International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016)

Human Power Using Mechanism as an Alternative Source: A Critical Review

M. P. Mohurle1,D.S. Deshmukh2,P. D. Patil3 1Student of Master of Engineering, SSBT`s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, M.S., India. 2Prof. & HOD of Mechanical Engineering Dept., SSBT`s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, M. S., India. 3Professor of Mechanical Engineering, SSBT`s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, M.S., India.

Abstract: In this paper importance of human power • Global Warming/Climate changes as an alternative energy source is investigated, • New applications in modern, high-tech settings – since beginning to present state and its future e.g., wearable computing and portable consumer scope. Natural fuel use is increased due to electronics industrial development and these sources oil, coal While in developed countries the energy problem is and natural gas reservoirs are limited. Energy one of short-term scarcity or optimum use, an crises need to search for alternate source of energy estimated 40% of the world’s population – or, 2 that is specifically renewable energy. Human billion people mainly in the less developed power credit is more because of health benefit as a countries – do not have even have access to source of energy. More effective use of human electricity. Moreover, this number is expected to power could be achieved through properly double by the year 2050. designed mechanisms. Human power as prime mover used to operate working unit is termed as The reasons for this limited access to electricity in human powered . Design considerations developing countries are the lack of energy sources for bicycle mechanism are discussed in this paper. such as coal, oil, or nuclear energy, and – even Owing to appropriate and most effective where such sources exist – the lack of expensive technology to use human power efficiently is capital to exploit existing resources. While the bicycle technology. In bicycle technology operator costs of renewable energy sources such as solar and uses mostly pedal to operate machine and transmits wind energy are falling gradually, these power through crank, chain and freewheels to the technologies are still far too expensive for working unit. This machine is widely used to developing countries, where about half the generate electric power, to operate various home population has incomes of less than two dollars a appliances, to drive water pump, harvesting day. activities in agriculture sector and simultaneously useful for physical fitness of operator. In recent years, there have been many interesting developments in the field of human power Keywords: Human Power machine, Bicycle conversion. In the present paper, a method of Technology, Dinapod, Flywheel. harnessing the power of children's play in playgrounds and public places, on devices such as I. INTRODUCTION the seesaw, merry-go-round, and swing is proposed. Energy is the driving force of modern societies, and generation and utilization of energy are essential Data for 24 people, aged from 16 to 61 years old, for socioeconomic development. Per-capita energy riding a bicycle for 17 km (10 miles) were recorded consumption levels are often considered a good and analyzed. During data logging procedure the measure of economic development. In recent years, average power of a biker varied between 215W to energy scarcity has become a serious problem due 375W. The graph in Fig. 1.1 shows the maximum to depletion of non-renewable energy sources, duration of human effort for different levels of increasing population, globalization of energy power. From this graph one can observe that intensive economic development, environmental ―healthy humans‖ can sustain approximately 75W pollution, and global warming [3]. (0.1hp) for a full 8-hour period, while ―first class athletes‖ can sustain approximately 300W (0.4hp). In this context, the field of renewable energy And that is for a single (stationary) bike; they are represents a new frontier for the academic and 20 times larger for a medium-sized gym with 20 research community, due to the following factors: bikes. We believe these numbers are promising and • Depletion or unreliability of non-renewable justify an attempt to harvest (part of) this energy energy sources, e.g., oil efficiently [1]. • Environmental pollution, e.g., due to coal use • Needs of increasing population, especially in resource-scarce developing countries

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III. EXISTENCE OF HUMAN POWERED OPERATED DEVICES

Interest in human power conversion declined in the early 20th century due to several technological developments: Availability of cheap, abundant electrical energy Use of compact, powerful, and versatile electricmotors and lights Availability of cheap, disposable batteries forportable use

