DOCSLIB.ORG

The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830 University of Kentucky UKnowledge United States History History 1970 The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830 Otis K. Rice West Virginia Institute of Technology Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Rice, Otis K., "The Allegheny Frontier: West Virginia Beginnings, 1730–1830" (1970). United States History. 79. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_united_states_history/79 The Allegheny Frontier This page intentionally left blank The Allegheny Frontier West Virginia Beginnings, 1730-1830 by Otis K. Rice The University Press of Kentucky Lexington: 1970 Standard Book Number 8131-5447-3 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-94069 COPYRIGHT © 1970 BY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY A statewide cooperative scholarly publishing agency serving Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Kentucky State College, Morehead State University, Murray State University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506 To my Father & Mother CHARLES ORION RICE 1897-1936 & MARY CATHERINE BELCHER RICE 1896-1962 This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi Chapter One A Land Wild and Tremendous 1 Chapter Two Westward to the Alleghenies 13 Chapter Three Barbarous Circumstances 33 Chapter Four Across the Alleghenies 54 Chapter Five British at the Back Door 88 Chapter Six The Alienation of the Land 118 Chapter Seven Compromising with Nature 150 Chapter Eight Mountaineer Ways and Folkways 170 Chapter Nine Repairing Broken Constitutions 190 Chapter Ten The Midnight of Ignorance 210 Chapter Eleven A Glimmering of the Light 285 Chapter Twelve The Power of Spiritual Truths 267 Chapter Thirteen The First Flush of Seeming Wealth 809 Chapter Fourteen Government of and for the People 842 Chapter Fifteen An Enduring Past 376 Bibliography 881 Index 895 Illustrations and Maps Sketches by Joseph Diss Debar Thomas Hughes Typical Allegheny pioneers Pioneer women Erection of a log house Pioneers burning dry logs Pioneer farm Pioneer kitchen Bear trap Other illustrations Wheeling in the 1840's Historic residence in Monongalia County "Harewood" Dr. John McElhenney Alexander Campbell A religious encampment in a forest Bethany College Saltworks on the Kanawha River between pages 196 and 197 Maps Frontier defenses 48 Adjustments of areas open to settlement 60 Patterns of settlement 68 Land companies 74 This page intentionally left blank Preface The lingering effects of the frontier experience of the United States were nowhere more pronounced than in the Allegheny Highlands. Indeed, in most of these mountainous areas the pioneer period blended almost imperceptibly into a settled rurality which retained characteristics of the frontier throughout most of the nineteenth century. These isolated uplands suffered an arrested development and in the mid-twentieth century con­ stituted a substantial portion of that area of the country labeled­ sometimes scornfully, sometimes sympathetically-Appalachia. The present study makes no attempt to deal comprehensively with the history of the entire Allegheny frontier; rather, its focus is upon that segment which lay within West Virginia. Situated in the very heart of the Alleghenies and the only state to lie wholly within Appalachia, West Virginia exemplified to a remarkable degree the influences and peculiarities of the Alle­ gheny frontier. Moreover, her pioneering process consumed no less than a full century. Examination of the West Virginia portion, therefore, should illuminate the frontier experience of the entire Allegheny area. By 1735, or less than a decade after West Virginia's first settlers established themselves along the Potomac lowlands, pioneers had begun to push toward the eastern slopes of the Alleghenies; but so rugged was most of the terrain of the state that another century elapsed before settlers penetrated isolated mountain areas. During that time, however, customs, manners, and folkways associated with the frontier took firm root. An ethnic complexion radically different from that of the Tidewater and Piedmont was established. Religious affiliations, in which Protestant evangelical churches claimed the vast majority of the population, were formed and assumed enduring significance. Virtually every problem to face education in the twentieth century appeared in microcosm in the early nineteenth. An absentee ownership of much of its land and resources was fas­ tened upon the state's people, and the portents of waste and xii Preface exploitation were clearly discernible. Voices of protest against economic exploitation and government apathy could be dis­ tinctly heard, but even then they were drowned in the seas of indifference. West Virginia's experiences were not unique, but were shared by western Pennsylvania, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Kentucky, as well as other parts of the Appalachians. In this study I have attempted to keep the people themselves in the foreground. Their story is one of both heroism and defeat. The heroes are not Washingtons, Jeffersons, or Lincolns-the Allegheny section of West