Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering A9 (2020) 188-203 doi:10.17265/2162-5298/2020.05.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Mengmeng Li1, Mei Yang1,2, Min Zhang3 and Tao Xu2 1. Department of Art, Xi’ an Jiaotong University, Xi’ an 710049, China 2. Department of Landscape Architecture, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago IL 60616, US 3. Department of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University, Haerbin 150040, China
Abstract: Rural landscape is not only a natural landscape, but also a cultural landscape. The improvement of rural environment in Lushi County is carried out under the background of “Building Beautiful Villages”. Through the plan of environmental improvement, the appearance of villages in rural areas will be significantly improved, and the gap between urban and rural areas will be shortened. This research addresses the problems of scarce water resources, imperfect rainwater collection facilities, and increased environmental pollution in rural areas, and explores a flexible, effective, and integrated landscape ecological water treatment system that integrates with natural ecosystems. The practice has shown that the flexible combination of different technical measures according to local conditions and the construction of ecological water self-circulation and self-purification systems can reduce maintenance costs and achieve sustainable landscape. The virtuous cycle of the revetment’s micro-ecology greatly improves the environmental carrying capacity of the landscape. Reasonable water management system is more flexible in dealing with unexpected problems. The thesis proposes landscape design strategies for water circulation and water purification in rural areas, and applies them to actual design cases. It attempts to introduce a combined treatment system to achieve a more diverse landscape concept and further explore the healthy and sustainable development of rural water environment.
Key words: Landscape water, ecological water cycle, ecological water purification, Zhangjia Village, Henan Province. Fund:This paper is supported by the Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province in 2020: A Study on the Conservation of Houliu Ancient Town in Southern Shaanxi Based on Self-organization Theory.
1. Introduction integration; technology demonstration and popular science education base; targeted poverty alleviation According to the goals and requirements of the and other ideas”. The ultimate goals of this project are Lushi County Environmental Protection Bureau, “realizing tourism development in the future, considering the long-term economic development and ecological agriculture construction, popular science agricultural development of Zhangjia Village, this education activities, and solving the income project of domestic sewage treatment facilities generation of poor households, etc”. At the end of includes many concepts. They include “the integration 2018, Lushi County held a meeting to emphasize the of mountains, waters, forests, fields and lakes; urgency of rural environmental governance. Based on eco-tourism and eco-agriculture; water and fertilizer this, the project of Zhangjiacun Sewage Plant Exhibition Area in cooperation with environmental Corresponding author: Mei Yang, Ph.D., Professor, research field: cultural landscape protection. protection companies came into being [1-4].
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 189 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Fig. 1 Site location. Diagram by the authors (2019).
Terrain Traffic Fig. 2 Analysis of regional location. Diagram by the authors with Google Earth (2019).
flatland extends from the town to the north and south sides. The height of the mountain peak on the north side of the river valley is 900 m, and 700-900 m on the south side. The project is located at the red dot mark (Fig. 2). The traffic texture is clearly defined and easily accessible. It is close to G59 Hubei Expressway and G209 County Road. The site is located at the gateway of Zhana gjia Village,
Fig. 3 Dong’s house. and to the north is the residence of the villager Dong Picture by the authors (2019). Family (Fig. 3). The distance between the boundary of 2. Project Analysis the planning area and the residential house is small, only 1 m, and the design should pay attention to the 2.1 Regional Location plant enclosure. The site is undeveloped land, and The project is located in Zhangjia Village, Sanmenxia plants grow naturally. The west side is connected with City, Henan Province, China. Sanmenxia is a a seasonal river bed (Buyu River), and the east side is prefecture-level city and located in the westernmost mountainous, with sufficient sunlight. On the east side part of Henan Province (Fig. 1). The terrain is mainly of the 7-meter-wide road, there is a large flow of composed of middle mountains, low mountains, hills people and vehicles, and the main entrance, image and valley basins. Assuming that the downtown of Lushi node and parking lot should be considered on the side County has a 0 relative elevation, and the river valley near the main road.
190 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Site Google Map Fig. 4 Terrain. Picture by the authors (2019).
Bamboo fence Bamboo forest Fig. 5 Rich bamboo resources. Pictures by the authors (2019).
