Super-Heróis Negros E Negras: Referências Para a Educação Das Relações Étnico-Raciais E Ensino Da História E Cultura Afro-Brasileira E Africana

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Super-Heróis Negros E Negras: Referências Para a Educação Das Relações Étnico-Raciais E Ensino Da História E Cultura Afro-Brasileira E Africana caminhos SUPER-HERÓIS NEGROS E NEGRAS: REFERÊNCIAS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAIS E ENSINO DA HISTÓRIA E CULTURA AFRO-BRASILEIRA E AFRICANA Fernanda Pereira da Silva Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Relações Étnico-raciais do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, CEFET/RJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre. Orientador (a): Roberto Carlos da Silva Borges Rio de Janeiro Agosto de 2018 SUPER-HERÓIS NEGROS E NEGRAS: REFERÊNCIAS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAIS E ENSINO DA HISTÓRIA E CULTURA AFRO-BRASILEIRA E AFRICANA Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Étnico-raciais do Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca, CEFET/RJ, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Mestre Fernanda Pereira da Silva Banca Examinadora: ______________________________________________________________________ Presidente, Professor Dr. Roberto Carlos da Silva Borges (CEFET-RJ) ______________________________________________________________________ Professora Dra. Talita de Oliveira (CEFET-RJ) ______________________________________________________________________ Professor Dr. Aldo Victório Filho (UERJ) SUPLENTES ______________________________________________________________________ Professora Dra. Glenda Cristina Valim de Melo (UNIRIO) ______________________________________________________________________ Professor Dr. Samuel Silva Rodrigues de Oliveira (CEFET-RJ) Rio de Janeiro Agosto de 2018 AGRADECIMENTOS O percurso de construção de uma pesquisa não é uma tarefa fácil, em muitos momentos precisamos do apoio de outras pessoas, afinal, nada se constrói sozinho. Agradeço, primeiramente, a Deus por ter me dado forças para superar as dificuldades e concluir este sonho, o qual, por tanto tempo, lutei para conseguir. À minha família, em especial meus pais Wilma Figueredo e Francisco Pereira (in memoriam) e a minha irmã Izabel Pereira, que sempre me apoiaram com amor incondicional e incentivo. Ao meu noivo, Michael Santos, que surgiu na minha história, para juntos buscarmos por sabedoria, paciência e amor nessa linda jornada que é viver. Aos professores e estudantes do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Étnicos-Raciais (PPRER), que ao longo dos dois anos de mestrado, contribuíram infinitamente com suas narrativas e compromisso com a luta antirracista. Aos amigos Elbert Agostinho e Aline Nascimento, que além de materiais, compartilhavam palavras que incentivaram a minha jornada como pesquisadora. Com imensa gratidão, ao amigo Roberto Borges, que além de orientador, tornou- se um amigo especial, o qual admiro com carinho e respeito. Ao infinito e além. RESUMO SUPER-HERÓIS NEGROS E NEGRAS: REFERÊNCIAS PARA A EDUCAÇÃO DAS RELAÇÕES ÉTNICO-RACIAIS E ENSINO DA HISTÓRIA E CULTURA AFRO-BRASILEIRA E AFRICANA A partir do princípio de fortalecimento de identidade e de direitos apresentado nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais e para o Ensino da História e Cultura Afro-brasileira e Africana, que regulamentam a lei nº 10.639/2003, a presente dissertação parte do entendimento de que a discussão sobre a representação da identidade da pessoa negra, por meio das variadas produções midiáticas, torna-se um assunto fundamental para o reconhecimento da historicidade negada ou distorcida da população negra. O sistema narrativo existente nas histórias em quadrinhos possibilitará a análise sobre as representações da população negra no universo dos quadrinhos e a sua inserção no papel de super-herói e de super-heroína, relacionando esta análise com os processos políticos, históricos e sociais de grande relevância para o fortalecimento dos movimentos de resistência da população negra. Os espaços produzidos pelos super-heróis negros e negras nos quadrinhos tornam-se uma importante possibilidade de enfrentamento das questões raciais historicamente vivenciadas pela população negra. Esta pesquisa reconhece a necessidade de estímulo à formação de professores como forma de efetivar as principais legislações vigentes no Brasil sobre a educação das relações étnico-raciais e ensino das culturas afro-brasileira e africana. Palavras-chave: relações étnico-raciais. história em quadrinhos. formação de professores. cultura da mídia. ABSTRACT BLACK SUPERHEROES: REFERENCES FOR THE EDUCATION OF ETHNIC- RACIAL RELATIONS AND TEACHING OF AFRO-BRAZILIAN AND AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURE Based on the principle of strengthening of identity and rights presented in the National Curricular Guidelines for the Education of Ethnic-Racial Relations and for the