Virginia produced no such towering giants-but common folk who struggled to conquer a wilderness, establish a reign of law where none existed, implant and preserve moral and religious values, foster education, and call into practice the concepts of equality and freedom set forth in the Declaration of Independence. The joyous notes of their en­ deavors, however, were all too frequently accompanied by the dolorous tones of anti-intellectualism, resignation to circum­ stances, and inability to master adverse political, social, and economic forces. In their achievements and in their failures West Virginians were representative of most of the pioneers of the Alleghenies. Two points regarding terminology require mention. I have used the name West Virginia throughout the study because no other description quite fits the area included. My attention to the extreme Eastern Panhandle, which lies in the Valley of Virginia, is justifiable, I believe, because it provides data for comparison and contrast with sections of the Alleghenies subject to Virginia authority. My use of the word "transmontane" refers, unless otherwise made clear, to the trans-Allegheny portions of West Virginia and not to the part of Virginia west of the Blue Ridge. I have applied the term "Allegheny" to the entire mountainous area of the state and "trans-Allegheny" to the portion lying west of the Allegheny Front. Terminal points of the topical chapters vary. For example, the chapter dealing with political affairs ends with the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829-1830 and the culmination of some two decades of agitation by westerners for constitutional reform. Educational developments, on the other hand, have been carried to the mid-1840's, when efforts of two generations Preface xiii of pioneers to establish free schools were dealt a blow by legis­ lation which was permissive only. Similarly, I have considered religious issues such as missions, temperance, and slavery, which were not resolved, in some cases, until the 1840's. In the course of my research and writing I have incurred deep obligations. My greatest debt is to Thomas D. Clark, now Distinguished Professor of History at Indiana University. Dr. Clark suggested the need for the study while I was a student at the University of Kentucky, helped to determine its dimen­ sions and focus, and gave encouragement and sound advice at every major point. Much of the original research was done with the aid of a dissertation year fellowship provided by the Southern Fellowships Fund. Further research was made possible by grants-in-aid from the American Association for State and Local History during the summers of 1961 and 1965. West Virginia Institute of Technology, through its Faculty Research Committee, generously provided funds for maps and illustra­ tions. The illustrations were taken from the West Virginia Collection of the West Virginia University Library and from the original sketches of Joseph H. Diss Debar in the West Virginia Department of Archives and History Library. The staffs of the libraries of the West Virginia Department of Archives and History, West Virginia University, University of Virginia, Virginia State Library, University of Kentucky, Duke University, and West Virginia Institute of Technology have been helpful in every way. Special words of appreciation are due Mrs. Hattie Ashworth, Mrs. Elizabeth Bowen, and Mrs. Mary Jenkins of the West Virginia Department of Archives and History, Mrs. Pauline Kissler of West Virginia University, and Mrs. Mary Gray of Duke University. The Reverend Lawrence Sherwood of Oakland, Maryland, generously made available his resources on West Virginia Methodism. Miss Ruth St. Clair of the Mathematics Department of West Virginia Institute of Technology read several chapters and offered valuable criticisms. Finally, my student assistants, Harold D. Shaffer and Philip J. Welch, rendered yeoman service in the laborious tasks of typing and proofreading. Neither they nor others who have given assistance can be held responsible for remaining
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Notes on the Political Club of Danville and Its Members
    THE FILSON CLUB HISTORY QUARTERLY VOL. 35 LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY, OCTOBER• 1961 No. 4 NOTES ON THE POLITICAL CLUB OF DANVILLE AND ITS MEMBERS BY ANN PRICE (MRS. SYDNEY S.) COMBS Lexington, Kentucky A paper read before The Filson Club, June 6, 1960 Twelve years after the founding of Harrod's Station, the first per- manent English settlement in Kentucky, on the night of December 27, 1786, a small group of distinguished gentlemen met at the Dan- ville, Kentucky home of Samuel McDowell. He and Harry Innes, John Brown, Thomas Todd, Robert Craddock, Chris. Greenup, and John Belli "Resolved, that the persons now present do form them- selves into a society to be hereafter distinguished and known by the style and title of 'The Political Club,' to be governed by such laws and regulations as shall be hereafter agreed on" and to be "insti- tuted for the purpose of acquiring political knowledge."1 Such was the modest beginning of an unusually intriguing and ex- traordinary society! A