According to CAD (Computer Aided Design) Some villages are directly named “Bamboo Village”. topographic survey drawings and on-site investigation, Bamboo fences can be seen everywhere in the local the maximum height difference within the red line is courtyard (Fig. 5). The trees on the site include 5 m, and the site is relatively flat. The height purple-leaved plums, peach trees, Ailanthus altissima, difference is located at the junction of the vehicle poplar, and arborvitae. The shrubs include Artemisia road and the site, which is a small cliff. The values annua and Motherwort [9]. within the site do not fluctuate much, and the average The current sewage collection pipe network is is 706 m. The elevation of the road is 710 m. The shown in Fig. 6. The manhole cover is printed with elevation of residential buildings on the north side is the words “City of Swan” and “Rain”. Open the cover, 707 m, the elevation of the open space on the south and some plastic garbage and impurities float in the side is 706 m, and on the west side of the Buyu River reservoir below. At present, there is a ditch at the is 705 m (Fig. 4). entrance of each household to collect domestic sewage. When constructing the site, local materials should The top of the ditch is covered with a cement cover, be considered and selected to preserve the local flavor and the sewage is directly discharged outside the [5-8]. Elements such as red brick houses, Heluo village without treatment. In new design, an culture, tiles, walnuts and wood should be included in underground pipe network will be laid, and the pipe the design plan. Bamboo is widely planted in the local network will be connected to each household to area, and bamboo forests can be seen everywhere. achieve a high collection rates [10-13].
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 191 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Rainwater collection manhole cover Sewage ditches Fig. 6 Old pipe network. Pictures by the authors (2019).
2.2 Design Goals Second, build a demonstration sewage treatment park for peers to visit and recreation space for local In response to the new rural construction and rural residents [22]. The landscape design implements the revitalization policies, the Lushi County concept of ecological water purification, and the Environmental Protection Bureau initiated treated sewage is used as the landscape water source. comprehensive environmental remediation of the The self-circulation and self-purification are achieved Lushi County sewage treatment, and planed a 30-ton through comprehensive treatment methods. Landscape sewage treatment station with a land area of 8 acres architects, architectural designers, and environmental (approximately 5,333 square meters), including an protection engineers work together to implement the 800 square meter sun room. Environmental protection concept of ecological sustainability throughout[23], enterprises provide early-stage pipe network design allowing visitors to appreciate the beauty of the and sewage treatment technologies, and landscape display park and understand the process of architects are responsible for the design of landscape purification technology operations. In the future, it plans in the exhibition area [14, 15]. will become a leisure viewing space for the nearby First, achieve comprehensive treatment of rural villagers and play a demonstration role for other domestic sewage [16-18]. The pipe network is similar projects [24-28]. designed to collect domestic sewage which was discharged at random before, and the design uses the 3. Technical Support newly built 30-ton domestic sewage treatment station As a demonstration project, the partner of the for purification treatment. The quality of the treated environmental protection company has provided water is better than the Class A standard of important support in the preliminary sewage treatment GB18918-2002 “Emission Standard for Pollutants in technology, giving the site landscape design more Urban Sewage Treatment Plants”. It can be directly possibilities. Environmental protection engineers used for irrigation of crops. For example, it can analyze the collected domestic sewage according to provide irrigation water for the local economic crops, the characteristics of wastewater quality and effluent mushrooms, to help poor households generate income. water quality standards, and finally choose biological The effluent can also be used for landscaping spraying, treatment technology. Near the site, there is an or toilet flushing. Even if there is a surplus, it can also important water source protection place, so the water be directly discharged into the river [19-21]. quality control standards on the surface are high. The
192 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example technology is developed by Nuclear Environmental Technology of China Nuclear Industry Group, and integrated through scientific optimization of the five processes of water intake, aeration, sedimentation, decantation, and idle. This technology creates an environment conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms. It uses a large number of microorganisms to accelerate reproduction and metabolism, oxidize and decompose organic matter, and convert it into stable inorganic matter. This technology has the characteristics of enhanced nitrification and denitrification, high biodegradation performance, stable effluent quality, beautiful appearance, high degree of automation, and good thermal insulation effect. It is
Fig. 7 Six technical modules of 30 tons sewage station. mainly applicable to urban sewage plant and rural Diagram by the authors (2019). decentralized sewage projects (Fig. 8). In the working sewage treatment process used in this project mainly environment of MNR treatment technology, there are includes six items: MNR (Metabolic Network more than 3,000 kinds of microorganisms in the Reactor), solar greenhouse IoT (Internet of Things) oxidation tank. The detection of influent water quality control technology, sewage soilless cultivation, is: COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) ≤ 500 mg/L; sewage source heat pump technology, biological BOD5 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) ≤ 250 mg/L; enzyme technology and BAF (Biological Aerated ammonia nitrogen ≤ 35 mg/L; TN (Total Nitrogen) ≤ Filter) advanced treatment process (Fig. 7). 70 mg/L; TP (Total Phosphorus) ≤ 5 mg/L. The
effluent detection value is: COD ≤ 50 mg/L; BOD5 ≤ 3.1 MNR Wastewater Treatment Technology 20 mg/L; ammonia nitrogen ≤ 1.5 mg/L; TN ≤ 10 mg/L; This new type of wastewater ecological treatment TP ≤ 0.5 mg/L. The purification effect is obvious.
