lastyear's plowing artifacts are made appears to be Nellie that the artifact level has been reached. Fig. 4 (Grandy) This concave based Archaic chert and/or Mercer flint. The artifacts I anticipate going over the area again corner notched point is shown as it was found were concentrated on three areas in the this spring, hoping to add significantly in the field. It is made of Upper Mercer material. "belly" of the Y and on each arm, all to the collection and to the data about within a 150 yard stretch, and on the Hill 1040 as an archaic campsite.

33 Archaeology and History: Some Suggestions From the Historians' Viewpoint By Jare R. Cardinal and Eric J. Cardinal In recent issues of Ohio Archaeologist, tunities for, and the difficulties in, util­ In short, the archaeological evidence the archaeological uses of ethnohistori- izing historical materials in studying this accumulated and analyzed to date con­ cal sources have been critically dis­ question. tradicts traditional histories by indicating cussed (Stothers, 1983; Brose, 1984; Traditionally, most scholars —histor­ that the Erie never occupied northeast Bush and Callender, 1984). The com­ ians, anthropologists and archaeologists Ohio. To bolster this view, scholars have plementary nature of these two disci­ alike—identified the late prehistoric and turned anew to historical and ethnohis­ plines is evident: questions concerning early historic inhabitants of what is now torical material for analysis. Documents, the later prehistoric, proto-historic and northeast Ohio as a powerful and pop­ illustrations and maps may shed light on early historic periods are more effec­ ulous tribe of Iroquoian-speaking peo­ the cultures and locations of aboriginal tively addressed through interdiscipli­ ple, the Erie. Before Europeans came American populations. Early European- nary rather than unidisciplinary means to the American continents and until made maps in particular represent, as and methods. It is equally clear that the about 1656, the Erie (who were known Brose has pointed out, "one of the most practitioners of each discipline must to the early French invaders as "Nation underutilized sourcets] of potential data exercise care when venturing into the du Chat" or "Cat Nation") occupied the concerning the Proto-historic archae­ realm of the other. southern shore of Lake Erie from the ological sites of Ohio" (1984:28). Researchers can approach a problem Cuyahoga River east to Cattaragus Historian Francis Jennings has noted in different ways. Historians begin in the Creek, and possibly as far south as the that many of the Woodland Amerindian past and work toward the present, at­ Ohio River. In the mid-1650s, the Erie peoples are "known today only by ru­ tempting not only to discover facts but met near annihilation and dispersal at mor or artifact" (1984:25). The Erie cer­ sequence and causation as well. They the hands of the Five Nations (Morgan, tainly are such a people. The essential sift historical materials to piece together 1851; Whittlesey, 1867; Morgan and difficulty in analyzing the Erie by means a narrative of events. Too frequently, Ellis, 1943; Vietzen, 1945; Lupoid, 1975; of historical materials is that "we know they are unaware of or ignore nondocu- Abrams, 1976; Potter-Otto, 1980). very little about them because no Cauca­ mentary sources and their construction But archaeological fieldwork and anal­ sian reached their country until after of sequential narration can lack analyti­ ysis over the past 50 years have increas­ their dispersion" (Fenton, 1940:194). cal synthesis (Axtell, 1981). Anthropolo­ ingly called the notion into question. As The documentary evidence used by his­ gists and archaeologists, on the other early as the 1930s, Emerson Greenman torians is, in this case, all second hand: hand, explain the past by drawing anal­ found indications at the Reeve Site in derivative accounts written by Euro­ ogies with the present. As a result, they Eastlake, Ohio of "the possibility of more peans that relied upon the often false may misinterpret historical source mate­ than one culture" there, some of which and even mendacious testimony of Na­ rials simply by failing to use proper were "more characteristic of Algonkian" tive Americans. The early colonial maps historical methods. than Iroquoian occupancy (1935:10). were based upon such accounts and Glenn A. Blackhasdiscussedsomeof More recent investigations have demon­ their depiction of topography, geog­ these difficulties from an archaeologist's strated that "it has become increasingly raphy and political geography was there­ fore often incorrect. These maps are point of view: obvious that the name Erie was never applied to a single cultural unit recog­ useful and important tools, but usually ... in order to approach prehistory nizable in the archaeological record," deceptive ones as well (Black, 1954). from history the archaeologist is and, further, that there is "considerable The 1650 and 1656 maps of French dependent entirely upon the rec­ evidence to indicate that the group or Royal cartographer Nicolas Sanson ords left by those who first contacted groups the French Jesuits called the d'Abbeville are cases in point. These and observed the Indian in his nat­ Erie never inhabited Ohio, and we may works are often accepted as outlining ural environment. . . some individ­ never be able to apply the name to an the Great Lakes region more accurately ual would have had to specifically archaeological component" (Murphy, than other contemporary charts. There describe ... objects in detail... and 1971:23). are several reasons for this: Sanson describe the spot in such a way that In 1976, after a lengthy analysis of the placed Lake Erie on its correct north­ the site could be located today and archaeological fieldwork in northeast east-southwest axis; he accurately rep­ excavated for verification of the Ohio, David Brose contended that "it is resented both the St. Clair and the recorded statements (1954: 160- probable that re-evaluation of the ethno- Niagara Rivers; and he also apparently 161; emphasis added). historic sources will conclude that if placed ethnic groups which conform It is therefore tempting to look for doc­ ethnic identity can be assigned to the with subsequent discoveries of archae­ uments or other historical materials that late [prehistoric] components, it will be ological data (White, 1961, 1976, 1978; provide a "missing link" (Stothers, 1983) distinct from the Erie" (1976:47). Current Brose, 1984). More importantly, Sanson which connects aboriginal populations archaeological fieldwork associates Na­ located the Nation du Chat to the east of to an accurate and reliable historic rec­ tive American occupancy in northeast a crescent-shaped body of water that ord. Yet no historical material can ever Ohio more closely with Algonquian- was later identified by White as Lake offer such a definitive key to understand­ speakers, possibly the Ontarraronen Chautauqua (1961:42-44). This desig­ ing either anthropological or archae­ (Kickapoo), than with Iroquoian-speak- nation has been generally accepted by ological data. Isolated historical source ers such as the Erie (White, 1978:413; others (Brose, 1984; Bush and Callen­ materials all too often provide evidence Bush and Callender, 1984:34). In addi­ der, 1984) and it decidedly places the that is incomplete, subtle or tentative. tion, archaeological and ethnohistorical Erie Indians in the Niagara area of New York State. All of this is apropos to the long stand­ analysis by Marian White (1961, 1976; ing but recently renewed discussion of 1978) shows that the Erie did occupy It is quite tempting to believe that the location of the Erie Indians. The village sites between Ripley and Buffalo, Sanson intended the lake to be Chau­ authors would like to suggest from the New York until the mid-seventeenth tauqua and to locate the Nation du Chat historians' viewpoint some of the oppor- century. there, especially because there has