political club composed of 25 to 30 men, meeting once a week to debate specified subjects. What is so unusual or fascinating about that? Schools, colleges, life in the great wide world, are full of myriad just such groups--investment clubs, debating clubs, clubs with a politi- cal connotation--we, today, are constantly hearing about them, going to them, reading about them. What sets this particular club apart, makes it worth investigating, and gives it an aura all its own? First of all, there is the work this club did. The importance of The Political Club of Danville lay in the training of its members for the role they played in the creation of the state of Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Appalachian Forest Planning Team Considered Information from the Nature Conservancy’S Population Viability Assessment Workshop (Morris Et Al
    Central Appalachian Forest Ecoregional Plan February 2001 The Nature Conservancy EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Central Appalachian Forest Ecoregional Plan The Nature Conservancy The Nature Conservancy’s Central Appalachian Forest ecoregion encompasses the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Great Valley, the Ridge and Valley, and the Allegheny Mountains of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Valleys are mostly settled with farms and, more recently, urban and suburban development, but the vast majority of the hills and mountains of this ecoregion are forested. Lying so close to the major East Coast metropolitan areas of Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, DC, the region represents a tremendous natural resource for both the local people and these urbanites. The high mountains, the lack of past glacial coverage, and the environmental diversity of this ecoregion have combined to make this area one of the most ecologically diverse regions of the eastern United States. This ecoregional plan has identified plants, animals, natural communities, and ecological systems that represent the most urgent conservation priorities for The Nature Conservancy and its partners. Using an exceptional Natural Heritage database and sound science, this plan recommends protection of 467 sites. Within this set of sites, The Nature Conservancy has selected 122 sites for immediate conservation action. The approximate area covered by the portfolio is 3,011,000 acres. Of this area, 2,530,000 acres occurs within large, roadless forest areas. Therefore, smaller sites cover an additional 481,000 acres. The Federal government manages approximately 46% of roadless forest area acreage and various state governments an additional 18%. The majority of the remaining area of roadless forest areas is privately owned.
    [Show full text]
  • POINT PLEASANT 1774 Prelude to the American Revolution
    POINT PLEASANT 1774 Prelude to the American Revolution JOHN F WINKLER ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CAMPAIGN 273 POINT PLEASANT 1774 Prelude to the American Revolution JOHN F WINKLER ILLUSTRATED BY PETER DENNIS Series editor Marcus Cowper © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 5 The strategic situation The Appalachian frontier The Ohio Indians Lord Dunmore’s Virginia CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 20 Virginia commanders Indian commanders OPPOSING ARMIES 25 Virginian forces Indian forces Orders of battle OPPOSING PLANS 34 Virginian plans Indian plans THE CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE 38 From Baker’s trading post to Wakatomica From Wakatomica to Point Pleasant The battle of Point Pleasant From Point Pleasant to Fort Gower THE AFTERMATH 89 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 93 FURTHER READING 94 INDEX 95 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com 4 British North America in1774 British North NEWFOUNDLAND Lake Superior Quebec QUEBEC ISLAND OF NOVA ST JOHN SCOTIA Montreal Fort Michilimackinac Lake St Lawrence River MASSACHUSETTS Huron Lake Lake Ontario NEW Michigan Fort Niagara HAMPSHIRE Fort Detroit Lake Erie NEW YORK Boston MASSACHUSETTS RHODE ISLAND PENNSYLVANIA New York CONNECTICUT Philadelphia Pittsburgh NEW JERSEY MARYLAND Point Pleasant DELAWARE N St Louis Ohio River VANDALIA KENTUCKY Williamsburg LOUISIANA VIRGINIA ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH CAROLINA Forts Cities and towns SOUTH Mississippi River CAROLINA Battlefields GEORGIA Political boundary Proposed or disputed area boundary
    [Show full text]
  • SR V21 Page.Pdf (2.501Mb)