Fig. 8 Working principle of MNR. Diagram by the authors (2019).
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 193 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
3.2 IoT Control Technology for Solar Greenhouses miscellaneous water quality.
The appearance is a sun glass room. The progress 4. Ecological Water Circulation System and requirements of water quality treatment can be 4.1 Terrain RemodelingWater Streamline Design observed in real time through the control technology and Flow Rate Control of the Internet. The water quality treatment situation of the project can also be observed in real time Chen Congzhou once put forward the discussion on through the mobile phone APP. The remote control of “view of looking down and looking up” and MNR is advanced and convenient. “mountain and water context” in “Pin Yuan” [30], which provided aesthetic guidance for the project to 3.3 Sewage Soilless Cultivation Technology reshape the terrain, deal with the height difference, The design uses sewage as a fixed substrate to guide the sight view, and create a wonderful realm of cultivate the plants in the growing pond. water and stone. Heluo culture is one of the earliest sources of Chinese civilization with certain 3.4 Sewage Source Heat Pump Technology geographical characteristics. Some people describe the Using sewage as a heat source, the temperature is Luohe culture as a “vortex”, saying that it has the evenly released through fins arranged around the sun power to attract, tolerate, and condense, to absorb and room to ensure that the temperature in the winter can learn from other cultures, but also to radiate and still meet the requirements to ensure that the plants penetrate, and spread its own culture. The focus of this can grow normally in the cold season [29]. project is on water management. “Water” is the theme and focus of the project. Vortex is a common water 3.5 Biological Enzyme Technology flow phenomenon and represents the dynamic A biological enzyme is added to the sewage circulation process of water. Therefore, graphic design treatment process, so that the treated water contains a takes “vortex” as the theme and inspiration (Fig. 9). variety of nutrients and antibacterial ability. Humic On the basis of maintaining the north high and acid and fulvic acid in biological enzymes can south low of the original site, the design will increase promote the activity of biological assimilation and the height difference of the three-story landscape dissimilation reactions, play a role in promoting the “vortex” to enrich the facade landscape level (Fig. 10). decomposition of sludge, and reduce the amount of The elevation of the first level is designed as the generated sludge. The effluent treated with biological highest point, and the earthwork of the excavation enzymes can be used as liquid fertilizer to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers.
3.6 BAF Advanced Treatment Process
This is a process of adding biological filter material, which contains the structure of modular mechanical equipment such as backwash inlet water pipe, backwash inlet air pipe, aeration pipe, etc., which is controlled by the automatic electrical system. The quality of treated effluent is good, and it can reach the Fig. 9 Swirl. standard of reclaimed water quality or domestic Picture from www.baidu.com.
