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Protestos Sociais Em Marrocos Protestos Sociais em Marrocos Hugo Miguel Maia da Silva Pereira Dissertação de Mestrado em Antropologia Maio de 2013 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Antropologia, realizada sob a orientação cien<fica de Prof. Doutora Maria Cardeira da Silva Imagem de uma manifestação do Movimento 20 de Fevereiro em Rabat, realizada no dia 21 de fevereiro de 2012, celebrando o primeiro aniversário deste movimento. No cartaz lê-se: “O regime quer a queda do povo” (Fotografia do autor desta dissertação). AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora, a Prof. Dra. Maria Cardeira da Silva, pelos conselhos, correções e sugestões bibliográficas. À minha amiga e colega Raquel Carvalheira pelas conversas académicas, sugestões e amizade. Ao Youness Belghazi pela disponibilidade em se encontrar tantas vezes comigo, por todas as explicações sobre o M20F, pelos ensinamentos sobre a língua marroquina, pelas trocas de ideias, pela amizade, pela visita guiada a Salé, pela paciência em traduzir comigo duas canções de Lhaqed e pelos contactos que me facultou. À Virginia pelos contactos que me facultou e pelas conferências onde me levou. Ao Prof. Dr. Abdeljelil Larbi, por todas as conversas que Wvemos sobre a Tunísia e pela amizade. À minha amiga e colega invesWgadora, HaYat al-Hani, com quem me cruzei em Rabat durante o seu trabalho de campo sobre o M20F. Pela troca de ideias, informações e material bibliográfico. Ao Karim e à Hasnae pela amizade, os comentários sobre a sociedade marroquina e os ensinamentos sobre a língua marroquina. Yellins Mahtat, pelas mesmas razões e pelo acesso à biblioteca do Nimar – InsiWtuto Neerlandês de Marrocos, fora do horário de abertura. Ao diretor do Nimar – InsiWtuto Neerlandês de Marrocos, Jan Hoogland, por me disponibilizado os seus registos audiovisuais de conferências no Nimar. A todas as pessoas que entrevistei e a todos os aWvistas com quem conversei, sem os quais nunca teria conseguido fazer esta dissertação. A todas as pessoas que eu possa ter-me esquecido de mencionar e que foram importantes. À Diana pelas enormes ajudas e, sobretudo, pelo amor. Aos meus pais pelo auxílio e pela paciência em me aturarem nas minhas breves estadias em Lisboa. Protestos Sociais em Marrocos Autor: Hugo Miguel Maia da Silva Pereira RESUMO Esta dissertação debruça-se sobre o impacto da chamada primavera árabe em Marrocos, onde por influência dos vários protestos sociais noutros países a parr de dezembro de 2010, nomeadamente na Tunísia, Egito, Iémene, Líbia e Síria, se formou o Movimento 20 de Fevereiro (M20F), um movimento de jovens que pretende não ter líderes e que adota como slogan principal “liberdade, dignidade e jusWça social”. Desde a sua criação, que este movimento reclama uma maior democraWzação da sociedade e protesta contra o autoritarismo, a falta de transparência, a má governação e a corrupção, exigindo mais respeito pelos direitos humanos, apesar de se compor de várias tendências sobre estas questões, que por vezes entraram em conflito. Este movimento é visto do ponto de vista histórico em relação não apenas aos outros movimentos similares nos outros países árabes mas também a outros movimentos que o precederam desde a independência de Marrocos em 1956 até ao período imediato que antecedeu a sua criação, traçando uma genealogia do atual M20F, contrariando a ideia generalizada de uma certo adormecimento políWco e social reinante nos países árabes em todo o período contemporâneo que antecedeu a primavera árabe, assim como a ideia de que apenas os movimentos islamistas são os únicos capazes de dinamizar protestos sociais nestes contextos. O primeiro impacto do M20F ao nível insWtucional, foi a rápida resposta do rei de Marrocos prometendo uma reforma consWtucional com maiores garanWas ao nível da democraWzação. Tendo em conta que o acesso generalizado à Internet potenciou o funcionamento de estruturas em rede a nível global e regional, será analisada a importância dos blogues e novos média na renovação do espaço público e o impacto das redes sociais online na mobilização e organização dos movimentos sociais. Os recentes protestos sociais serão ainda sujeitos à análise através dos seus slogans e performances de rua, nomeadamente as manifestações, bem como as expressões armscas que lhe estão associadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: democracia, direitos humanos, Marrocos, Movimento 20 de Fevereiro, movimentos sociais, primavera árabe, protestos Social Protests in Morocco AutHor: Hugo Miguel Maia da Silva Pereira ABSTRACT This dissertaWon focuses on the impact of the so-called Arab Spring on Youth in Morocco, where, under the influence of various social protests in other countries such as Tunisia, EgYpt, Yemen, LibYa and SYria, the 