34 been no positive archaeological indica­ that they received an inaccurate and range just to the west of Lake Erie. But it tions of Erie occupation further west. inflated picture not only of Erie popula­ is more likely that Sanson intentionally But did he? Sanson would have been at tion but of Erie strength and deployment represented a river flowing north into odds with contemporary French opin­ as well. Based upon the Relations, it Lake Erie at its midpoint. All of the ion had he deliberately pinpointed the seems evident that the French would cartographic inconsistencies that White Nation du Chat in such a limited area. have believed the Erie's territory to be and subsequent scholars have found in An analysis of the maps themselves in quite extensive (Fenton, 1940; White, Sanson's placement of these bodies of relation to other contemporaneous doc­ 1961). water are resolved if he had been de­ uments more clearly defines White's More important in establishing San­ picting the Cuyahoga River and its head­ interpretation of these sources. Sanson son's accuracy is the interpretation of waters, not Lake Chautauqua. If this is never visited America and his maps were the geographic landmarks themselves. the case, it is the crescent-shape lake, the product of aggregate French knowl­ Marian White has been instrumental in not the major stream flowing from it, edge and his own acuity. It is doubtful establishing this credibility, using a that requires explanation. that he was the beneficiary of informa­ crescent-shaped lake and a river with There is, of course, no such lake at the tion unavailable to others, as White, its headwaters (both unidentified on the source of the Cuyahoga itself, yet the citing Nellis Crouse's 1924 work, hints 1650 and 1656 maps, see Figure 1) as river is roughly hook-shaped and origi­ (1961:44-45). The cartographer himself ethnohistoric evidence of Erie occupa­ nates amid a series of ponds. Prior to noted on the 1656 map that his infor­ tion in western New York State. White nineteenth century drainage of the area, mation concerning "the Great River of identifies these two landmarks as Chau­ low marshes and salt licks lay to the east Canada or the St. Laurence, and all its tauqua Lake and the Allegheny River of the River's headwaters (although the environs are [taken] from the relations respectively. However, this crescent- latter were in the Beaver/Shanango of the French" (quoted in Paullin, 1932: shaped lake is shown far to the west and drainage basin), all of which may have 11). Most of seventeenth century French much further inland than Chautauqua's found expression as a lake on Sanson's knowledge about the Great Lakes region actual location. Sanson also charts a maps. Given the importance of salt, Na­ came from the Jesuit Relations, those major stream that flows northwest from tive American accounts might have em­ detailed yet flawed documents of New this nameless lake and enters Lake Erie phasized this region. An examination of France. The Jesuit Fathers never came at approximately the midpoint of its the much later Johannes Heckewelder into contact with the Erie. Yet they re­ southern shoreline. In reality, no such map (1794; Heckewelder, 1884, Figure ported (JR, 42:111-113, 179) that the stream exists if this body of water in­ 2) reveals that the Cuyahoga's configur­ Nation du Chat was able to muster 2,000 deed represents Lake Chautauqua. ation and its relationship with that of the to 4,000 warriors, a number that would White reconciles these "inaccuracies" Mahoning, Allegheny, Monongahela and conservatively suggest a total popula­ by noting that in both the 1650 and 1656 Ohio Rivers are quite comparable to tion of 10,000 to 15,000. maps Lake Erie is "represented with Sanson's stream and lake and what These figures should not be accepted too narrow an extent from east to west," White believed to be the headwaters of uncritically. It was common practice and therefore other landmarks are the Allegheny (1961:44). Heckewelder, among a number of tribes from earliest slightly distorted. Yet, the lake's shape who was intimately familiar with the Ohio contact times to inflate the numbers and "is distinctive" (White, 1969:42). No country and the lakeshore region, ob­ the ferocity of populations further inland other lake with such characteristic shape served that of the streams flowing into to discourage European penetration of appears on modern maps except Chau­ Lake Erie west of Presque Isle, the the continent (Fenton, 1940; Jennings, tauqua. Furthermore, although White "Cujahoga certainly stands foremost" 1984). It is quite likely that these figures acknowledges that the stream "is incor­ (1884:339). We suggest that this major on Erie population were intentionally rect if the lake is Chautauqua" (1961: stream would be as likely to have been exaggerated by Huron informants who 42), she points out that a small creek represented by Sanson as Chautauqua. wished to keep their privileged position (Little Inlet) does flow northwest from Moreover, such a suggestion helps to in the Indian-European trade network, the lake toward the headwaters of Chau­ explain some of the apparent inconsist­ and later by the Iroquois who sought tauqua Creek which does empty into encies between Sanson's maps and French aid and arms to fight the Erie Lake Erie. The "direction and shape of those of other seventeenth and eigh­ during the "Beaver Wars." (The Iroquois this Chautauqua Creek-Little Inlet con­ teenth century colonial map makers. received more aid from the Dutch and nection corresponds quite well" with An examination of other contempo­ the English than they ever did from the the stream/lake representation on San­ rary cartographic documents shows this French, but they sought French support son's two maps (1961:42). This stream, more vividly. For this discussion, San­ as part of their strategy to "play off" White argues, may have characterized son's work will be contrasted with sev­ European nations against each other.) "one" of the water-and-lake routes eral French maps (Bouisseau's 1643 In 1655, in response to repeated re­ "probably" used between Lake Erie and map of New France, the undated Taun­ quests, Father Simon Le Moynegaveto the Susquehanna River, a route of which ton map of Nouvelle France and Father the Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga and the French were "likely" to have been Francois DuCreux's "Tabula Novae Cayuga "a hatchet to be used in the aware (1961:44). Franciae" of 1660) and three later maps New War in which they were engaged White's argument here is plausible, (Recollect Father Louis Hennepin's with the Cat Nation." That same year, but not entirely persuasive as there are 1697 map, French Royal cartographer the Onondaga asked the French (with­ equally plausible alternative explana­ Jacques-Nicolas Bellin's 1744 map and out success) to provide a detachment tions of these geographic features. One the map of British colonial John Mitchell, of troops to fight the Erie (JR, 41:109; may be that "the Indians spoke of a large 1755). 42:49-53). Certainly both the Huron and river that flowed to the south of Lake The French maps which preceded the Iroquois had greater motive to mis­ Erie; with only that amount of informa­ Sanson's were very coarse approxima­ inform the French than to reveal Erie tion the map maker allowed his imag­ tions indeed. On Bouisseau's map (JR, strength accurately, given their own ination to do the rest," a capricious 23:234), "Lac D'erie" (which looks more economic, diplomatic and military con­ practice that was not unusual in seven­ like a swollen river than a lake) connects siderations. The French, by no means teenth and eighteenth century cartog­ "Lac de St. Louis" (Ontario) to an over­ inept at diplomacy, undoubtedly ac­ raphy (Smith, 1977:3). It should be noted sized "Mer douce ou Lac" (Huron). "Les cepted this information with reservation. that on the 1650 map Sanson also in­ gens du chat" are placed to the south of Nevertheless, it is reasonable to assume cluded a major, nonexistent mountain Lac D'erie and to the west of the prin-

