Afvikling Af Grønlands Kolonistatus 1945-54

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Afvikling Af Grønlands Kolonistatus 1945-54 Afvikling af Grønlands kolonistatus 1945-54 En historisk udredning DANSK INSTITUT FOR INTERNATIONALE STUDIER 2007 © København 2007 Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier Strandgade 56 1401 København K Danmark Tlf.:+4532698787 Fax: +4532698700 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diis.dk ISBN Printudgave (denne udgave) 978-87-7605-186-0 Bogudgave 978-87-7605-187-7 Denne printudgave er ikke i handelen Teksten kan downloades gratis fra www.diis.dk (fra 18. januar 2007) Bogudgaven kan købes i boghandelen fra ca. 1. marts 2007 Indhold Indledning ̗7 2. Grønland og Danmark før 1945ʳ Θʳ10 Indledning ʳΘʳ10 Grønland som dansk koloniʳΘʳ10 Grønland mellem Nordamerika og Europa: 2. verdenskrigʳΘʳ16 2. verdenskrig som et vendepunkt ʳΘʳ23 3. Grønlandsspørgsmålet mellem suverænitet, selvbestemmelse og afhængighedΘ26 Indledning ʳΘʳ26 Suverænitet ʳΘʳ28 National selvbestemmelsesret ʳΘʳ34 Afhængighedsfaktorer: sikkerhedspolitik og økonomi ʳΘʳ39 Afslutning ʳΘʳ51 4. Den internationale sammenhæng: afkoloniseringsprocessen i FN ʳΘʳ53 Indledning ʳΘʳ53 Normative rammer ʳΘʳ54 Organisatoriske rammer ʳΘʳ61 Afslutning ̗68 5. Folkerettens udvikling vedrørende afkolonisering og selvbestemmelse ʳΘʳ69 Generelt om folkerettens udvikling – særligt om betingelserne for sædvanedannelse ʳΘ70 Om kolonial selvbestemmelse, staters territoriale integritet og mindretalsrettigheder ʳΘ72 Etableringen af kolonial selvbestemmelse som folkeretlig norm ʳΘʳ74 Kravene til gennemførelse af kolonial selvbestemmelse (omkring 1953-54) ʳΘʳ82 Vurdering af processen omkring Grønlands integration i Danmark 1953-54 ʳΘʳ88 Sammenfatning ʳΘʳ93 Kort konklusion ʳΘʳ96 6. Ny grønlandspolitik på vej: Danske og grønlandske initiativer 1945-50 ʳΘʳ97 Indledning ʳΘʳ97 Grønlandsspørgsmålet vokser frem ʳΘʳ98 Hedtoft i offensiven ʳΘʳ107 Den nye Grønlandspolitik sættes på skinner ʳΘʳ119 Afslutning ʳΘʳ127 7. Grønlandsspørgsmålet i FN 1945-50 ʳΘʳ129 De danske myndigheder og rapporteringsforpligtelsen til FN ʳΘʳ129 FN-samlingen 1946 ʳΘʳ132 FN-samlingen 1947ʳʳΘʳ136 FN-samlingen 1948 ʳΘʳ139 Møderne i 4. udvalgʳʳΘʳ141 Definition af begrebet ”ikke selvstyrende område” ʳΘʳ143 FN-samlingen 1949 ʳΘʳ144 FN-samlingen 1950 ʳΘʳ149 Det amerikanske FN-initiativ ʳΘʳ150 8. Grønlandsspørgsmålet i FN 1951-52 ʳΘʳ155 Rapporten om Grønland ʳΘʳ155 Møderne i FN ʳΘʳ156 Nye danske overvejelser ʳΘʳ157 Møderne i 73 e-udvalget. Faktorspørgsmålet ʳΘʳ161 Udblik over 1951 ʳΘʳ172 FN-samlingen 1952 ʳΘʳ173 Det hollandske initiativ ʳΘʳ175 Møderne i FN ʳΘʳ182 Møderne i 73 e-udvalget, i 4. udvalg og plenarforsamlingen ʳΘʳ186 Sammenfatning af kapitel 7 og 8 ʳΘʳ193 9. Grønland på vej mod forfatningsmæssig ligestilling 1951-53 ʳΘʳ196 Indledning ʳΘʳ196 Enighed om Grønlands fremtid: Møderne i Grønlandsudvalget i 1952 ʳΘʳ197 Poul Andersens og Alf Ross’ responsum vedrørende Grønland ʳΘʳ200 Mellem Godthåb og København ʳΘʳ213 Debatten i Folketinget ʳΘʳ218 Hvorfor integrationsløsningen?