194 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Swirl structure
Fig. 10 General layout. Diagram by the authors (2019). ditch in the site is moved to the north side and piled wetland, and the pool serves as the focal point of the up to form a small mountain. Filling and digging entire picture. Throughout the whole park, the water combine to balance the earthwork. In the north, a source is located on the north side, and it naturally sense of dense forest is created with a slope of falls with the gravity of the terrain from north to south. 4%-10%, and an observation deck is added to It passes through multiple viewing points and is overlook the changes in the fall of the landscape water designed to reshape the terrain to optimize the viewing source all along the way. The second level of effect. Visitors can see the whole space from the elevation is the downhill path and the sun house. It entrance before they reach the park. Whether you are extends from the top to the bottom and has a gentle driving fast on the county road or standing on the slope. The slope range is from 3% to 1.7%, and it is mountains, you can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the mainly composed of sparse forest grassland and park. foliage and flower viewing. The third level of Regarding the self-circulation of the water, the elevation is the entrance space and constructed remodeling of the terrain can allow the water to fall by
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 195 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example oxygen enrichment with gravity, improving the local three-level elevation. A 1.5 m circular road is microclimate of the park. The sound of falling water connected in series. The path is simple and accessible. flow and the lively scenery make the tour experience The main road is 3 m wide. On the north side, there is more abundant [31, 32]. According to different levels a viewing platform in dense forest planting area of vertical height difference, the design of water flow where the dam and the level of falling water can be path and flow rate control are realized. The greater the observed, which overlooks the whole park. Here a height difference of the falling water level is, the “quiet” scene is created in the landscape. In terms of faster the water flow rate is; and the closer the traffic flow and functional layout, different tourist distance between the levels is, the faster the water routes for different purposes are considered. From the flow rate is. The vertical design of the terrain is shown west side down to the mountain road through the in Fig. 11 [33, 34]. bamboo forest to the sun room, including leisure pavilion, The overall vertical map indicates the outdoor floor bamboo forest seats, sun lawn and other activity spaces, elevation, water body vertical elevation, shoreline a “moving” scene in the landscape is created. If visitors elevation, constant water level elevation, and pool only want to visit the equipment room, they can park bottom elevation (Fig. 12). The elevation change of directly on the north side and pass the main road to the the north side is more obvious. Water drops from the square to visit the sun room. The water feature runs coastline elevation 708.7 to 708.3, then 707.7, and from north to south through the entire north-south finally to the pond coastline elevation 707.4. The park. From the dam and the drop, water flows to the shoreline elevation is maintained at approximately 10 wetland pool slowly. Together with the 1.2 m turning cm between the water level elevation and the water wooden path, here can be created as a popular photo depth at 50 cm. spot. The entire space is natural, intimate and flexible The main space is also developed around the because of the three-stage waterscape.
Fig. 11 Road vertical and control point coordinate drawing. Diagram by the authors (2019).
196 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Fig. 12 The overall vertical map. Diagram by the authors (2019).
4.2 Linkage of Sewage Pipe Network and Landscape treatment process is completed through the plant Water Pipe Network rhizomes, etc. This is also a technical part mainly Fig. 13 is the main pipe network diagram in the site. displayed to tourists. So far, the sewage has The landscape water pipe network and sewage undergone two purifications and basically reached the collection pipe network cooperate to realize the landscape water quality standard of the park. The circulation and purification of sewage in the park. The treated sewage reaches the highest point of elevation dotted line is the landscape water pipe network, and in the park through the pump and is used as the source the solid line is the sewage collection pipe network. of landscape water. Starting from the water outlet, The locations of the three pumps are represented by gravity flows through the reshaped landscape the red dots in the diagram. topography, level aeration, and finally into the The residential houses are mainly concentrated on landscape pool. A submersible pump is installed in the the north side of the site, and the underground sewage pool to transfer the water to the highest point of the pipe network is connected to each household and leads landscape water source and enter a new round of to the main pipeline. The end point of the main natural fall to achieve a small cycle in the large cycle. pipeline is the collection pond. The collection pond 4.3 Multi-objective Rainwater Collection Management must be located at the lowest place of elevation in the park, which can reduce the energy consumption by This design will effectively recover rainwater gravity flow. The preliminary filtration and simple resources and reuse them after purification to alleviate treatment are completed in the collection pond, which the problems of water shortage and waste [35, 36]. is transferred to the oxidation pond in the Rainwater seeps to supplement groundwater, regulates conservatory by the water pump, and the MNR microclimate, and reduces rain and flood loads. The
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 197 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Fig. 13 Main pipe network diagram. Diagram by the authors (2019). site area in this case is small, and the probability of east and low in the west, and high in the north and low flood disasters is not large. However, it is necessary to in the south. The design positions the culvert in the consider the non-point source pollution caused by loop around the pond accoording to the elevation, rainwater runoff, which will carry sediment and cause blocks the rainwater that will flow into the pond, and water pollution. Effective rainwater collection and prevents the rainwater from washing the shore and management is also one of the basic tasks for contaminating the water quality of the pool with mud maintaining good landscape water quality in the future. and sand. The main purpose of collecting rainwater is to achieve The culvert connects to the lowest point of the the above goals. In view of this goal, the following southwest corner of the site, flows into the designs are made in terms of rainwater collection, underground collection tank according to the route, storage, treatment, and reuse. enters the purification cycle process, and is used for The location of underdrain is shown in Fig. 14. landscape water and irrigation after treatment. An During construction, an underdrain with a cross inspection well is set at the junction of the collection section of 300 × 300 mm was excavated, filled with pond, ditches and the overflow point at the pond sand and pebbles, and covered with 10 cm deep soil bottom for later inspection and maintenance. on the top for grass planting. The total length of the 4.4 Spray Device culvert is about 100 m. After completion, the surface of the soil layer is still a relatively integral lawn, The spray water pipe network is shown in the maintaining the integrity and continuity of the construction drawing in Fig. 15. The dotted line is the landscape. The terrain after remodeling is high in the irrigation pipe, which is connected to the greening
198 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Fig. 14 Rainwater collection culvert streamline. Diagram by the authors (2019).