Teaching of Afro-Brazilian and African History and Culture, which regulate Law 10.639 / 2003, the present dissertation part of the understanding that the discussion about the representation of the identity of the black person through the varied media productions becomes a fundamental subject for the recognition of the denied or distorted historicity of the black population. The existing narrative system in the comic books will allow the analysis of the representations of the black population in the universe of comics and its insertion in the role of superhero and superheroine, relating this analysis to the political, historical and social processes of great relevance for strengthening the resistance movements of the black population. The spaces produced by black and black superheroes in comics become an important possibility of confronting the racial issues historically experienced by the black population. This research recognizes the need to stimulate the formation of teachers as a way to implement the main legislation in force in Brazil regarding the education of ethnic-racial relations and the teaching of Afro-Brazilian and African cultures. Keywords: ethnic-racial relations. comic. teacher training. media culture. SUMÁRIO Introdução 8 1-Análises possíveis da atuação da cultura da mídia no processo de 17 construção dos conceitos de identidade, raça e racismo nas histórias em quadrinhos 1.1-Discurso, identidade, representação e racismo na história dos quadrinhos 20 1.2-Do Tarzan ao Pantera Negra – Os percursos da construção do super-herói 31 negro como elemento midiático 1.3-Enquanto isso, no Brasil... 52 1.4-Continua no próximo capítulo 61 2-Entre origens e representações. Análise sobre os super-heróis negros e 63 negras das histórias em quadrinhos 2.1-A cultura visual como método transdisciplinar para análise das representações 69 imagéticas 2.2-O que dizem a análise dos dados? 73 2.3-Luke Cage - Herói de aluguel 83 2.4- Ororo Munroe - Tempestade 90 2.5-Super-Choque 103 2.6-Representação em constante movimento 108 3-Cultura visual para a educação das relações étnico-raciais 110 3.1-A importância da formação de professores para a educação das relações 113 étnicos-raciais e ensino da cultura afro-brasileira e africana 3.2–Afinal, o que é Letramento? 119 3.3-Letramento racial crítico 123 3.4-O letramento como resistência e reexistência 127 3.5-Caminhos possíveis entre Cultura Visual e educação para relações étnico- 129 raciais Considerações Finais 141 Referências 147 8 Introdução “Faltam heróis negros. ” (Lázaro Ramos, 2015) 1 Em entrevista à coluna Folhinha, disponível no site do jornal Folha de São Paulo, o ator e escritor Lázaro Ramos fala sobre o lançamento do seu terceiro livro2 infantil, intitulado "Cadernos de Rimas do João", ilustrado com personagens negros e com menções a Gilberto Gil e à capoeira, como destaca o jornal. O ator afirma que: “Muitas vezes faltam referências de heróis negros. Esse rosto diverso é fundamental para a infância, não só para a criança negra, mas para toda e qualquer criança. ” A partir da análise da fala de Lázaro Ramos, recordei o ano de 2008, quando iniciei minha carreira no magistério lecionando a disciplina de Artes Visuais, em turmas do ensino fundamental e médio. Minhas aulas de Arte Africana resumiam-se a produções com formas geométricas relacionadas com a combinação de cores quentes. O conteúdo da aula não avançava devido às inúmeras interrupções dos alunos, decorrentes do desinteresse e preconceito sobre as temáticas relacionadas à África. Algo que sempre me incomodava, era a produção de estereótipos destinados à pessoa negra durante estas aulas. Eu, enquanto mulher branca não conseguia entender os comportamentos de recusa diante o tema proposto e as classificações destinadas a população negra. Nesse contexto, ser chamado de negro era algo ruim, aprender Arte Africana era errado, assuntos vinculados à África eram considerados pejorativamente como “coisa de macumbeiro”. Logo, foi somente após o pronunciamento de Lázaro Ramos que despertei para a reflexão sobre quais eram os exemplos de heróis que as crianças e os adolescentes negros possuíam para poder assumir sua negritude. 1 Matéria publicada em 11/11/ 2015, na coluna Folhinha, no site da Folha de São Paulo. Disponível em: <http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folhinha/2015/11/1704671-faltam-herois-negros-diz-lazaro-ramos-ao- lancar-seu-3-livro-infantil.shtml>. Acesso em: 02 de maio 2016. 2 O ator Lázaro Ramos publicou os seguintes livros: Caderno Sem Rimas Da Maria (2018); Na minha pele (2017); Caderno de rimas do João (2015); A velha sentada (2010). 9 Diante do exposto, a pesquisa para esta dissertação surgiu a partir de uma inquietação que perdurou durante anos no meu fazer docente, assim como da vontade de contribuir para que outros profissionais da educação enfrentem os desafios de uma educação direcionada para as relações étnico-raciais,
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