20th FebruarY Movement (M20F) was created. This laoer is a Youth movement that alleges it does not have leaders and adopts "freedom, dignitY and social jusWce" as its main slogan. Since its creaWon, the movement has called for a greater democraWzaWon of societY and more human rights, while protesWng against authoritarianism, lack of transparencY, poor governance and corrupWon, despite the someWmes different or even conflicWng views on these issues of the various trends this movement contains. From a historical point of view, this movement is related not onlY to other similar movements across other Arab countries, but also to other movements in Morocco that preceded it, since the Moroccan independence in 1956 unWl the period immediatelY before its creaWon. I argue that these movements shape a genealogy of the current M20F and contradict widespread ideas such as a reigning poliWcal and social numbness associated with the Arab countries throughout the contemporarY period prior to the Arab Spring or the fact that Islamist movements are the onlY ones capable of arWculaWng social protests in these contexts. At the insWtuonal level, the first impact of the M20F was the rapid response of the king of Morocco who promised a consWtuWonal reform granWng bigger warranWes when it comes to democraWzaWon. Given that widespread access to the Internet increased the efficiencY of networks at both global and regional levels, I will analYze the role of blogs and new media in redefining the public space and the impact of online social networks in mobilizing and organizing social movements. The recent social protests will be primarilY analYzed through their slogans and street performances, namelY the demonstraWons, followed bY the arWsc forms of expression associated with the movement. KEYWORDS: democracY, human rights, Morocco, 20th FebruarY Movement, social movements, arabic spring, protests ÍNDICE Lista de abreviaturas ........................................................................................................................... a Notas sobre o sistema de transcrição de vocábulos árabes ............................................................... c Introdução .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Metodologia e estrutura ........................................................................................................ 7 Capítulo I — Marrocos, uma contextualização I. 1 — Contextualização ........................................................................................................ 13 I. 2 — Alguns atores da sociedade civil e políWca .................................................................18 Capítulo II — Esboço Histórico do Movimento 20 de Fevereiro II.1 — Os antecedentes .........................................................................................................22 II.2 — Os primeiros passos ....................................................................................................53 II.3 — 20 de fevereiro de 2011 — o primeiro dia nacional de protestos ..............................65 II.4 — 9 de março de 2011 — a resposta do rei ....................................................................71 II.5 — Os protestos conWnuam .............................................................................................73 Capítulo III — Blogues, novos média e redes sociais online III.1 — Blogues e média online ..............................................................................................79 III.2 — Redes sociais online ...................................................................................................90 Capítulo IV — Manifestações e expressões ar<scas IV.1 — Os slogans ..................................................................................................................95 IV.2 — Performance dos protestos coleWvos de rua ...........................................................105 IV.3 — Expressões armscas do M20F ................................................................................107 Conclusão ........................................................................................................................................112 Bibliografia/Videografia ..................................................................................................................116 Bibliografia complementar...............................................................................................................120 Videografia.......................................................................................................................................122 Apêndices ........................................................................................................................................123
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