35 cipal river that feeds it. The Taunton map, from "an Indian nation of the Huron lan­ sentations. Archaeological materials, which Stothers (1983) suggests may be guage which was formerly seated on its however, presumably are more objec­ the "Lost Jesuit" map of 1640, depicts a banks and who have been entirely de­ tive sources. It is this evidence that will more recognizable though still distorted stroyed by the Iroquoise" (Smith, 1977: help shape the interpretation of the Lake Erie connecting Ontario and 5). It is questionable whether Bellin ethnohistorical materials. Huron. The "Enrie — Nation du Chat" borrowed information from Charlevoix This has not been an exhaustive or appears directly to the south of it and or vice versa (Smith, 1977:7-8), but in thorough analysis of all the extant co­ considerably inland. On both of these either case it should be noted that such lonial maps. Such a detailed, compre­ maps, vague and inaccurate as they are, assertions stemmed as much from geo­ hensive study would be of great value in the Erie Indians are shown as occupying political as cartographical considera­ charting seventeenth and eighteenth lands to the south of Lake Erie. It should tions. If Native American informants century ethnohistory along the moving be noted that this area was as yet unex­ were often motivated by political or dip­ frontier. Yet this treatment of several of plored by Europeans, but these loca­ lomatic imperatives, so too were the map these maps, albeit brief, suggests that tions conform with the accounts in the makers themselves. alternative interpretations of these Relations (JR, 33:63). At approximately the same time Bellin sources are possible and that care and consideration are necessary in utilizing DeCreux's 1660 map (JR, 46:frontis- treated the southern shore of Lake Erie them to place aboriginal populations. piece), on the other hand, portrays the as the territory of the Erie Indians, "who area more accurately than these pre­ have been destroyed" by the usurping vious two. Like Sanson, DuCreux placed Five Nations, the British were describing a small lake to the south of Lake Erie the region far differently for their own References and showed a stream connecting the purposes. British colonial John Mitchell, Abrams, George H.J. two bodies of water. Yet he depicted the who based much of his information on 1976 The Seneca People. Indian Tribal river as being much longer than did the travel accounts of Christopher Gist Series, Phoenix. Sanson (and, in actuality, much longer and George Croghan (Smith, 1977:8-9), Axtell, James than the Cuyahoga itself) and the inland noted that the region along the south­ 1981 The European and the Indian: Es­ lake is hardly crescent-shaped. Contrary ern shoreline of Lake Erie was "the seat says in the Ethnohistory of Colonial to White's suggestion however, these of war, the mart of trade & chief Hunting North America. Oxford University inconsistencies are not enough them­ Grounds of the Six Nations on the Lakes Press, Oxford. Black, Glenn A. selves to render his work invalid. A more & the Ohio." He placed the "Eriez" to the telling point may be DeCreux's location east between the "Canahogue" River 1954 The Historic Indian of the Ohio Val­ ley: An Archaeologist's View. Ohio of the "Natio Felium" to the west of the and an area of "Forts lately usurped by the French" (Presque Isle and Le Beouf), State Archaeological and Historical river several years after the Erie's defeat Quarterly 63(2): 155-165. the "Seneka" further east, and "the by the Five Nations (Bush and Callender, Brose, David S. 1984:31). Yet subsequent cartographers Minquaas or Mingos," who some schol­ 1976 An Initial Summary of the Late Pre­ identified the Erie throughout the re­ ars speculate were remnants of the de­ historic Period in Northeastern mainder of the century and continued to feated Erie (Hunt, 1940:102; Fenton, Ohio. In: David S. Brose, ed., The designate the south shore of Lake Erie 1940;196;Snyderman, 1948:14; White, Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie as the former territory of the tribe well 1978:416), immediately to the south. Drainage Basin. Cleveland Museum into the next century. The Jesuit Rela­ Mitchell also made the astounding claim of Natural History, Cleveland, pp. tions contain accounts of Erie capture that "the Six Nations have extended 25-47. and adoption by Seneca and Onondaga their Territories to the River lllinois.'and 1984 History as a Handmaiden to Archae­ into the 1660s (JR, 42:191; 54:181; that the Iroquois had "allwaies been in ology? Ohio Archaeologist 34(1): 28-30. 61:71), thus this apparent anachronism Alliance and Subjection to the English." In short, these colonial maps were used Bush, David and Charles Callender is not necessarily conclusive. 1984 Anybody But the Erie. Ohio Arcahe- as much to make political claims for ologist 34(1): 31-35. Hennepin's 1697 map (1698 London legitimacy, sovereignty and control as Fenton, William N. edition in Thwaites, 1903:22) showed to establish geographic accuracy. Lake Erie on its correct axis but greatly 1940 Problems Arising From the Historic oversized, and placed the Erie Indians We would like to emphasize that we Northeastern Position of the Iro­ quois. In: Smithsonian Miscellane­ ("Erieckronois") to the south-southwest are not asserting that the Erie did in fact occupy all of the southern shoreline of ous Publications 100: 159-251. of a hook-shaped stream. White objected Greenman, Emerson to this representation of "Chautauqua" Lake Erie, but rather that the French, because it was charted "very far to the with the information available to them, 1935 Excavation of the Reeve Village west, perhaps in the vicinity of Cleve­ very likely believed that they did. It was Site, Lake County, Ohio. Ohio Ar­ land" (1961:48). Again, this geographic this judgment, evident in the Jesuit chaeological and Historical Publi­ objection is obviated if this landmark was Relations and in later publications such cations. 44(1): 2-64. Heckewelder, John in fact intended to portray a river (and, it as the Journal Historique, that gave life to the traditionally held view of Erie 1884 Map and Description of Northeast­ could easily be argued, the Cuyahoga) ern Ohio by Rev. John Heckewelder, occupancy. Moreover, based purely rather than Lake Chautauqua. 1796. Western Reserve Historical Bellin's map (Smith, 1977:4), which upon the cartographic evidence, the Society Tracts. 64: 334-340. accompanied Pierre Francois Xavierde historical data regarding the location of Hunt, George T. Charlevoix's Historie et Description the Erie are, and likely will remain, in­ 1940 The Wars, of the Iroquois: A Study Generate de la Nouvelle France avec le conclusive. The inland body of water in Intratribal Trade Relations. Uni­ Journal Historique d'un Voyage fait par and stream indicated in Sanson's and versity of Wisconsin Press, Madison. other cartographers' works could as ordre du Roi dans TAmerique Septen- Jennings, Francis easily represent the Cuyahoga River as trionale, annotated the southern shore 1984 The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: of Lake Erie with the phrase "lei etoiennt Chautauqua Lake. Therefore, rather than The Covenant Chain Confederation les ERIES qui ont ete detruite par les the ethnohistorical sources acting as a of Indian Tribes with English Colo­ Iroquois." ("Here were the ERIES who guide for archaeological investigations, nies From its Beginnings to the have been destroyed by the Iroquois.") the opposite will be more nearly the Lancaster Treaty of 1744. W. W. "Norton, New York. In the Journal Historique, Charlevoix case. We may be sure that the maps all noted that Lake Erie derived its name contained inaccuracies and misrepre­ JR = Thwaites, Reuben G.

