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Photosensitivity of a Protoporphyrin

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Photosensitivity of a Protoporphyrin Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 88, pp. 10520-10524, December 1991 Genetics Photosensitivity of a protoporphyrin-accumulating, light-sensitive mutant (visA) of Escherichia coli K-12 (heme/active oxygen/protoporphyrin IX/ferrochelatase) KENJI NAKAHIGASHI, KoICHI NISHIMURA, KAZUMASA MIYAMOTO, AND HACHIRO INOKUCHI* Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606, Japan Communicated by Julius Adler, August 19, 1991 ABSTRACT Mutations in the visA gene ofEscherichia coli were isolated from VS200 by mutagenesis with N-methyl- cause the mutant bacteria to die upon illumination with visible N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). A hemin-permeable mu- light. We confirmed genetically that the visA gene is a struc- tant was also isolated with NTG. The AsodA::lacZ CmR tural gene for ferrochelatase (protoheme ferro-lyase, EC marker was transduced from QC772 by P1 transduction, as 4.99.1.1). Since other mutations in the genes involved in the described by Miller (6). biosynthesis of heme can cure the photosensitivity, the light- Media and Growth. The basic media used were LB and M9 induced cell death appears to be brought about by the accu- minimal medium (7). Fumarate minimal medium contained mulation of protoporphyrin IX, one of the substrates of fer- mineral salts (8), 1% glycerol, and 50 mM sodium fumarate. rochelatase. When cells are illuminated with visible light, NO3 minimal medium contained mineral salts, 0.5% glycerol, protoporphyrin IX seems to produce an active species ofoxygen 1% potassium nitrate, and 1 ,uM ammonium molybdate. (probably 102) that is harmful to the cells. This defect is the When required, media were supplemented with 0.2% glu- same as that associated with the human disease protoporphy- cose, 0.6% sodium succinate, 20 tkg ofa particular amino acid ria. per ml, 100 gg of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) per ml or 10 pug ofhemin per ml, unless otherwise noted. For illumination, Erythropoietic protoporphyria, a hereditary disease of hu- plates were exposed to the light from two 40-W fluorescent mans, causes cutaneous photosensitivity. The photosensitiv- lamps at a distance of 15 cm (about 7500 lux), and the liquid ity is caused by the accumulation of large amounts of cultures in test tubes were illuminated by "a cold light" protoporphyrin IX (proto IX) in erythrocytes. The accumu- illuminator (HLS2150 type; Hoya-Schott, Tokyo). Dark con- lation of proto IX is induced by a decrease in the activity of trols were wrapped in aluminum foil and placed next to the ferrochelatase (protoheme ferro-lyase, EC 4.99.1.1), the final experimental samples. Incubations were performed at 370C enzyme in the biosynthesis of heme, which incorporates under aerobic conditions, unless otherwise noted. ferrous iron into the tetrapyrrole ring of proto IX. When DNA Clones. AvisA is a phage clone carrying the 3.5- illuminated with visible light, proto IX is believed to produce kilobase EcoRI fragment that contains the visA gene (2); it an activated form of oxygen that causes various types of was constructed by insertion ofthe 3.5-kilobase fragment into damage to the body. However, the exact nature of the the EcoRI site of Agt-AC (9). AkvisA was constructed as reactions is not known yet. A relation between human follows. The EcoRV-Nae I region within the visA gene was porphyrias and porphyrin-accumulating mutants of Esche- deleted from the 3.5-kilobase EcoRI fragment, and the frag- richia coli has already been mentioned (1). ment with the deletion was exchanged for the AC fragment of We reported previously the isolation of mutants of E. coli the vector phage Agt-AC. Because this phage, A~visA, does K-12 that were sensitive to visible light (2). Most such not have a phage attachment site (pop'), it cannot integrate mutants were defective in one gene, designated visA. The into the host chromosome by phage functions. All the other visA mutants were sensitive to visible light of about 460 nm A clones used have been described by Kohara et al. (10). but had no accentuated sensitivity to ultraviolet light. The Plasmid pUR290 was described by Ruther and Muller-Hill visA gene is located at 11 min in the E. coli chromosome just (11). Plasmid pHA1 was constructed by inserting the PCR- downstream of the adk gene, and it encodes a protein of 320 amplified hemA gene, with flanking regions, into the vector amino acid residues. Since this protein showed 28% identity pUC18. The nfo'-'lacZ fusion plasmid pHI201 (H. Ikehata to the ferrochelatase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (3), we and S. Yonei, personal communication) and the katG'-'lacZ suggested that the visA gene is the same gene as hemH, which plasmid pKT1033 (12) were kindly supplied by S. Yonei. was classically designated as encoding the enzyme. Deletion