    “The Nigh and Best Way”: The Early Development of Roads in Montgomery County Jim Page and Sherry Joines Wyatt Montgomery Museum & Lewis Miller Regional Art Center Montgomery County became a major pathway into the New River Valley during the early days of European settlement. The development of the early routes traveling southwest to the New River Valley had to overcome the obstacles of the Alleghany Divide and the New River itself. Early court documents, maps, and diaries allow us to trace the development of roads in the county during the settlement period. These sources make a strong case for the importance of Montgomery County as a thoroughfare to Southwest Virginia. Early Explorers Find Obstacles By following American Indian paths and influenced by topography, early European-American adventurers entered what is now Montgomery County with the goal of finding routes further west and surveying tracts on behalf of land companies. The earliest recorded trip into the region is thought to have been made by Abraham Wood in 1654. Abraham Wood was well placed to be at the forefront of westward exploration. He was captain at Fort Henry (located at the falls of the Appomattox River) and had entered the House of Burgesses in 1644. He served 22 years on the Privy Council and held a life appointment beginning in 1658 that gave him access to the highest levels of thinking and intelligence about the frontier within the colonial government. In 1671, Wood sponsored an exploring party led by Thomas Batte and Robert Hallom (often denoted as Batts and Fallam).1 The explorers found that the first major obstacles to westward travel in Southwest Virginia were the steep, high slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains (the Alleghany Divide) that separated waters draining east into the Atlantic from those that drained west into the Ohio River and ultimately the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Legitimacy: the Securement of Sovereignty in the Northwest Indian War
    i ABSTRACT WAR AND LEGITIMACY: THE SECUREMENT OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR During the post-revolution period, the newfound constitutional government of the United States faced a crisis of sovereignty and legitimacy. The Old Northwest region, encompassing what is now Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, was disputed between several groups. The U.S. government under George Washington claimed the region and sought to populate the land with white settlers, British officials in North America wished to reestablish British hegemony in the Ohio River valley and Native-Americans wished to protect their ancestral homeland from foreign invasion. In the 1790s, war broke out between a British backed alliance of Native tribes and the United States of America. Historians have named this conflict the Northwest Indian War. Examining government records, personal correspondences between Washington administration officials and military commanders, as well as recollections of soldiers, officials and civilians this thesis explores the geopolitical causes and ramifications of the Northwest Indian War. These sources demonstrate how the war was a reflection of a crisis which threatened the legitimacy to American sovereignty in the West. Furthermore, they also demonstrate how the use of a professional federal standing army was used by Washington’s government to secure American legitimacy. Michael Anthony Lipe August 2019 ii WAR AND LEGITIMACY: THE SECUREMENT OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE NORTHWEST INDIAN WAR by Michael Anthony Lipe A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History in the College of Social Sciences California State University, Fresno August 2019 APPROVED For the Department of History: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree.
    [Show full text]
  • R9265 Abraham Scholl
    Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements & Rosters Pension application of Abraham Scholl R9265 f47VA Transcribed by Will Graves 1/16/12 [Methodology: Spelling, punctuation and/or grammar have been corrected in some instances for ease of reading and to facilitate searches of the database. Where the meaning is not compromised by adhering to the spelling, punctuation or grammar, no change has been made. Corrections or additional notes have been inserted within brackets or footnotes. Blanks appearing in the transcripts reflect blanks in the original. A bracketed question mark indicates that the word or words preceding it represent(s) a guess by me. Only materials pertinent to the military service of the veteran and to contemporary events have been transcribed. Affidavits that provide additional information on these events are included and genealogical information is abstracted, while standard, 'boilerplate' affidavits and attestations related solely to the application, and later nineteenth and twentieth century research requests for information have been omitted. I use speech recognition software to make all my transcriptions. Such software misinterprets my southern accent with unfortunate regularity and my poor proofreading fails to catch all misinterpretations. Also, dates or numbers which the software treats as numerals rather than words are not corrected: for example, the software transcribes "the eighth of June one thousand eighty six" as "the 8th of June 1786." Please call errors or omissions to my attention.] The state
    [Show full text]
  • David Library of the American Revolution Guide to Microform Holdings
