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Human-Powered Machines Over the Four-Wheeled Configurations

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Human-Powered Machines Over the Four-Wheeled Configurations HUMAN POWER Volume 13 Number 2 Spring 1998 $5.00: HPVA Members, $3.50 HUMAN POWER CONTENTS TECHNICAL NOTES is the technical journal of the Design and development Oxygen uptake, recumbent vs. upright International Human Powered Vehicle of a human-powered machine Mark Drela reminds us of work that Association for the manufacture of bricks showed that there is no difference in power Volume 13 Number 2, Spring 1998 J. D. Modak and S. D. Moghe demon- produced by athletes pedalling in the Editor strate two important characteristics in this upright or recumbent positions. David Gordon Wilson report on brick-making in India. One is that What is amazing to this editor is the 21 Winthrop Street human power can be used for tasks that range of efficiencies among athletes: a range Winchester, MA 01890-2851 USA take, for a short time, far more power than of 18% to 33.7% was found. A similar wide [email protected] one person can produce. It can be done range was measured for the percentage of Associate editors through energy storage, in this case a fly- the maximum oxygen uptake that could be Toshio Kataoka, Japan wheel. The second is that human-powered tolerated before lactate built up, shutting off 1-7-2-818 Hiranomiya-Machi brick production is economically viable and further power production Some athletes Hirano-ku, Osaka-shi, Japan 547-0046 desirable. could tolerate 90%, others only 60%. [email protected] socially Dynamic model of a rear suspension Theodor Schmidt, Europe Tip-over and skid limits of Ortbiihlweg 44 three- and four-wheeled vehicles Jobst Brandt tries to discourage people CH-3612 Steffisburg, Switzerland Dietrich Fellenz first analyzes the condi- from making simple models of systems as [email protected] tions for tip-over and skid limits for multi- complex as riders on a bicycle with Philip Thiel, watercraft track vehicles, and then produces two use- suspension. 4720 - 7th Avenue, NE ful charts that can be used for vehicle or Maximum human power Seattle, WA 98105 USA roadway design. vs. duration of effort Production Energy and equity and human power: Your editor has been plotting people's JS Design Ivan Illich reviewed performances in pedalling and rowing and IHPVA An admirer of Ivan Illich, John Snyder, has updated the curves of steady power Paul MacCready, international president summarizes a 1973 essay he wrote, and output vs. duration. HPVA (for North America) relates it to conditions a quarter-century Transmission efficiency PO Box 1307 on, particularly with respect to the future of Your editor discusses a report that chain San Luis Obispo, CA 93406-1307 USA human power. Theo Schmidt adds observa- transmissions have efficiencies over 99%. +805-466-8010; [email protected] tions about the viability of an automobile- REVIEWS HPVA board members centered culture. Allan Abbott, Chris Broome Your editor reviews HPV-related papers Tim Brummer, Bill Gaines The stiffness of tubes of various from volumes 28-30 of the Journal of Chet Kyle, Andrew Letton configurations and materials Biomechanics. "Mr. Z" - John Zabriskie - discusses this Christian Meyer, Paul Pancella, John Tetz LETTERS topic, of great interest to builders of HPVs, HPVA Officers Rotator Tiger and BikeE from a Carole Leone, president dispassionately and in places provocatively. He shows us that sometimes what seems beginner's viewpoint - Bud Shaw Jean Seay, executive vice president Climbing ability on a recumbent with a obvious is not necessarily true. Chris Roper, vice president, air low bottom bracket - Zach Kaplan Matteo Martignoni, vice pres., all-terrain Aerodynamic drag components EDITORIALS Theo Schmidt, vice pres., hybrid power Goro Tamai gives us a primer on the An analogy between the campaign for Andrew Letton, vice president, land drag of ultra-streamlined vehicles. Surface Jim Richardson, vice pres., submarine area rather than frontal area becomes nonsmokers' rights and a campaign we Nancy Sanford, vice president, water would like to have for HPV rights; safety dominant, something overlooked by many considerations for drivers of motor-vehicles Human Power (ISSN 0898-6908) is designers of HPV "streamliners". published irregularly, ideally quarterly, for and of HPVs; and the launch of a the International Human Powered Vehicle mainstream recumbent magazine. Association by the Human Powered Vehicle Association representing North America, a CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN POWER non-profit organization dedicated to pro- The editor and associate editors (you may choose with whom to correspond) welcome moting improvement, innovation and cre- contributions to Human Power. They should be of long-term technical interest (notices ativity in the use of human power generally, and reports of meetings, results of races and record attempts, and articles in the style of and especially in the