36 Lupoid, Harry F. Smith, Thomas H. White, Marian 1975 The Forgotten People: The Wood­ 1977 The Mapping of Ohio. Kent State 1961 Iroquois Culture History in the Ni­ land Erie. Exposition Press, Hicks- University Press, Kent. agara Frontier Area of New York ville, N.Y Snyderman, George S. State. University of Michigan Mu­ Morgan, Richard G. and H. Holmes Ellis 1948 Behind the Tree of Peace: A Soci­ seum of Anthropology Anthropol­ 1943 The Fairport Harbor Village Site. ological Analysis of Iroquois War­ ogical Papers, 16. Ohio State Archaeological and His­ fare. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 1976 Late Woodland Archaeology in the torical Quarterly 52(1): 3-64. 18(3): 1-93. Niagara Frontier of New York and Murphy, James L. Stothers, David M. Ontario. In: David S. Brose, ed., The 1971 The Lyman Site, Lake County, Ohio. 1983 The "Lost Huron" or "Lost Jesuit" Late Prehistory of the Lake Erie Pennsylvania Archaeologist 41(3): Map Found? Ohio Archaeologist Drainage Basin. Cleveland Museum 12-25. 33(4): 36-37. of Natural History, Cleveland, 1978 Erie. In: Bruce G.Trigger, ed., Hand­ Paullin, Charles O. Thwaites, Reuben G., ed. 1932 Atlas of the Historical Geography 1896- The Jesuit Relations and Allied book of North American Indians. of the U.S., John K. Wright, ed., 1901 Documents. Burrows Brothers, Vol. 15, Northeast. Smithsonian Carnegie Institute of Washington Cleveland. Institution, Washington, pp. 412- 417. Publications, 481. A. Hoen & Co., 1903 A New Discovery of a Vast Country Baltimore. in America by Father Louis Henne­ Whittlesey, Charles 1867 The Early History of Cleveland. Potter-Otto, Martha pin. A. C McClurg, Chicago. Raymond C. Fairbanks, Benedict & Co., Cleve­ 1980 Ohio's Prehistoric Peoples. Ohio Vietzen, land. Historical Society, 1968; 1980 ed., 1945 The Immortal Eries. Wilmont Print­ Columbus. ing Co., Elyria. SANSON MAP, 1656

NOUVE,LJLE. BRET GN

(Jupapniaclii

FRA N C E

Figure 1

3/ :;'.&^^i«f'^- • JarmiMlt'Aern^itr.&niM^^-y:''

6' 3 6:Uv**"*"^

n«&fw> tegSS^5*: •.«r i Ml); IK.il '""**^

'-' v '• ' "•'. &

,-

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HUCKGWEIDUR'S MAP OP NORTHEASTERN OHIO, I7y6 ;'

Fig. 2 (Cardinal and Cardinal) John Heckewelder's map of 1 796.