ʳΘʳ219 Konklusioner ʳΘʳ224 10. Grønlandsspørgsmålet i FN 1953 ʳΘʳ228 Rapporten om Grønland ʳΘʳ228 Forhandlingerne i FN 1953 ʳΘʳ229 Danmarks noter til FN’s generalsekretær ʳΘʳ234 Hermod Lannungs initiativer ʳΘʳ239 Møderne i 4. udvalg ʳΘʳ243 Resolutionsudkastenes skæbne i plenarforsamlingen 27. november 1953 ʳΘʳ250 Konklusion ʳΘʳ251 11. Grønlandsspørgsmålet i FN 1954 ʳΘʳ253 Rapporten om Grønland ʳΘʳ253 Forhandlingerne i FN 1954 ʳΘʳ255 Mødet i 73 e-udvalget ʳΘʳ258 4 Brasiliens resolutionsudkast ʳΘʳ269 Foreløbig sammenfatning ʳΘʳ273 Grønlandsspørgsmålets afslutning i FN. Mødet i 4. udvalg og plenarforsamlingen ʳΘʳ276 Mødet i 4. udvalg ʳΘʳ276 Sammenfatning ʳΘʳ292 12. Konklusion ʳΘʳ294 Hvorfor blev Grønlands status et politisk problem? ʳΘʳ294 Grønlands integration som et dansk-grønlandsk projekt ʳΘʳ295 Grønlandsspørgsmålet i FN ʳΘʳ297 Det folkeretlige aspekt ʳΘʳ301 Hvorfor ønskedes integrationsløsningen? ʳΘʳ303 13. Bilag Bilag 1. Regeringens kommissorium af 1. juni 2005ʳΘ 307 Bilag 2. Notat af 4. marts 2005 fra Grønlands Hjemmestyre, Landstyrets Sekretariatʳʳ ”Uddybning af spørgsmålet vedr. analyse om processen forud for Grønlands statusændring i 1953”ʳΘʳ310 Bilag 3. Poul Andersens og Alf Ross’ oprindelige responsum af 17. juni 1952ʳΘʳ312 Bilag 4. Poul Andersens og Alf Ross’ responsum af 17. juni 1952, men med Ross’ʳ ændrede særudtalelse fra januar 1953ʳΘ 319 Bilag 5. Statsminister Erik Eriksens brev af 13. august 1952 med den officielle anmodning om forelæggelse af spørgsmålet for LandsrådetʳΘʳ322 Bilag 6. Statsminister Erik Eriksens brev af 13. august 1952 til landshøvding Lundsteens personlige og strengt fortrolige orienteringʳΘ 324 Bilag 7. FN-resolution 567 (VI) af 18. januar 1952 med den første faktorlisteʳΘʳ326 Bilag 8. FN-resolution 648 (VII) af 10. december 1952 med den anden faktorlisteʳΘ 329 Bilag 9. FN-resolution 742 (VIII) af 27. november 1953 med den tredje faktorlisteʳΘʳ332 Bilag 10. FN-resolution 849 (IX) af 22. november 1954 (Grønlandsresolutionen)ʳΘʳ335 Bilag 11. Organer af betydning for administrationen af GrønlandʳΘʳ337 Bilag 12. Jens Heinrich, Statusændringen i 1953. Grønlændernes forhold til Danmark i perioden 1945-1954 ʳΘ 338 Bilag 13. Margit Bech Larsen, Islandske krav på GrønlandʳΘ 354 KilderʳΘ 364 LitteraturʳΘ 369 5 Kapitel 1 Indledning Ved årsskiftet 2004-5 fremsatte Grønlands landsstyreformand Hans Enoksen over for statsminister Anders Fogh Rasmussen et ønske om en historisk udredning om omstændighederne i forbindelse med Grønlands ændrede status fra koloni til ligeberettiget del af riget ved grundlovsændringen i 1953. Baggrunden for landsstyrets ønske var bl.a. den grønlandske politiske debat, som efterfulgte udgivelsen i 2004 af bogen ”The Right to National Self-Determination”. Denne bog var blevet til på foranledning af Den Nordatlantiske Gruppe i Folketinget. På et møde den 12. april 2005 blev det mellem landsstyreformand Hans Enoksen og statsminister Anders Fogh Rasmussen aftalt, at en sådan historisk udredning skulle iværksættes. Det blev ligeledes aftalt, at Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier skulle anmodes om at forestå udredningen. I regeringens kommissorium af 1. juni 2005 til Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier (DIIS) hedder det: ”Regeringen anmoder Dansk Institut for Internationale Studier om at udarbejde en historisk udredning omhandlende perioden fra 1945 til og med 1954 om omstændighederne i forbindelse med Grønlands ændrede status fra koloni til ligeberettiget