Fig. 1.1: Human effort time Vs Sustained power; the maximum In recent years, human power conversion is making duration of human effort for different levels of power (Glaskin, a comeback due to a variety of economic, 2013) environmental, and technological factors: Applications in less-developed countries II. POWER LEVELS and remotelocations of developed countries (e.g., camping) The power levels that a human being can produce Use in portable computing, where through pedaling depend on how strong the peddler progress inbattery technology lags behind is and on how long he or she to pedal. If the task to developments inlaptop PCs be powered will continue for hours at a time, 75 Use in wearable computing and mechanical power is generally considered the communicationdevices, where absence of limit for large, healthy no-athlete. A healthy batteries or usable energy in remote athletic person of the same build might produce up locations such as battle fieldshinders their to twice this amount. A person who is smaller and continuous use less well nourished, but not till, would produce Energy shortage and high cost of less; the estimate for such a person should probably solar/wind power be 50 for the same kind of power production over an extended period. The graph in fig. 2.1 Use in emergency situations, e.g., shows various record limits for pedaling under earthquakes andhurricanes optimum condition. The meaning of these curves is Energy conservation – e.g., to minimize that any point on a curve indicated the maximum energyrequirements in power assist time that the appropriate class of person could devices for elderly and disabled maintain the given average power level [2]. Environment friendly – batteries are energy intensive to produce and are non- biodegradable Advances in actuators, materials, and energy storagetechniques Technological challenges – e.g., human- poweredflight, with spin-off benefits

A. HUMAN POWERED

These are the human power magnification units driven manually, the units may be driven by hand or foot. Thus, the human powered machines can be categorized as:

Fig.2.1 Human Power Output Pedaling 1. Hand Operated Human Powered Machines:

These machines are operated by hand and are Power levels are also directly related to the available in the following forms environment of the person doing the pedaling. To be able to continue pedaling over an extended i. Hand Crank with Gear Transmission period, a person must be able to keep cool whether Unit: Rotary motion of crank is transmitted through because the ambient temperature is low enough or gear train. Gear train may be used to rise speed because there is adequate breeze. and/or torque, e.g. Sugarcane Juice extractor. ii. Hand Crank with Chain Drive: Rotary motion of crank is transmitted through crank and

ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 418 International Conference on Global Trends in Engineering, Technology and Management (ICGTETM-2016) chain drive as in bicycle, e.g. Tri-cycle for orthopedically handicapped person.

2. Foot Operated Human Powered Machines: These machines are operated by foot and following two basic forms of foot operated human powered machines are available i. Treadle Powered Unit: To drive treadle powered unit operator uses one foot to pedal the machine. These machines are available with following mechanical arrangements, Treadle Powered Unit with Crank, Connecting Fig.4.1: Base (Home Trainer) attached to bike Rod: The oscillating motion of pedal is converted in to rotary motion through crank and connecting Testing shows that the back wheel can turn freely rod and then is transmitted to processing unit. without any obstacles in the way. Chain and crank or belt and pulley may be used for further transmission, e.g. Sewing Machine Attach the motor i.e. Generator to the base and ii. Bicycle Technology: The rotary motion calculate the gear ratios to figure out what size of foot pedal is transmitted through crank, chain pulley would be most suitable for the application. and sprocket to the processing unit. In this paper we are mainly focusing on the single bicycle electricity generation.

IV. DESIGN OF BIKE-POWERED ELECTRICITY GENERATOR

The intention of this paper is to build a straight forward human powered generator from a used bicycle and to use it to power light bulbs, blenders, cell phones, laptops, and other small appliances. Following is the general design procedure of the single bike electricity generator. Fig. 4.2: Motor or Generator

Parts Tools: -2"X4"Wood -Wrench -V-belt -Saw -Diode -Wood screws or nails - Battery - Hammer or Screwdriver - Inverter - Tape Measure - Wire

- Screwdriver Fig. 4.3: Base with motor. - Motor (12-V or higher) - Perforated plumbers steel For more efficient production a flywheel should be Design a base which lifts the rear tire off the placed on the motor (like in the picture) or if an ground. The base should also support a motor with exercise bike is used the wheel should already be a the shaft facing the wheel. flywheel.

To measure the rpm and the speed attach a tachometer/speedometer to the bike.

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equipped with front and rear derailleurs was used for the experiments. The front derailleur moves the chain across two chain rings having c1 = 47 and c2 = 52 teeth respectively. The rear derailleur moves the chain across six sprockets which have s1 = 14, s2 = 17, s3 = 20, s4 = 22, s5 = 24 and s6 = 26 teeth respectively.