Summer Picnic CHAPTER NEWS Meeting INFORMATION NEEDED Bradley T. Lepper of Ohio State Uni­ The Six River Valley Chapter of THE Scheduled For Flint versity is seeking information on fluted ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF points which have been found in the OHIO meets the first Thursday of each Ridge State Park unglaciated portions of Ohio —princi• month, 7:30 pm, at the State Savings pally the Coshocton, Guernsey, Tus­ Bank (unless otherwise specified) in The Sycamore Run Chapter and Six carawas, Noble county area. If you have Westerville. We usually have a guest River Valley Chapter cordially invite all any fluted points from these counties speaker talk about some aspect of ar­ members and guests of the ASO to at­ or counties in the area please contact — chaeology, with questions and answers tend the August meeting to be held at Bradley T Lepper following the talk. the Flint Ridge State Park, north of Department of Anthropology Our meetings are open to anyone who Brownsville, Licking County, Ohio. The Ohio State University is interested in Archaeology. For more meeting will be held on August 19,1984, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1364 information please contact Barbara beginning at 8:30 AM. The theme of the (614)422-4149 Motts in the Columbus area (837-4862) meeting will be "Flint Ridge Material — (home: 614-268-1150) or Fred Groseclose in the Mt. Vernon Gemstone of Ohio." A special award for area (397-6253). display of Flint Ridge material will be presented by the co-sponsoring chap­ ters. A limited amount of table space is available, so those members who can bring their own tables are encouraged to do so. Since this is the first meeting to be held at Flint Ridge in many years, all members are asked to attend.

38 Turkeytails By Mel Wilkins, Lima, Ohio

In the accompanying photographs are six turkeytail points from my col­ lection. As is standard for the type, they are all made of Indiana hornstone. Longest of the six examples is 4% inches.

Fig. 1 (Wilkins) Six turkeytail points of gray Indiana hornstone. Provenience is Ohio,—Marion County, Indiana,—Hardin County, Kentucky. —Indiana, — LaGrange County. Indiana, — Ross County, Ohio.