of the visA Gene Mediated by Phage A. AkvisA was In the present study, we have confirmed genetically that lysogenized into the chromosome of CA274 by homologous the visA gene does in fact encode the ferrochelatase and that recombination between the cloned fragment and the chro- the photosensitivity results from the accumulation of proto mosome. The phage was cured by heat-pulse curing (13). A IX, as in the case of human protoporphyria. We also inves- deletion mutant was isolated by screening the cured isolates. tigated the formation of active oxygen by photochemical Mutagenesis with NTG. For isolation of photoresistant reactions mediated by the endogenous proto IX. revertants, mutagenesis with NTG was carried out as de- scribed by Miller (6). For isolation of hemin-permeable METHODS mutants, 0.1 ml of an overnight culture was spread on an LB MATERIALS AND plate supplemented with hemin, and 50 ,ul of a solution of 2 Bacterial Strains. All the bacterial strains used were deriv- mg of NTG per ml was spotted on the center of the plates. atives of E. coli K-12 and are listed in Table 1. VS200 is a After overnight incubation, large satellite colonies were deletion mutant of the visA gene. Photoresistant revertants picked and checked for hemin-dependent growth. The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge Abbreviations: ALA, 5-aminolevulinic acid; proto IX, protoporphy- payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" rin IX; NTG, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. *To whom reprint requests should be addressed. 10520 Downloaded by guest on September 25, 2021 Genetics: Nakahigashi et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88 (1991) 10521 Table 1. Bacterial strains However, all of our visA mutants reported previously (2) Relevant genotype or were able to grow well with succinate as a carbon source, Strain phenotype Source suggesting that they might have only partially lost the func- tion of the visA product and may retain residual amounts of CA274 Ref. 4 cytochromes and other hemoproteins. Therefore, we at- VS101 visA Ref. 2 to a visA gene on the chromo- VS200 AvisA This work tempted delete portion of the VS201 AvisA hemA This work some, as described in Materials and Methods. The resultant VS206 AvisA hemA This work strain (VS200) was more sensitive to light than the mutant VS215 AvisA hemA This work strain VS101 (Fig. 1A). As expected, VS200 was unable to VS217 AvisA hemA This work grow on succinate, and even in rich medium it grew very VS247 AvisA hemA This work poorly (doubling time, -80 min) (Fig. 1B). VS200 also VS202 AvisA light resistant (hemB?) This work showed no catalase activity, although the point mutant VS101 VS203 AvisA light resistant (hemB?) This work did show detectable activity (data not shown). VS216 AvisA light resistant (hemB?) This work Photosensitivity of visA Mutants Is not Caused by the Lack VS207 AvisA light resistant (hemC of Heme in the Cell. Because wild-type E. coli does not allow or hemD?) This work heme molecules to penetrate the cell membrane (14), a VS281 AvisA hemP* This work requirement for heme could not be tested by the addition of QC722 AsodA::lacZ CmR Ref. 5 heme to the medium. Some E. coli mutants can, however, VS111 visA AsodA::lacZ P1(QC722) x VS101 take up and utilize heme, in the form of hemin, when it is VS011 AsodA::lacZ P1(QC722) x CA274 supplied in the medium (15). We isolated hemin-permeable mutants from VS200. The growth ofone such mutant (VS281) Other genotypes are F- lac4169 rpsL for QC722 and HfrC lacam trpam for all other strains. was accelerated with increases in the concentration of hemin *Hemin permeable. in the medium and was restored to the wild-type rate by addition of hemin at 10 ,g/ml (Fig. 2). We examined the Assays. Catalase was assayed qualitatively by allowing photosensitivity of this mutant with and without hemin in the drops of 30% (vol/vol) H202 to fall on a colony or a lawn of medium, and in both cases, the mutant bacteria were pho- bacteria and observing the evolution of oxygen gas. For the tosensitive (Fig. 3). Therefore, we concluded that the pho- p-galactosidase assay, 1/1000th volume of an overnight cul- tosensitivity was not caused by an inability to produce heme. ture was inoculated into LB broth and incubated for 4 hr in Isolation and Characterization ofRevertants (Photoresistant complete darkness. Then, after transfer of the cultures to Mutants) from the visA-Deleted Strain. To examine the mech- various illumination conditions or to the presence of drug for anism of photosensitivity, we attempted to isolate photore- 45 min, the amount of p-galactosidase was determined as sistant mutants from the visA-deleted strain VS200 after described by Miller (6). mutagenesis with NTG. Since a part of the visA gene was deleted in VS200, no true revertants of visA were expected; the revertants were exoected to be double mutants in the visA RESULTS gene and in related genes.
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