2. Home trainer: supports the weight of the bicycle and the user and also plays the role of a multiplicative system. The rear wheel of the bicycle connects to the cylinder of the trainer, which has a diameter dc = 3 cm, multiplying the cylinder speed with a Fig. 4.4: Bike set up. factor of 23. This multiplication is needed Attach the Volt meter and the ammeter to be able due to the generator requirements. to take measurements. Movement (rotation) is transferred between the wheel and the cylinder only The main goal was to develop a simple and based on the friction between them. The modular system that can be used both in gyms and home trainer can be used with virtually at home without special mechanical or electrical any type of bicycle extending the latter's skills. The basic idea is to connect a bicycle to a functionality (from to indoor static system capable of transforming the rotation fitness bicycle) so the user will no longer of the pedals into electric energy. The system that need two different equipment’s this way converts mechanical energy into electric energy saving both money and depositing space. consists of two blocks: A. Mechanical Block – has the role to transfer the rotation movement of the pedals and 3. Transmission module: a pulley was adapt it to the generator requirements. installed on the cylinder of the trainer, B. Electric Block – has the role to convert which is connected with the pulley of the the energy provided by the mechanical block into generator through a transmission belt. The electric energy. diameters of the pulleys are the same and the transmission ratio is 1. A. Mechanical block

The mechanical block was designed starting from the following assumptions: 1. Use available components that should not change their functionality. In other words, every part of the mechanical block is an independent device that can be further replaced with better or cheaper versions. 2. Use recycled and refurbished components. The "age" of the components does not matter as long as their initial functionality is not altered or damaged. 3. Use low-budget equipment. Assuming that the system will be replicated for many Figure 4.5: Bike-powered electricity generator; scavenging fitness devices, its cost should be as low system – mechanical block and electric block

as possible. 4. 4. B. Electric block diagram 4. Individual components must allow fast and safe connectivity and operation The electric block diagram is presented in fig.4.6.

In Fig. 4.5 the physical system is presented. The mechanical block consists of:

1. Fitness bicycle: a regular road bicycle with dr = 71 cm (28 inch) wheels and

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V. SYSTEM FUNCTIONALITY

The equation that calculates the generator pulley speed, as a result of pedals rotation movement is: N(t) = Nped(t) ∙ m1 ∙ m2 ∙ m3…………… (1) with: Fig. 4.6: Electric block diagram m1 = ci / sj; m2 = dr / dc; m3 = dpt / dg ….(2) Where: N – generator pulley speed [RPM] Where: Nped – Pedals speed [RPM] G – Generator ci – Chain ring dimension [teeth] B – Group of lead–acid rechargeable batteries sj – Sprocket dimension [teeth] I – Inverter dr – Rear wheel diameter [cm] A – Ammeter dc – Home trainer cylinder diameter [cm] V – Voltmeter dpt – Pulley home trainer diameter [cm] K – Switch dg – Pulley generator diameter [cm]

There were three options for choosing the Table 5.1 presents the "theoretical" values of the generator: car alternator with an integrated voltage generator speed and the values of the output regulator, car alternator with an external voltage current, considering the output voltage rather regulator and a permanent magnet alternator. The constant and the mechanical block power much three criteria used in choosing the generator were: bigger than the generator power. The output current 1. The generator output voltage should values Ig were taken from the alternator comply with the battery charging conditions. For characteristic Ig = f(N) (Delco Remy, 2008). this reason, the output voltage should be between 14.2V and 14.8V. [1] Table 5.1:Theoretical values of the generator speed and the 2. The connections between the values of the output current components should be very simple. m m N N I 3. Embedded regulator into alternator 1 2 ped g chassis would be preferred since it may help save c1 / s6 = 46 / 2441 50 space, reduce wiring demands and the system 26 would be less susceptible to mechanical damages c1 / s5 = 46 / 2645 54 due to error in handling or even during regular use. 24