39 A Hopewell Wood Duck Effigy Pipe of the Grand River By John Baldwin West Olive, Michigan

The state of Michigan is rich in pre­ more to Illinois than to Ohio, but in any State Museum. Another wood duck ef­ historic occupation sites and many arti­ case, the culture seemed to have thrived figy, also fragmentary, was recovered in facts have been found here. Because of for some time in western Michigan. Pike County, Illinois, by Gregory Perino, increasing public awareness and pre­ Grand Rapids is not unique in that it research archaeologist for Northwestern serving and recording information on is built over a prehistoric village and University. This pipe came from the this heritage, there is a growing interest burial site. High ground, easy access to Lawrence Gay Mound #10, located in in the prehistoric past. The relic collector water, the confluence of rivers or a bend the Mississippi bottoms one half mile of the past is now recording and docu­ in a river, are all factors contributing to from the Pike County bluffs, and is al­ menting his collection, sites and finds. desirable village sites, modern or pre­ most an exact duplicate of the Norton The founding of the Wolverine State historic. pipe except for the smaller size of the Archaeological Society in 1982 and its It is well known that there was early hooked beak. The Illinois pipe has cop­ affiliation with the Central States Ar­ random excavation of a portion of the per inlays for eyes and does not have chaeological Society provide Michigan Norton group, known as the Converse the classic curved base seen on the members with an opportunity to publish component, by road and building crews, Michigan pipe. articles and information concerning dis­ property owners and curiosity seekers. The main mounds of the Norton group coveries and artifact finds in their state. Most of this was done without foresight were excavated several years ago under Accompanying data is more and more and when there was little or no doc­ the supervision of the University of Mich­ becoming important since it makes avail­ umentation. The artifacts of prehistoric igan. These large mounds are located able information previously unknown to cultures are often desirable to collectors west of Grand Rapids between the Ger­ the general public. In addition, the gen­ but without documentation and informa­ ald R. Ford expressway and the Grand eral public is less satisfied with merely tion on the circumstances of their dis­ River. One of the objects recovered was viewing prehistoric artifacts through the covery, they become little more than a sandstone effigy pipe, badly deterio­ window of a glass case and wants to curiosities with little value to scholars. rated, carved into a smaller crested bird. know more about the past by way of A contact from people who were seek­ This pipe is now in the Grand Rapids published matter. Thus there is increas­ ing archaeological information brought Public Museum. ing interest in Michigan's heritage by a about the discovery of one of the truly Thus, two of the four known wood duck widespread audience, including stu­ rare Hopewell artifacts—a platform ef­ effigies have copper eye inlays, making dents and collectors. figy pipe made of Ohio pipestone. There it very likely that the animated Michigan The Norton Mound group is a well are very few of these pipes in private pipes were also enhanced by this artistic recorded Hopewell site in Kenty County, hands since most are in museums where addition. Michigan, along the Grand River. The classic Hopewell material is generally The challenge of piecing together the earthwork, mounds, burial and occupa­ housed. fragments and thus restoring and pre­ tion sites are now partially obliterated Nearly all Hopewell effigy pipes were serving this pipe awaited me. With a mild by the present day Grand Rapids. The ritually broken and/or cremated when soap solution and a stiff bristled artist's Hopewell culture (200 BC to 500 AD) deposited in the grave, and this speci­ brush, I cleaned each fragment. The flourished north of the Ohio River in men is no exception. When I first saw it it cremation prior to or during burial had southern Ohio and in lower Illinois. The was lying in a small cardboard jewelry caused the pipestone to discolor and Hopewell practice of burying the re­ box. On top of the cotton lining were become very brittle. The discoloration vered dead in mounds and enriching twenty eight fragments and a quick is darker on some of the fragments. They those burials with distinct artifacts is a assemblage of some of the larger pieces presumably got hotter or burned longer classic Hopewell trait. Hopewell had a assured me that most of the pipe was in the ceremonial burning of the pipe. vast network of trade and possibly travel. still there. The owner's father had ex­ Ohio pipestone is a form of indurant They procured obsidian from the east­ cavated the pipe many years before claystone or siltstone. Under the tem­ ern slopes of the Rocky Mountains, while doing service work on an old sewer peratures of smoking material it is basi­ sharks teeth from the Gulf Coast, galena, line beneath the streets of downtown cally stable. Pipestone is very absorbent mica and steatite from the Atlantic coast, Grand Rapids. I was told that the pipe and I needed to use a glue that would and they frequented the flint quarries in was referred to as their father's "peace penetrate the stone and hold it together Ohio to obtain the colorful Flint Ridge pipe"and itwaskeptin itssmall boxwith as well as reunite the pieces. The liquid flint. From Indiana came gray Indiana no attempt to repair it because of its super glue type bonding material was hornstone and from Illinois came Cre­ fragmentary and fragile condition. chosen to do this. However, two cautions scent Hills and Kaolin flint with its vary­ The effigy is believed to be that of a had to be observed. One, not use an ing colors including stark white through wood duck. The top beak hook at its end excess that would smear on the surface pink and yellow. Ohio pipestone from is not typical of that animal but this and two, make sure the fragments were the Portsmouth area was also gathered feature is a characteristic seen on many placed together properly and in the for pipe making. All of these resource Hopewell bird effigies. On page 613 of proper sequence since once glued, it areas were utilized for obtaining raw Tobacco Pipes and Smoking Customs was glued forever. Several of the pieces material which were fashioned into ob­ of the American Indians figure 4, is a fragmented while I was working with jects typical of their culture. Native curved base Hopewell effigy pipe exca­ them. I also had to purposely break one copper was acquired from northern vated from the Tremper Mound in Scioto piece as a calculation error prevented it Michigan and used to make utilitarian as County, Ohio, by the Ohio Archaeologi­ from fitting any other way. A total of 33 well as ceremonial artifacts. It is pos­ cal and Historical Society. It is listed as a pieces reconstructed the pipe to within sible that the Norton Mound group was wood duck head with copper eyes. Al­ 98% of its original form. The missing a stopping off place for copper traders though its features are rounded and dull, slivers and parts were either never orig­ on their way to the large Hopewell cen­ it is an exact duplicate of the Grand inally recovered or they were lost over ters in Ohio and Illinois. The Hopewell Rapids wood duck. This, along with the the years. I used green candle wax mixed expansion into Michigan seems to relate other Tremper pipes, is now in the Ohio with carbon to fill in the missing sections

40 and fill the cracks. The hot wax flows important symbolic meaning to their References deep into crevices and its coloration people. Through the study of their art Tobacco, Pipes, and Smoking Customs of the matches the original stone. The excess and artifacts we may come closer to an American Indian, George A. West, 1934, wax was removed with wood splints. The understanding of these people since Milwaukee Public Museum wood, used in a scraping manner, would these are the only material objects which Central States Archaeological Journal, The not harm the original surface. The wax have survived. The graceful and colorful Lawrence Gay Mound #10, Gregory Perino can be entirely removed by placing the wood duck that made its home along the 1974. pipe near heat should a more suitable Grand River has been preserved in replacement material become available. stone by a people who flourished cen­ Hopewell art objects held an obviously turies ago in western Michigan.

Fig. I (Baldwin) Three views of the restored effigy pipe from the Norton Group. Grand Rapids. Michigan.

41 Fig. 3 (Baldwin) Wood duck effigy from the Tremper mound.

,„

Fig. 2 (Baldwin) A similar effigy pipe from Pike County. Illinois, excavated from the Lawrence Gay Mound tt/O.

„,/f OliC EVA. N' A'' J"

»_i, ."•-; V*i- ' —i Nir^f^z R. w AjY « C ?*4-*4rX ^S^-J^m^ A7?A/Mt COMPOU£KI

GoOOALL Cor^lfOUK/JT

LA PO/KT-CT, /wo.

ftp. 4 (Baldwin) Map of western Michigan showing Hopewell locations.

42 INDIANA GREEN By John R. Heath Sullivan, Ohio 44880

The small Archaic bevel point (Fig. 1) is a surface find from Sullivan Twp., Ash­ land Co., Ohio. The tip of this point seems to be broken, but under magnification it appears to be intentionally made that way. In my many years of surface hunting this part of Ohio, this is the only artifact of Indiana Green I have found. Measurements are Length —1M in. Width — VA in., Thickness —% in.

Fig. 1 (Heath) Indiana green bevel from Ash­ land County. Ohio.

Damaged Fluted Point Bases By John Dyck, Box 275, Butte Falls, Oregon

The two fluted point bases were found in Medina County, Ohio, by Paul and Sally Blake of Seville, Ohio. Both are made of black Upper Mercer flint. The base shown in Fig. 1 has a deep concave base similar to the examples found atthe Vail site in Maine (Gramly — 1982). Both of the bases have damage on the corners of the broken edges. I duplicated similar flaking by using ob­ sidian between two pieces of bone. Such damage leads to the conclusion Fig. 1 (Dyck) Reverse and obverse of a corner damaged that these points were used as knives or fluted point. hand-held spears. Spears which were pushed rather than thrown could be broken in such a way if sudden side pressure were applied especially if they were in contact with bone.

