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Kina I Rummet Aktuel Naturvidenskab | 1 | 2012 14 14 RUMFART Kina i rummet Kineserne har øjnene rettet mod rummet. Det handler både om stormagtsstatus og national selvfølelse. Af Maria Vang Knudsen og Michael Linden-Vørnle I de seneste årtier har Kina oplevet en markant økonomisk vækst og teknologisk udvik- ling, der på mange måder har transformeret landet fra pri- mært at være et landbrugs- samfund til også at rumme nogle af de mest avancerede produktions- og forskningsfa- ciliteter i verden. Her har ikke mindst det kinesiske rumpro- Opsendelsen af testmodulet Tian- gram spillet en helt afgørende gong 1 den 29. september sidste år. rolle for at vise omverdenen, Tiangong 1 skal bane vejen for en at Kina har store ambitio- kommende stor kinesisk rumstation. ner – og både evnen og viljen til at indfri dem. Samtidig har rumprogrammet i den kinesi- en rumvandring på program- ske befolkning fået en nærmest met. Taikonauten Zhai Zhi- ikonisk status som manifesta- gang var på en kort 14 minut- tionen af Kinas og den kinesi- ters vandring udenfor rumski- ske reformproces’ succes. bet Shenzhou 7, mens hans makker Liu Boming også var Det store gennembrud iført rumdragt for at assistere Kina har siden 1970 med egne Zhigang under rumvandrin- raketter sendt satellitter ud i gen. Således var Boming halv- rummet, men i oktober 2003 vejs ude af luftslusen for at markerede kineserne sig for række Zhigang et kinesisk fl ag. alvor på rumfartens verdens- Tredje mand, Jing Haipeng, kort ved at gennemføre den holdt sig “inden døre”. første bemandede rumfl yvning. Den dengang 38-årige Yang Rumstation på vej Liwei gennemførte en 21,5 Agency Xinhua News Fotos: Det seneste skud på stam- timer lang rejse i rummet om Taikonauten Yang Liwei i sin Shenzhou-kapsel efter den historiske rum- men i den bemandede del af bord på rumskibet Shenzhou 5. fl yvning i oktober 2003. det kinesiske rumprogram er Efter en perfekt landing i Indre de indledende øvelser til at Mongoliet var Kina blevet denne kapacitet. men to kinesiske astronauter – opbygge en permanent tilste- medlem af den eksklusive klub Siden Liweis rumfærd har såkaldte taikonauter – af sted deværelse i rummet: en kine- af lande, der selv er i stand kineserne gennemført yder- med rumskibet Shenzhou 6: sisk rumstation. I september til at gennemføre bemandede ligere to bemandede fl yvnin- Fei Junlong og Nie Haisheng. sidste år opsendte kineserne rumrejser. Indtil da var det ger – i oktober 2005 og sep- Under den tredje fl yvning, testmodulet Tiangong 1, der kun USA og Rusland (tidligere tember 2008. Ved fl yvningen hvor besætningen var på tre skal bane vejen for en stor Sovjetunionen), der havde haft i 2005 var der ikke bare én, mand, var der for første gang modulopbygget rumstation. Artiklen kommer fra tidsskriftet Aktuel Naturvidenskab. Se mere på aktuelnaturvidenskab.dk Aktuel Naturvidenskab | 1 | 2012 15 RUMFART 15 Foto: Xinhua News Agency Xinhua News Foto: Kinas præsident Hu Jintao hilser på taikonauterne Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming og Jing Haipeng umiddelbart før deres rumrejse i september 2008, hvor Zhigang gennemførte den første kinesiske rumvandring. Navnet Tiangong kan oversæt- kineserne omkring 2020 rea- ner begrænser sig dog ikke til met. Long March-raketterne er tes til “himmelsk palads”. En lisere en stor, modulopbygget Jorden. Således har Kina alle- løbende blevet udviklet og nye, vigtig milepæl blev allerede rumstation. rede succesfuldt gennemført to kraftige udgaver af Long March nået i november, hvor rum- missioner til Månen med de er allerede på vej. skibet Shenzhou 8 succesfuldt Satellitter, sonder og to rumsonder Chang'e-1 og gennemførte sammenkoblin- raketter Chang'e-2, der har kredset om Hvorfor har Kina et ger med Tiangong 1. Evnen til Det kinesiske rumprogram er vores nærmeste nabo i rum- rumprogram? at gennemføre sammenkoblin- dog meget andet end rumskibe met. En kinesisk rumsonde til Det er altså ganske impone- ger i rummet er en helt afgø- og taikonauter. Kina har pro- Mars, Yinghuo 1, blev sendt af rende resultater, som kineserne rende forudsætning for driften grammer inden for stort set sted som passager på den rus- inden for de seneste år har præ- af en rumstation. alle områder, der handler om siske Phobos-Grunt-mission i steret. Men hvorfor har Kina Shenzhou 8 var ubeman- at udnytte det store overblik november sidste år. Desværre egentlig et rumprogram? Der det og fj ernstyret, så næste fra rummet: kommunikation, nåede missionen dog aldrig ud er mange oplagte videnskabe- skridt bliver gennemførelsen navigation og jordovervågning. af kredsløb om Jorden, men lige og teknologiske mulighe- af bemandede fl yvninger til Således er Kina f.eks. i fuld gang brændte i stedet op i Jordens der forbundet med at have et Tiangong 1. Det skal efter pla- med at udvikle sit eget satel- atmosfære i januar i år. rumprogram, men for kineserne nen ske i år, hvor to Shenzhou- litnavigationssystem ved navn Forudsætningen for at