c1 / s4 = 46 / 2885 60 The generator (G) that meets all above requirements is the automotive alternator with 22 integrated voltage regulator. The availability on the c1 / s3 = 46 / 3174 64 market, the variety of shapes, sizes and outputs 20 have been other advantages that have been taken c1 / s2 = 46 / 3734 71 into consideration when choosing this unit for 17 prototype implementation. Furthermore, the c1 / s1 = 46 / 4534 76 working principle was validated, over many years, 14 by the automotive industry, where more severe 23 60 c2 / s6 = 52 / 2760 56 challenges (extreme temperatures, humidity, high 26 revs) are met. To temporarily store the harvested energy a group of 12V lead – acid batteries (B) was c2 / s5 = 52 / 2990 61 used. In order to deliver the stored energy into the 24 (local or regional) power network we also use a c2 / s4 = 52 / 3261 65 300W, 12Vcc/220Vca inverter (I). The voltmeter 22 (V) and the ammeter (A) have a double c2 / s3 = 52 / 3588 70 significance: they are used during the experimental 20 stage but they are replaced with transducers for the c2 / s2 = 52 / 4221 74 batteries management in the final solution. 17

c2 / s1 = 52 / 5125 77 14

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VI. FINDINGS FORM REVIEW OF where: LITERATURE : Nalternator – Actual generator pulley speed [RPM] N – Calculated generator pulley speed [RPM] The main goal of this study is to demonstrate that Ig – Generated current [A] the energy from stationary bikes is worth scavenging by showing that the energy produced is not negligible. Therefore, to determine the Actual System characteristic of generated energy versus generator Characteristic speed (determined by pedals speed) as a functional 7 characteristic of the system. Owing to the linear 6 dependence of energy with Ig (considering the voltage Vg rather constant), the generated current 5 (Ig) can be used as a measure of the energy

Ig[A] 4 produced by the system. The measuring process consists of two indirect procedures: calculus of the 3 generator speed and evaluation of the produced 2 energy. We calculate the generator speed using 1 equation (1), starting from the speed of the rear wheel measured with a bike computer. The 0 produced energy is evaluated using a set of bulbs 1084 1134 1184 1234 (having different powers - 8W, 15W, 25W, 40W, 75W) as the generator load.[1] We have used an Generator Pulley Speed[RPM] increasing load, determining the values of speed corresponding to each load value: we increase the Fig.6.1: Actual system characteristic speed until p bulbs (totalizing P watts) light up, and we log the data point as the speed necessary to VII. CONCLUSION generate P watt. In conclusion human power there is vast scope in Further analyzing the data, we could still determine economical use of Bicycle mechanism as an the system functional characteristic starting from alternative energy Source thereby renewable the generated current values, knowing that energy generation as well as exercising for good theoretical characteristic of the generator is unique. health cause. In this paper an energy scavenging system built Therefore, we built the pairs (Ig, Nalternator) presented in Table 6.1; the resulting characteristic is with recycled, independent components and presented in Fig. 6.1. targeted at energy consumed while exercising is Overall, our results show that the designed system presented. The amount of harvested energy is more is capable to scavenge (some of) the energy than sufficient to motivate us not to let it be wasted produced by the biker on a stationary bike but the into heat or other forms of un-useful energy. While collected energy heavily depends on the losses in building the scavenging system authors observed a the system before reaching the collection point. couple of problems related to both interconnections Some of these losses do not appear in professional between mechanical and electrical systems, as well gym equipment but need to be addressed for home- as interconnection between the scavenging system use systems like the one proposed in this paper. and the electrical network. Solutions for these Minor improvements at the mechanical block (as problems are reviewed. Economical perspective indicated above) should increase the generator's shows vital utility due to the recycled components, speed and, consequently, the output current. the system is affordable. All the components can still be used separately.

Table 6.1: Experimental values ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: N NAlternator Ig 2111 1084 0.65 Authors are thankful to the SSBT`s, College of 2322 1097 1.25 Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon 2856 1122 2.08 for providing library facility. The authors would 2980 1129 2.75 like to thank the staff and colleagues for useful 3187 1386 3.35 discussions. 3676 1146 4.58 4160 1180 5.41 4901 1213 6.25

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