Fig. 15 Drawing of irrigation pipe. Diagram by the authors (2019).
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 199 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example
Fig. 16 Wetland and geomembrane construction section. Diagram by the authors (2019). irrigation gates J01-J07. This design only determines wetland plant river beds [37-40]. In this case, the the number and location of sprinklers, and the wetland is mainly designed around the landscape pool, sprinkler irrigation radius is 10 m. The circulating and the water quality is purified by the wetland plants. water system is connected to the irrigation pipe The landscape trestle is designed in the landscape pool, network. All water sources and pumps are considered and a water-loving platform for enjoying the landscape by the sewage treatment system. The diameter of the leaves is constructed. See Fig. 16 for the section of the pipe is DN20. The water supply pressure does not constructed wetland. After tamping plain soil, it is exceed 0.6 MPa. It is responsible for the greening of covered with geomembrane and a protective layer. the spray garden. The source of irrigation water comes The geomembrane is fixed with 180 × 360 mm bricks from the purified water outlet of the conservatory, to isolate the soil from the landscape water and limit leading to a branch pipe. At the same time, a pipe the height of the water level. Then a 50 mm height branching from the landscape water source is used to gravel protective layer is placed on the upper layer, enter the fountain in the small square, and an overflow and a 250 mm height planting soil is placed into the device is provided. The elevation of the lowest point fixed shelf. The shoreline width is controlled within of the overflow device is the same as the elevation of 0.8-1.2 m. At places where the shoreline changes the highest point of the fountain water, and the sharply, cement-built stones are added to protect the overflow is connected to the pool. soil. The bottom of the pool is scattered with 100 mm 5. Ecological Water Purification System height thick Φ30-80 mm white pebbles and sand to create a natural atmosphere. According to the position 5.1 Constructed Wetlands of the waterfront line, emergent plants, floating leaf Many wetland landscapes led by Yu Kongjian of plants and floating plants are planted in order, and the Peking University embody a concept: For improving expected view is built (Fig. 17). slightly polluted water quality, there are three common 5.2 Three-Level Water Falling methods—plant purification, water aeration treatment, and chemical precipitation. The main principle of a The height difference is designed on the north side, man-made wetland is to become an important and the filter buffer green area is arranged to regulator of surface water quality through the action of cooperate with the three-level drop. The drop height
200 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example park is also paved with solid bricks or stones, leaving a certain gap between the bricks or stones, and natural mud is filled in the gaps for plant growth. Fine gravel or pebbles are also used in the design with bricks and stones, so the ground heat reflection is much lower than being fully hardened ground [41, 42].