være er der mere på spil end det. I missioner er på tapetet – heraf Beidou, der vil gøre kineserne en rumnation er naturligvis selv Kina handler det også om natio- mindst en bemandet fl yvning uafhængige af GPS-systemet, at kunne sende sine satellitter, nal stolthed og international måske med de første kvindelige der jo drives af det amerikanske sonder og rumskibe ud i rum- anerkendelse og prestige. Man taikonauter om bord. Ifølge militær. Jordobservation handler met. Kineserne har udviklet en vil vise verden, at Kina på alle offi cielle kinesiske kilder skal bl.a. om at indsamle meteoro- serie af løfteraketter ved navn måder er en moderne nation Tiangong 1 kredse om Jorden logiske data og lave miljøover- Long March, der siden 2006 og samtidigt tage luften ud af i to år, hvorefter modulet skal vågning, men naturligvis også at succesfuldt har gennemført 67 enhver diskussion om, hvorvidt brænde op i Jordens atmosfære. lave efterretningsindhentning. opsendelser, hvor i alt 79 rum- landet er en stormagt. Med erfaringerne fra brugen vil De kinesiske rumambitio- fartøjer er blevet bragt ud i rum- Den kinesiske civilisation har Artiklen kommer fra tidsskriftet Aktuel Naturvidenskab. Se mere på aktuelnaturvidenskab.dk Aktuel Naturvidenskab | 1 | 2012 16 16 RUMFART store begivenheder det samme i spurgt, om de kinesiske rumak- Kina. Millioner af kinesere sid- tiviteter er en sofi stikeret måde der klistret til skærmene og føl- at erobre verden på uden at ger live-transmissionerne i kine- føre krig. Hvis det er tilfældet, sisk tv, og særligt de bemandede vil fremgangsmåden være helt fl yvninger har fået stor opmærk- i tråd med den klassiske kine- somhed. siske militærtradition og Sun Kina er et gigantisk land, og Tzu, som defi nerer den ulti- der er helt enorme forskelle mative sejr, som en sejr vundet mellem land og by, øst og vest, uden kamp. Det handler om at rig og fattig, ung og gammel. virke fj enden så overlegen, at Én ting har de fl este kinesere man fratager ham lysten til at imidlertid til fælles, og det er kæmpe. en dybt rodfæstet stolthed over Umiddelbart er der dog intet, den tusindårige kinesiske civi- der tyder på, at kineserne har lisation. National stolthed er fj endtlige motiver. Tværtimod en helt særlig drivkraft i Kina, lægger kineserne selv vægt på, og kineserne er i det hele taget at deres rumaktiviteter har fre- meget patriotiske. Ser man på delige formål. Kina ønsker gen- rumprogrammet i et indenrigs- nem internationalt samarbejde politisk perspektiv, så kan man at udforske og udnytte rum- sige, at ledelsen i Kina bruger met – ikke bare for kineserne, Foto: Xinhua News Agency Xinhua News Foto: rumprogrammet til at skabe en men som de selv siger: for hele Klargøring af rumskibet Shenzhou 7, der i september 2008 blev brugt øget national prestige og styrke menneskeheden. Fra offi ciel af de tre taikonauter Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming og Jing Haipeng. den nationale følelse af fælles- side lægger man dog ikke skjul skab og stolthed. på, at det også i yderste kon- Man spiller på alle tangen- sekvens handler om at kunne en mere end fem tusind år lang drende økonomi, deres tekno- ter, når det skal markeres hvor forsvare den kinesiske stats historie. Det er fra Kina, verden logiske landvindinger og ikke betydningsfuldt og vigtigt rum- suverænitet og selvstændighed. har fået opfi ndelser som krud- mindst det ambitiøse og succes- programmet er for Kina. Det Befolkningen og regeringen er tet, kompasset, papir, porcelæn, fulde rumprogram uomtvisteligt betyder blandt andet, at præ- helt på linje, når det kommer paraplyen og meget andet. På er på vej til at genindtage sin sidenten deltager i alle cere- til, at Kina aldrig nogen sinde kinesisk hedder Kina Zhong- retmæssige plads blandt verdens monierne forbundet med de igen skal ligge under for andre guo, som direkte oversat bety- ledende nationer. bemandede fl yvninger, som magter. der “riget i midten”. Det er en også transmitteres live på natio- Kina er kendt i hele verden gængs opfattelse blandt mange Rumprogrammet samler nalt tv. Befolkningen er også for sin produktion af billige for- kinesere, at Kina efter i 150 år nationen blevet inddraget mere aktivt brugsgoder ofte i plastik, men at have været fortrængt fra sin Som X-faktor og håndbold VM i rumprogrammet ved, at de de er også i stigende grad kendt retmæssige plads som verdens kan lægge gaderne øde i Dan- er blevet opfordret til at være for, at de er vanvittigt dygtige nr. 1, nu med afsæt i deres bul- mark, så gør rumprogrammets med til at navngive de forskel- til at videreudvikle og forfi ne lige raketter, satellitter, rum- teknologi. skibe mm. og til at komme med Regeringen poster masser af forslag til, hvilke symboler de penge i forskning og rumpro- skal udsmykkes med. På trods grammet er bevis for landets af, at det er en bekostelig aff ære evne til at mobilisere ressourcer Internationalt at have et rumprogram, og at til så omfattende udfordringer.
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