    DAVID LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION GUIDE TO MICROFORM HOLDINGS Adams, Samuel (1722-1803). Papers, 1635-1826. 5 reels. Includes papers and correspondence of the Massachusetts patriot, organizer of resistance to British rule, signer of the Declaration of Independence, and Revolutionary statesman. Includes calendar on final reel. Originals are in the New York Public Library. [FILM 674] Adams, Dr. Samuel. Diaries, 1758-1819. 2 reels. Diaries, letters, and anatomy commonplace book of the Massachusetts physician who served in the Continental Artillery during the Revolution. Originals are in the New York Public Library. [FILM 380] Alexander, William (1726-1783). Selected papers, 1767-1782. 1 reel. William Alexander, also known as “Lord Sterling,” first served as colonel of the 1st NJ Regiment. In 1776 he was appointed brigadier general and took command of the defense of New York City as well as serving as an advisor to General Washington. He was promoted to major- general in 1777. Papers consist of correspondence, military orders and reports, and bulletins to the Continental Congress. Originals are in the New York Historical Society. [FILM 404] American Army (Continental, militia, volunteer). See: United States. National Archives. Compiled Service Records of Soldiers Who Served in the American Army During the Revolutionary War. United States. National Archives. General Index to the Compiled Military Service Records of Revolutionary War Soldiers. United States. National Archives. Records of the Adjutant General’s Office. United States. National Archives. Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty and Warrant Application Files. United States. National Archives. Revolutionary War Rolls. 1775-1783. American Periodicals Series I. 33 reels. Accompanied by a guide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Northeast Region
    The Northeast Region The Northeast Region Land and Water of the Northeast The region between the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes is called the Northeast region. The Northeast region includes eleven states. The Northeast region has broad valleys, rolling hills, and low mountains. The Appalachian Mountains stretch from Maine in the Northeast region down to Alabama in the Southeast region. Several different mountain ranges make up the This map shows the eleven states of the Northeast Appalachian Mountains, including the region. Allegheny Mountains, the Pocono Mountains, the Adirondack Mountains, and the Catskills. The Appalachian Mountains are one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. Although they used to be very tall, they are much smaller now. Over time, water, wind, and ice have caused the rock of the mountains to slowly break down. Now the peaks of the Appalachian Mountains are smooth and rounded. The longest hiking trail in the world is the Appalachian Trail. It goes from Maine to Georgia, along the spine of the mountain range, through more than 2,000 miles of valleys, hills, and rivers. The Appalachian Trail is a very popular place to hike. There are many people who have hiked the entire trail! The tops of the Appalachian Mountains have been worn down over many millions of years. ★ created by Jill S. Russ ★ mrsruss.com ★ Page 1 Mount Washington in New Hampshire is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. At 6,288 feet tall, Mount Washington is the highest peak in the Northeast. Mount Washington has some of the world's most severe weather.
    [Show full text]
  • S22452 Cary Quigly
    Southern Campaign American Revolution Pension Statements & Rosters Pension application of Cary Quigly S22452 fn24PA Transcribed by Will Graves 9/3/11 [Methodology: Spelling, punctuation and/or grammar have been corrected in some instances for ease of reading and to facilitate searches of the database. Where the meaning is not compromised by adhering to the spelling, punctuation or grammar, no change has been made. Corrections or additional notes have been inserted within brackets or footnotes. Blanks appearing in the transcripts reflect blanks in the original. A bracketed question mark indicates that the word or words preceding it represent(s) a guess by me. Only materials pertinent to the military service of the veteran and to contemporary events have been transcribed. Affidavits that provide additional information on these events are included and genealogical information is abstracted, while standard, 'boilerplate' affidavits and attestations related solely to the application, and later nineteenth and twentieth century research requests for information have been omitted. I use speech recognition software to make all my transcriptions. Such software misinterprets my southern accent with unfortunate regularity and my poor proofreading fails to catch all misinterpretations. Also, dates or numbers which the software treats as numerals rather than words are not corrected: for example, the software transcribes "the eighth of June one thousand eighty six" as "the 8th of June 1786." Please call errors or omissions to my attention.] State of Pennsylvania Westmoreland County SS On the 22nd day of May 1833 Personally appeared before the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County in open court Cary Quigley [sic] aged eighty-seven years who being duly sworn according to law makes the following declaration in order to obtain the benefit of the provisions made by the act of Congress passed the 7th day of June 1832.