5.4 Plant Configuration
The design selects common plants in Henan Fig. 17 Wetland renderings in the park. Province which are divided into four categories of Diagram by the authors (2019). trees, shrubs, ground cover, and aquatic plants. The difference is 2 m. The stacking effect of natural stone tree species are mainly green, highlighting the changes is ensured by the on-site construction. The pool in the levels of green plants, assisting with white, bottom is scattered with various colors of pebbles, and purple, and red, creating a simple natural green the base layer is laid with a geomembrane. According landscape. Around the landscape pool, plants with a to the size of the drop, the falling water can be made purifying capacity are chosen. Cattails of 40 square into single or multiple levels, and the skeleton can be meters, reeds of 43 square meters, water lilies of 20 built with bricks, stones, concrete and other materials. square meters, and iris of 15 square meters are planted If the height difference is large, reinforced concrete to form a small constructed wetland. Plant roots are can be used to stabilize the structure at the impact used to purify the landscape water. Emerging water surface of water flow. In this case, the drop height plants cattails and reeds soften the shoreline and leave difference is small, and it is piled with local natural reflections in the water. The viewing effect is stones. excellent. The pond is naturally integrated into the Landscape water shows the beauty of falling water, overall environment. The water lily floats on the full of primitive and natural wildness. When the water surface of the water, matching the lilac color of the falls, it carries a large amount of oxygen in the air into iris, which enriches the visual color [43-46]. the river to clean the water. Splashing water 6. Construction Investment (in RMB) increases air humidity, filters air dust, and creates the unique beauty of waterscape. In the preliminary estimate, the total investment of 30 tons of centralized sewage treatment is 3.39 million 5.3 Pavement Design Yuan: a set of sewage treatment equipment is about In this case, more materials with better water 1.05 million, civil engineering and landscape 984,000, permeability are considered to assist the circulation of solar energy and sewage heat source pump 1.006 the water system and prevent the accumulation of million, soilless cultivation and greening 350,000. water caused by poor drainage on the ground. After the final landscape plan is determined, the Permeable pavement can effectively save water construction cost is checked according to the content resources and improve the environment. of the drawings. The total bidding control price of the Water-permeable floor tiles, water-permeable concrete, project is about 2.566 million (including construction and water-permeable asphalt materials have good fees and regulation fees). Among them, the landscape effects, and are both landscaped and ecological. The project includes 267,000 green landscape plants, parking space uses grass-planted concrete lattice. The 516,000 paving, landscape water 170,000, landscape
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 201 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example sketch 300,000, power equipment 97,000, pipe network Countryside: Current Situation and Countermeasures.” Journal of Central China Normal University (Humanities laying 870,000 and sewage treatment 154,000. and Social Sciences) 1: 1-6. 7. Conclusion [2] Liu, L. F. 2013. “From ‘Beautiful Countryside’ to ‘Beautiful China’—To Analyze the Ecological This paper combines the Zhangjia Village Sewage Implication of ‘Beautiful Countryside’.” Theory Monthly 9: 165-8. Purification Park project in Sanmenxia City to design [3] Liu, Y. S., and Zhou, Y. 2015. “Challenges and a water circulation system of “level drop—surface Countermeasures for Beautiful Countryside Construction runoff—pump pipe network” and a water purification in China.” Journal of Agricultural Resources and system of “mechanical purification—oxidation Environment 2: 97-105. [4] Liu, Y. S. 2018. “Research on the Urban-Rural pond—wetland plants”. Research shows: Integration and Rural Revitalization in the New Era in (1) Landscape water cycle: Rain water resources, China.” Acta Geographica Sinica 4: 637-50. runoff infiltration, running water being enriched with [5] Yang, M., and Zhang, F. H. 2016. “Investigation of oxygen, multiple use of water resources, etc. can be Historical Districts of National Historical and Cultural Cities Research Center—Gongnongzhuang