del af riget ved ændringen af grundloven i 1953, herunder begivenhedsforløbet i Danmark/Grønland og i FN i forbindelse med behandling af Danmarks meddelelse til FN herom.” Grønlands landsstyreformand og statsministeren var enige om kommissoriet. Endvidere har Statsministeriet sammen med kommissoriet tilsendt DIIS et notat af 4. marts 2005 fra Grønlands Hjemmestyre benævnt ”Uddybning af spørgsmålet vedr. analyse om processen forud for Grønlands statusændring i 1953. Det var statsministerens forventning, at udredningen bl.a. ville forholde sig til de i notatet indeholdte spørgsmål. Kommissoriet og notatet er aftrykt som henholdsvis bilag 1 og 2. Med brev af 27. juni 2005 accepterede DIIS’s bestyrelse at påtage sig opgaven. DIIS fremlægger hermed den ønskede udredning. Udredningen er udarbejdet af seniorforsker, dr.scient.pol. Erik Beukel, seniorforsker, dr.phil. Frede P. Jensen og universitetslektor, ph.d. Jens Elo Rytter. De er blevet bistået af seniorforsker, mag.art. Svend Aage Christensen, stud.mag.art. Iben Bjørnsson, stud.mag.art. Margit Bech Larsen og stud.mag. Gry Thomasen. Pd.d.-studerende Jens Heinrich, Ilisimatusarfik, har været ansat som forskningsassistent i 2 måneder og har gennemgået den relevante periodes grønlandske presse. Jens Heinrichs rapport herom er aftrykt som bilag. Foruden i bogform kan udredningen hentes på DIIS’s hjemmeside på adressen http://www.diis.dk. Det arkivmæssige grundlag for DIIS’s undersøgelse har især været de berørte statslige myndigheders akter, primært i Rigsarkivet, hvortil kommer akter fra Folketingets Bibliotek og Arkiv, Arbejderbevægelsens Bibliotek og Arkiv, Arktisk Institut og Grønlands Nationalmuseum & Arkiv, Nuuk. De statslige myndigheders samlinger i Rigsarkivet rummer foruden de danske akter også det store, meget udførlige materiale, som var et resultat af Grønlandsspørgsmålets behandling i FN. Desuden har en række privatarkiver 7 været gennemgået, blandt dem Hermod Lannungs privatarkiv i Rigsarkivet og Alf Ross’ privatarkiv i Det Kongelige Bibliotek. For en omfattende fortegnelse over de gennemgåede arkiver henvises til fortegnelsen bag i bogen. I udlandet er FN’s arkiv i New York gennemgået. Generelt må man nok konstatere, at for kernen i denne udrednings problemstillinger er akterne i København vigtigere end FN- akterne. Dette er måske ikke så mærkeligt, når man betænker vilkårene i en stor international organisation, hvor både det administrative apparat og medlemslandene kan have visse reservationer vedrørende graden af fortrolighed i organisationens arkiv. Akter vedrørende dele af generalsekretærs Trygve Lies embedsperiode er afleveret til det norske udenrigsministerium, som velvilligt, men uden resultat, har eftersøgt materiale af relevans for undersøgelsen i Lies arkiv. En anden højt rangerende FN-embedsmand, Andrew Cortier, har afleveret akter til Columbia universitetets manuskriptsamling i New York. Også disse akter har været undersøgt, men gav ikke noget resultat. Det indflydelsesrige amerikanske Council on Foreign Relations har afleveret sine akter, heriblandt fortrolige rapporter fra en lang række vigtige arbejdsgrupper, til Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library på Princeton universitetet. Disse akter
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