Reference Gramly. Richard Michael The Vail Site: A Paleo Indian Encampment in Maine. 1982.

Fig. 2 (Dyck) Reverse and obverse of a broken fluted point.

43 Humanoid Effigies From Adams County By Stephen Kelley P.O. Box #1, Seaman, Ohio 45679

Pictured are three humanoid effigies Fork of Ohio Brush Creek near its con­ Baker, Stanley W. found in recent years in Adams County, fluence with the East Fork. Both relics 1976 "Preliminary Archaeological Sur­ Ohio. All are ceramic in composition were recovered by ASO member Robert vey of the Proposed Appalachian and were apparently used as decoration Crawford of Nichols Ridge Road, Sea­ Corridor D' Through Clermont, on some type of pottery vessels. man, Ohio. Each of these effigies mea­ Brown, Highland and Adams Coun­ ties, Ohio" Ohio Historical Society Figure 1 was found a number of years sures VA inches in height. Columbus, Ohio pgs. 11, 12. ago by Charles DeVaughn on a Ft. An­ Kelley, Stephen cient village on lower Ohio Brush Creek 1977 "Artifacts in the DeVaughn Collec­ in Green Township. This specimen was tion" Ohio Archaeologist 27(2):33. a surface find on a site that has produced hundreds of Ft. Ancient culture artifacts. References It measures 1% inches in height. Moorehead, Warren K. Figures 2 and 3 were found in a refuse 1897 "Explorations in the Valley of Brush pit on the Plummer Village Site near Creek, Adams County" Ohio Ar­ the community of Lawshe. This, too, is chaeological and Historical Publi­ a Ft. Ancient village located on the West cations Vol. V pgs. 210, 211.

Fig. 1 (Kelley) Human face effigy made of shell tempered Fig. 2 (Kelley) Another shell tempered face effigy. The im­ pottery. This artifact was part of the rim of a ceramic vessel. pressions for the eyes were made with fingertips with the nail prints still quite visible.

Fig. 3 (Kelley) Face effigy also made of shell tempered pottery. This figurine ap­ parently extended above the rim of a pottery vessel as the back of the head is in a finished condition.

44 An Engraved Vasiform Pipe From Pearson Village By Tim Abel 2140 C.R. 259-Fremont, Ohio

The Sandusky Bay Archaeological pipe is about 3 cm in diameter and 4 cm as all of the pipes excavated at that site Project is a long-term study of all land in height, and it bears the engraving of from features dating prior to that time which drains into either Sandusky Bay what appears to be a mythical animal are of the elbow type, and are usually or the Huron River in north-central Ohio. having the general likeness of an elk, made from clay. Also, the pipe was Although this area has produced numer­ but with a bushy tail like that of a raccoon probably plowed out of a refuse-filled ous artifacts dating back to as far as and pointed, carnivore-like teeth. The feature, as although about 200 burials about 10,000 B.C., most of the work, animal's mouth is wide open with some­ have been excavated from the ceme­ which has already been completed, has thing seemingly coming into or going teries at Pearson Village, not one has focused on the Late Woodland/Upper out of it. had a pipe associated with it. Mississippian period (A.D. 750-1650). It The engraved animal resembles Mich- was at the start of this time span that ipizoo, the underwater panther, which References village life, corn agriculture, and the use the Algonquians depicted as having of the bow and arrow were apparently sharp teeth, triangular spines down the Barnouw, Victor introduced. back, and a bushy tail (Cleland and Clute 1977 Wisconsin Chippewa Myths and Tales. The University of Wisconsin Pearson Village (33SA9), which is lo­ 1982). The Ottawa believed that Mich- Press, Madison. ipizoo was dangerous, as he caused high cated about 2 miles south of Sandusky Cleland, Charles E. and Richard Clute winds which made water travel unsafe Bay, was occupied at least three .sep­ 1982 The Thunder Bay Charmstone and arate times between A.D. 1100 and A.D. (Kinietz 1972: 286-287), and the Chip­ Algonquian Symbolism. Paper pre­ 1600, and the associated cemeteries pewa believed that Michipizoo would sented at the Midwest Archaeologi­ were apparently used through the try to capsize their canoes (Barnouw cal Conference, Cleveland. middle of the seventeenth century. It 1977: 132-133). Kinietz, W. Vernon was at this site that an engraved vasiform The engraved vasiform smoking pipe 1972 The Indians of the Western Great limestone smoking pipe was recovered was probably made by people who in­ Lakes. The University of Michigan from the surface in May of 1982. The habited Pearson Village after A.D. 1450, Press, Ann Arbor.

Fig. 1 (Abel) Detail of engraving on pipe from Pearson Village. Ohio Historical Society collection.