design and develop- "The building of my HPV" should be sent to HPV News). Contributions should also be ment of human-powered vehicles. understandable by any English-speaker in any part of the world: units should be in S.I. Material in Human Power is copyrighted (with local units optional), and the use of local expressions such as "two-by-fours" should by the IHPVA. Unless copyrighted also by be either avoided or explained. Ask the editor for the contributor's guide. Many the author(s), complete articles or represen- contributions are sent out for review by specialists. Alas! We are poor and cannot pay for tative excerpts may be published elsewhere if contributions. They are, however, extremely valuable for the growth of the human-power full credit is given prominently to the movement. Contributions include papers, articles, reviews and letters. We welcome all author(s) and the IHPVA. types of contributions, from IHPVA members and nonmembers. 13 number 2, spring 1998 Human Power 2 Volume 13 number 2, spring 1998 Human Power development of this machine. Further amplification ratio G = 4. For brick Upon engagement of the clutch there is attempts have been made to produce bricks manufacturing, a process unit PU consists a rapid transfer of momentum and kinetic without using soil. This has been possible of an auger, and a cone and die, energy between the energy unit and the by utilising a mixture of lime, flyash and conventionally used for motorised brick- process unit. The process unit input shaft is sand, or only lime and flyash, for the extruders for the manufacture of clay bricks thus instantaneously accelerated and, after production of bricks. This solution is (Searl, 1955). reaching the maximum speed, is subjected beneficial because the present brick The suggested machine system uses to deceleration. This deceleration is manufacture spoils the landscape by human energy achieved by pedalling and induced by the resistance offered on producing soil deposits and creating pits stores this energy in a flywheel at an account of extrusion of lime-flyash-sand wherever brick fields are in operation. This energy-input rate convenient to the paste contained in the extruder. Thus the process, by contrast, converts a harmful by- pedaller. After storing the maximum process unit input shaft is in a transient product of thermal power stations, namely possible energy in the flywheel (pedalling state of motion (rigid-body angular velocity flyash, into useful building material. time could be 1-2 minutes) the same can of the auger is changing). The literature be made available for the actuation of any available as far as design of an extruder is BASIC CONCEPT OF THE MACHINE process unit by making available the energy concerned pertains only to the manufacture On average, the power produced by a stored in the flywheel through a suitable of clay bricks using a motorised machine man is approximately 75W (0.10 hp) clutch and torque-amplification if needed. wherein an auger shaft is always in a steady (Alexandrove, 1981), if he works Thus the flywheel will decelerate state of motion. The literature search did continuously. Therefore human power may depending on the actual resisting torque not provide any information regarding be used for a process if the power require- offered by the process. It implies that the horse-power requirement, optimum auger ment is a maximum of 75W. If process pedaller does not pedal while the flywheel speed, details of geometry of blade, cone power requirement is more than 75W and is supplying energy to the process-unit. and die for such an extruder for manufac- if the process can be of an intermittent turing lime-flyash-sand, or only lime-flyash, nature without affecting the end product, a AVAILABILITY OF DESIGN DATA bricks. Thus no design-data was available machine-system can be developed that FOR THE PROPOSED MACHINE for the process unit nor for a single-jaw spi- stores energy. Figure 1 describes the The literature search we made did not ral clutch and torque-amplification gears. schematic arrangement of the proposed produce data regarding what should be the (Here the emphasis is on severity of initial machine. numerical value of G' and the moment of mechanical shock and its associated severe Essentially, the machine consists of three inertia of the flywheel so that this man- adverse effects such as excessive stressing of sub-systems: (1) the energy unit, (2) machine system could store maximum the system under severe impact, random appropriate transmission, and (3) the energy in the flywheel for the shortest vibrations and rapid wear). process unit. The energy unit consists of a possible pedalling time. Obviously we In view of the foregoing the main conventional bicycle mechanism, a pair of wanted the most compatible system with parameters and dimensioning of the com- speed-increasing gears G' having a speed- the minimum possible internal human- ponents were decided essentially based on rise ratio G'= 2.4 and a flywheel. The energy loss.
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