    [Show full text]
  • “A People Who Have Not the Pride to Record Their History Will Not Long
    STATE HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE i “A people who have not the pride to record their History will not long have virtues to make History worth recording; and Introduction no people who At the rear of Old Main at Bethany College, the sun shines through are indifferent an arcade. This passageway is filled with students today, just as it was more than a hundred years ago, as shown in a c.1885 photograph. to their past During my several visits to this college, I have lingered here enjoying the light and the student activity. It reminds me that we are part of the past need hope to as well as today. People can connect to historic resources through their make their character and setting as well as the stories they tell and the memories they make. future great.” The National Register of Historic Places recognizes historic re- sources such as Old Main. In 2000, the State Historic Preservation Office Virgil A. Lewis, first published Historic West Virginia which provided brief descriptions noted historian of our state’s National Register listings. This second edition adds approx- Mason County, imately 265 new listings, including the Huntington home of Civil Rights West Virginia activist Memphis Tennessee Garrison, the New River Gorge Bridge, Camp Caesar in Webster County, Fort Mill Ridge in Hampshire County, the Ananias Pitsenbarger Farm in Pendleton County and the Nuttallburg Coal Mining Complex in Fayette County. Each reveals the richness of our past and celebrates the stories and accomplishments of our citizens. I hope you enjoy and learn from Historic West Virginia.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Warfare, Household Competency, and the Settlement of the Western Virginia Frontier, 1749 to 1794
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2007 Indian warfare, household competency, and the settlement of the western Virginia frontier, 1749 to 1794 John M. Boback West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Boback, John M., "Indian warfare, household competency, and the settlement of the western Virginia frontier, 1749 to 1794" (2007). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 2566. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/2566 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Indian Warfare, Household Competency, and the Settlement of the Western Virginia Frontier, 1749 to 1794 John M. Boback Dissertation submitted to the College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor
    [Show full text]
  • The 215Th Annual Council
    The Diocese of Virginia Journal of The 215th Annual Council including Proceedings of the January 28, 2010 meeting of the 215th Annual Council and the February 20, 2010 adjournment date meeting of the 215th Annual Council Parochial Statistics Annual Reports Audits The Diocesan Constitution and Canons Directories The Diocese of Virginia Journal of The 215th Annual Council including Proceedings of the January 28, 2010 meeting of the 215th Annual Council and the February 20, 2010 adjournment date meeting of the 215th Annual Council Parochial Statistics Annual Reports Audits The Diocesan Constitution and Canons Directories The Diocese of Virginia t Journal of the the 215th Annual Council 1 2 The Diocese of Virginia t Journal of the the 215th Annual Council Table of Contents 5 Next Meeting of Council 6 Diocesan Officers 7 Members of the 215th Annual Council 39 Clergy in Order of Reception 51 Alphabetical Listing of Churches & Missions 61 Rules of Order 76 Program of the 215th Council 71 Necrology 75 Proceedings 125 Resolutions 133 Amendments to the Constitution and Canons 135 Annual Reports 167 Properties Held 173 Report of Pledges 181 Report of Audits 187 Official Acts 195 Report of Confirmations and Receptions 205 Parochial Statistics of the Diocese of Virginia 209 Communicants & Services Held 217 Income and Expenditures 225 Diocese of Virginia Financial Report 255 Trustees of the Funds Financial Report 273 Diocesan Missionary Society Financial Report 297 Diocesan Program Budget as Adopted by Council 301 Legal Titles for Making Bequests 305 Constitution and Canons 337 Index to Constitution and Canons 341 Directory 342 Bishops and Diocesan Staff 343 Diocesan Centers, Church Schools, Diocesan Homes, Other Institutions 345 Clergy of the Diocese 401 Clergy Under License 416 Surviving Spouses 419 Listing of Churches by Location 451 Organizations, Commissions, Committees and Task Groups 485 Index Click on any content listing to link to the respective page.
    [Show full text]