Converse Award Given to Jeff Carskadden

The first annual Robert N. Converse ber of the Archaeological Society of facilitating archaeological investiga­ Award was given to Jeff Carskadden at Ohio and a non-professional archae­ tion. The award is to be monetary as the annual meeting of the Archaeologi­ ologist. It is to be given for a significant well as emblematic and it cannot be cal Society of Ohio. The award is for contribution to Ohio archaeology, such given for services to the Society as an outstanding contributions to Ohio ar­ as excavation of a site and publication officer or trustee. chaeology by a non-professional archae­ of the results, or for an addition to the Congratulations to Jeff Carskadden ologist and is exemplified by a plaque literature in the form of a book, series who has, until now, had little recogni­ and a check for $ 100.00. Criteria for the of articles, research or other major work, tion for his important work. award are: The recipient must be a mem­ or the aiding and assisting or otherwise

45 A SOCKETED CELT j A Heartbreaker By j By Jack Rosenfeld, 4704 Glengate Dr., William W. Tiell | Columbus, Ohio

The words "Socketed Celt" were surface was often completely obliterated This point was found in Fairfield found written on a gray granite celt from on finely finished pieces while on others ! County near Amanda, Ohio. With the the late Dr. Gordon Meuser's Collec­ only the cutting or working surface were j exception of the somewhat broken base, tion. The words "Socketed Celt" evi­ ground." The rough, pecked surface in j it is a perfect artifact —which I'm sure dently refer to the celts slight inward contrast to a smooth polished surface j many of my fellow members have ex- tapering starting about half the distance would make a celt more secure in a j perienced finding similar pieces. from the blade edge. The tapering would socket. A flare type end allows the out­ allow the butt end to fit into a socketed side edge of the handle to take the im­ handle (it's use without halfting was also pact of pressure and prohibit the forcing considered with the hand serving as a of the stone into the mounting. socket—but design, wear and sharpen­ A variety like this could prove to be ing indicate it's being mounted). quite rare, as no reference to it can be The end to be halfted is pecked but found in the study of celt classification. less finished (polished) than the blade Dr. Meuser in using the terminology half. This is a common feature in celts "SOCKETED CELT" has added more as noted in OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST, interest and thought to the relatively October 1966, Ohio Stone Tools by lethargic prototyped celt classification Robert Converse, Page 99. "The pecked

| Fig. 1 (Rosenfeld) Archaic beveled | point of Upper Mercer flint. I I

i Book Reprint A reprint of the book "Return to Fox ! Fields" is now available. The book has { been upgraded and several new photo- j graphs have been added. Cost $5.70. i For more information write Dr. S. A. Glass, P.O. Box 621, Maysville, Ken- ! tucky 41056.

New Book j Their Fires Are Cold by Col. Raymond j C. Vietzen. 9x12 inches —hardbound. j Price $35.00. Fig. I (Tiell) Celt from Montgomery County. Ohio, shown in obverse and reverse. Book deals with new prehistoric finds, the Indian trade period and George A. I Custer s boyhood in Ohio. ! Available from the author I 8714 West Ridge Rd. j Elyria, Ohio 44035

46 Announcing Publication of UFASA Special Publications No. 1 No. 2 THE CONSERVATION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS: SUPPLEMENTARY WORKBOOK FOR ANT 4620 A Laboratory Manual for Prehistoric ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS and Historic Collections by M.J. edited by Hardman-de-Bautista Charles H. Fairbanks and Department of Anthropology Shoko Saito Ramano University of Florida Department of Anthropology University of Florida TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Section I PRESERVATION IN THE FIELD-Marvin T Smith SPEECH ORGANS Section II WASHING. CLEANING, AND RECORDING OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS ARTIFACTS-Lucy B. Wayne Section III PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF IDENTIFICATION OF PHONEMES ORGANIC MATERIALS-Teresia R Lamb and MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES Lee Newsom JAQARU AND POTOWATAMI VERB Section IV CONSERVATION OF METALS-Robert C. Wilson SYNTAX PROBLEMS Section V CONSERVATION OF GLASS-Gary Shapiro 1. MODEL ILLUSTRATION Section VI PROCEDURES AND ANNOTATED 2. AYMARA SYNTAX BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR CONSERVATION OF HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS CERAMICS-Ann S. Cordell HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS METHODS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF Section VII APPLIED LINGUISTICS RUBBER MOLDS AND PLASTIC CASTS-Tom Eubanks and Sharon Bolt LANGUAGE ECOLOGY $7.00 PER COPY $7.50 PER COPY

No. 3 A GUIDE FOR ARCHEOLOGISTS IN THE RECOVERY OF ZOOARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS edited by Elizabeth S. Wing Zooarcheology Department Florida State Museum TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION Section I RESEARCH STRATEGY AND SAMPLING Section II. FIELD RECOVERY METHODS Section III LABORATORY TREATMENT OF FAUNAL SAMPLES Section IV CHECKLIST OF INFORMATION NEEDED BY Send with check or money order to: THE FAUNAL ANALYST UFASA Department of Anthropology Section V SUGGESTED READINGS IN GPA 1350 ZOOARCHEOLOGY University of Florida $2.00 PER COPY Gainesville, Florida 32611

New Slate of BACK ISSUES Necrology Officers Elected OF THE OHIO Society member Dale Eyerdom, 1050 Wilbur Rd., Medina, Ohio, passed away The results of the 1984 election of ARCHAEOLOGIST June 1,1983. To his memory a donation officers to the Archaeological Society of $25.00 has been given to the Archae­ of Ohio are as follows: AVAILABLE ological Society of Ohio. President—Don Gehlbach Vice President—Scott Haskins Because of printing overruns of some Executive Secretary —Martha Otto issues, we are offering a package of Recording Secretary—Barbara Motts fifteen different issues of the Ohio Back Cover Archaeologist for a price of $20.00. Treasurer—Don Foster A highly developed notched ovate Editor—Robert N. Converse Contact our Business Office, 35 W. Riverglen Dr., Worthington, Ohio43085. bannerstone found near Three Rivers, Trustees —Don Casto St. Joseph County, Michigan. This is Ernest Good one of the finer examples of the type Alva McGraw and is in the Earl C. Townsend, Jr. col­ Frank Otto lection, Indianapolis, Indiana.

47 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society ol Ohio It organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and malarial within tha state ol Ohio, to seek and promote a beiier understanding among itudenta and collectors ol archaeological material professional and non professional. Including individuals, museums, and Institution! of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject ol archaeology Membei Ihip in this society shall be open to any person ol good character inteiesfed In archaeology 01 the collecting Ol American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance ol written application and payment of dues