in Ancient achieved through systematic design methods, and the Town of Zhaoxian, Lvliang, Shanxi Province.” City landscape benefits are good, which is of great Planning Review 1: 83-4. significance to the realization of sustainable [6] Yang, M., Zhang, F. H., and Li, H. Y. 2016. development. “Investigation of Historical Districts of National Historical and Cultural Cities Research (2) Landscape water purification: Grassland Center—Historical Village of Changxi, Wuyuan, Jiangxi communities, simulated wetlands, plant purification Province.” City Planning Review 5: 89-90. and other means can effectively control the content of [7] Yang, M., and Zhang, F. H. 2018. Pick up the Lost COD, BOD5, TN, TP and other pollutants in the water Pearls—Investigation of 16 Ancient Villages and Towns in Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces. Xi’an: Xi’an Jiaotong body and the growth of algae, and purify the collected University Press. rainwater and sewage. They improve and enhance the [8] Yang, M., and Feng, Z. Y. 2020. “Comparative Study on quality of landscape water bodies and keep the water Spatial Forms of Ancient Waterside Towns Based on bodies clear and clean. Google Earth Pro—Taking the Examples of Qingmuchuan, Fenghuang and Houliu in Southern The team cooperated with the environmental Shaanxi, China.” Journal of Environmental Science and protection company to complete the Zhangjia Village Engineering B 9 (3): 12-22. Sewage Treatment Exhibition Park project. The project [9] Yang, M. 2020. Identification and Design of Landscape redesigned and innovated old collection ditches so that Plants. Xi’an: Xi’an Jiaotong University Press. each household’s sewage can be collected effectively, [10] Yang, M. 2010. “Research on Historical Villages in Eastern Zhejiang Province and Identification of Their and it can be imported into the exhibition garden Current Problems.” Development of Small Cities & through the underground pipe network. The sewage Towns 6: 97-100. after the initial purification is used as the source of [11] Yang, M. 2006. “Landscape Environmental Planning landscape water. After comprehensive treatment of Highlighting Rural Characteristics—Reconstruction Planning of Hengkantou Village, Zhejiang Province.” landscape water in the garden, self-circulation and Urban and Rural Development 7: 40-2. self-purification are finally achieved. The project runs [12] Yang, M. 2009. “Rectification Planning of Hengkantou through the concepts of ecology and sustainability, Village—A Famous Historical and Cultural Village in and aims to accumulate practical experience for rural Zhejiang Province.” Interior Design+Construction 6: 192-5. ecological water treatment. [13] Yang, M., Zhang, F. H., and Cao, X. M. 2016. References “Investigation of Historical Districts of National Historical and Cultural Cities Research Center—The [1] Wang, W. X. 2014. “On the Construction of Beautiful Historical Town of Houliu, Shiquan, Shaanxi Province.”
202 Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example City Planning Review 2: 49-50. Landscape Design Method for Water-Saving—Taking [14] Zhang, M., Hu, Y. D., Yang, M., Xu, D. W., Meng, X. Z., Jinyurenjia Community in Xi’an as an Example.” Interior and Zhang, J. L. 2016. “Teaching Reform and Practice of Architecture of China 9: 160-1. Landscape Architecture Design.” Journal of Anhui [27] Zheng, L. Q., and Yang, M. 2014. “Planning and Design Agricultural Sciences 1: 371-2, 375. of Taizhou Agricultural Boutique Garden.” Journal of [15] Zhang, M., Yang, M., Wu, Y., Li, W., Li, Y. J., and Chinese Urban Forestry 4: 61-3. Zhang, J. L. 2015. “Teaching Reform and Practice of [28] Zhang, M., Yang, M., and Xu, D. W. 2016. “Teaching Design Courses in Colleges and Universities under the Reform and Practice of the Course of Preliminary Guidance of Educational Innovation: Taking the Landscape Design.” Journal of Landscape Research 3: Landscape Design of Northeast Forestry University as an 57-9. Example.” Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei 6: [29] Cui, W. L., Yang, M., Zheng, L. Q., and Xu, T. 63-6. 2020.“Study on Ecological Landscape Design in Rural [16] Yang, M., Zhang, F. H., and Zhang, M. 2017. “The Sewage Treatment.”Journal of Environmental Science Peerless Stone Fortress in Jiangbei—Research to Protect and Engineering B9: 139-52. the Ancient Fortress of Yingtan, Xingtai, Hepei [30] Chen, C. Z. 2016. Pin Yuan. Nanjing: Jiangsu Phoenix Province.” Housing Science 1: 20-4. Publishing＆Media Network. [17] Yang, M., Zhang, F. H., and Zheng, L. Q. 2017. “Field [31] Chen, P. Q., Yang, M., and Zhu, X. J. 2016. “Application Survey of Zhashui Fenghuang Ancient Township of of Wastewater Treatment Model in Wetland Park in Coal Shaanxi Province and Study on Protection.” Housing Mines of Northern Shaanxi Province—Taking the Design Science 2: 43-6. of Hanglaiwan Wetland Park as an Example.” In [18] Yang, M., and Zhang, F. H. 2016. “Jars on the Proceedings of 2016 Annual Meeting of Chinese Society Wall—Historical Village of Xiaotaze in Zhaoxian, of Landscape Architecture, edited by Chinese Society of Shanxi Province.” Interior Design+Construction 6: Landscape Architecture. Beijing: China Architecture & 130-3. Building Press. [19] Shen, Y. 2018. “Consideration on Improving the [32] Yang, M., and Wang, H. 2011. “Innovative Construction Effectiveness of Environment Education Work in Lushi Design of Landscape—A Case Study of Xi’an Jinyurenjia County Under the New Situation.” China Population, Community.” Modern Gardens 8: 31-3. Resources and Environment S1: 129-31. [33] Ji, Z. M., Lv, X. W., and Li, X. N. 2007. [20] Zhang, D. X., Wang, M. Y., and Dong, Y. B. 2010. “Water-Dropping Aerating Bio-Contact Oxidation “Discussion on Sustainable Development of Rural Process for Treating Rural Sewage at Low Temperature.” Ecological Environment in Sanmenxia City.” In 2010 Technology of Water Treatment 2: 77-9. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Chinese [34] Li, H. Y., Lv, M., Shi, Y.o T., and Zeng, Q. F. 2004. Society for Environmental Sciences. Beijing: Chinese “Purge and Oxygen Aeration of Landscape Water.” Society for Environmental Sciences, Vol. 1, 1025-30. Journal of Wuhan Textile University 1: 56-60. [21] Fan, B., Wu, J. W., Liu, C., and Yan, Y. 2009. [35] Wang, Y. C., and Yang, M., 2017. “Discussion on the “Organization Administration and Illumination of Rural Design of Micro-green Space in High-density Urban Sewage Treatment in USA and Japan.” China Water & Areas.” Southern Architecture 4: 29-33. Wastewater 10: 6-10, 14. [36] Yang,M. 2013. “Planning of Qinghai Nomads Settlement [22] Yang, J. F., and Li, J. S. 2006. “General Plan and Village: A Case Study of Village Construction Planning Proposal on Rural Water Environment Improvement in (2012-2015)in the Middle of Qinghai Province.” China.” China Water Resources 5: 21-3, 30. Housing Science 8:4-7. [23] Zhang, F.H., Yang, M., and Feng, Z.Y.2016.“A Typical [37] Zhang, Q. 2011. “Construction and Application of Sample of Qindi Architectural Culture---Village of Constructed Wetlands.” Wetland Science 4: 373-9. Dengjiapo in Yongshou, Shaanxi Province.”Interior [38] Wang, Y. Y., Ma, Y. B., and Li, S. 2019. “Research on Design+Construction 12: 124-5. Treatment Technology of Constructed Wetland of Rural [24] Yang, M., and Lu, M. 2010. “Research on the Protective Domestic Sewage.” Journal of Green Science and Development Planning of Historical Villages in East Part Technology 8: 81-2. of Zhejiang Province.” Huazhong Architecture 12: 171-6. [39] Luo, H. 2009. “Ecological Landscape Water Purification [25] Yang, M. 2011. “Landscape Design of Shuiyunjiangnan Technology.” Landscape Architecture 6: 42-3. Villa in Hanzhong.” Guangdong Landscape Architecture [40] Chen, J. Q. 2018. “Application of Constructed Wetland in 2: 59-63. Rural Domestic Sewage Treatment.” Energy [26] Yang, M., and Wang, H. 2010. “A Simple and Viable Conservation & Environmental Protection 11: 50-1.
Research on Ecological Water Cycle and Purification in Rural LandscapeTake Zhangjia Village 203 Ecological Wastewater Treatment Project in Henan Province as an Example [41] Zhao, F., Zhang, S. H., Chen, J. G., Kong, G., and Gong, Constructed Wetland.” Environmental Pollution & Y. A. 2011. “Research on Rainwater Infiltration Control 8: 884-9, 894. Collection and Runoff Reduction Technology of [44] Xu, D. F., and Li, Y. X. 2007. “Screen Plants and Permeable Pavement.” Water & Wastewater Engineering Substrates of the Constructed Wetland for Treatment of S1: 254-8. Wastewater.” Wetland Science 1: 32-8. [42] Liu, Y. N. 2017. “Research on Application and [45] Zhang, H. G., and Hong, J. M. 2006. “Functions of Plants Popularization of Permeable Pavement in Sponge City.” of Constructed Wetlands.” Wetland Science 2: 146-54. M.Sc. thesis, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and [46] Zhang, Q. N., Chen, Y. H., Yang, H. R., Chen, M. L., and Architecture. Liu, J. 2019. “Study on the Purification Ability of 29 [43] Chu, R., Chen, N. L., Wang, X. J., and Wang, Q. F. 2017. Aquatic Plants to Rural Domestic Sewage.” Journal of “The Nitrogen Removal Effect of Emergent Plants in Agricultural Resources and Environment 3:392-402.