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Livestock in a Changing Landscape: Experiences and Regional Perspectives Volume 2 Edited by Pierre Gerber, Harold A Livestock in a Changing Landscape: Experiences and Regional Perspectives Volume 2 Edited by Pierre Gerber, Harold A. Mooney, Jeroen Dijkman, Shirley Tarawali, and Cees de Haan Published by Island Press 2010. To order: www.islandpress.org/bookstore/details5173.html?prod_id=1950 Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Livestock in a Changing Landscape Volume 2 Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. About the French Agricultural Research Centre Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). for International Develoment It has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya, and a princi- Most of the research conducted by the French Agricul- pal campus in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It has other teams tural Research Centre for International Development working out of offices in West Africa (Ibadan, Bamako), (CIRAD) is in partnership in developing countries. Southern Africa (Maputo), South Asia (Delhi, Guwa- CIRAD has chosen sustainable development as the cor- hati, and Hyderabad in India), Southeast Asia (Bang- nerstone of its operations worldwide. This means taking kok, Jakarta, Hanoi, Vientiane), and East Asia (Beijing). account of the long-term ecological, economic, and social consequences of change in developing communities and About the Livestock, Environment and countries. CIRAD contributes to development through Development Initiative research and trials, training, dissemination of informa- The Livestock, Environment and Development (LEAD) tion, innovation, and appraisals. Its expertise spans the Initiative, established in 2000, is an interinstitutional life sciences, human sciences, and engineering sciences consortium within the FAO. The work of the initia- and their application to agriculture and food, natural re- tive targets the protection and enhancement of natural source management, and society. resources affected by livestock production while at the same time maintaining a focus on strengthening food se- About the Food and Agriculture Organization of curity and alleviating poverty. the United Nations The mandate of the Food and Agriculture Organization About the Scientific Committee on Problems of of the United Nations (FAO) is to raise levels of nutri- the Environment tion, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives The Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environ- of rural populations, and contribute to the growth of the ment (SCOPE) was established in 1969 as a nongovern- world economy. mental organization by the International Council for Science (ICSU). Through its program of scientific assess- About the Swiss College of Agriculture ments, SCOPE brings together natural and social sci- The Swiss College of Agriculture (SHL) in Zollikofen is entists and civil society experts and practitioners from the specialist Swiss institution for agriculture, forestry, around the world to look beyond the horizons of disci- and food business within Bern University of Applied Sci- plines and institutions at emerging cross-cutting environ- ences. It offers three BSc programs and one MSc program mental challenges and opportunities. Its assessments have in agriculture, forestry, and food science and manage- guided and shaped many of today’s global environmental ment. In addition SHL conducts applied research and programs and actively foster science-policy dialogue and renders services in Switzerland and around the world. decision processes. At SHL, sustainability is at the foundation of the de- gree programs and projects. With up to 500 students, About the Woods Institute for the Environment the campus close to Bern is a manageable size. Thus the at Stanford University synergies between education, research, and services can The Woods Institute for the Environment at Stanford be optimally leveraged. University harnesses the expertise and imagination of leading academics and decision makers to create practi- About the International Livestock cal solutions for people and the planet. The institute is Research Institute pioneering innovative approaches to meet the environ- The Africa-based International Livestock Research Insti- mental challenges of the twenty-first century by spon- tute (ILRI) works at the crossroads of livestock and pov- soring interdisciplinary research; infusing science into erty, bringing high-quality science and capacity building to policies and practices of the business, government, and bear on poverty reduction and sustainable development. not-for-profit communities; and developing environmen- ILRI is one of 15 centers supported by the Consultative tal leaders for today and the future. Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Volume 1 Drivers, Consequences, and Responses Volume 2 Experiences and Regional Perspectives Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Livestock in a Changing Landscape Volume 2 Experiences and Regional Perspectives Edited by Pierre Gerber Harold A. Mooney Jeroen Dijkman Shirley Tarawali Cees de Haan Washington | Covelo | London Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Copyright © 2010 Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN (paper) 978-1-59726-673-4 ISBN (cloth) 978-1-59726-672-7 Printed on recycled, acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Contents vii Preface ix Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Pierre Gerber, Harold A. Mooney, Jeroen Dijkman, Shirley Tarawali, and Cees de Haan 4 Chapter 2 Horn of Africa: Responding to Changing Markets in a Context of Increased Competition for Resources Joseph M. Maitima, Manitra A. Rakotoarisoa, and Erastus K. Kang’ethe 27 Chapter 3 West Africa: The Livestock Sector in Need of Regional Strategies Cheikh Ly, Abdou Fall, and Iheanacho Okike 55 Chapter 4 India: Growth, Efficiency Gains, and Social Concerns C. T. Chacko, Gopikrishna, Padmakumar, Sheilendra Tiwari, and Vidya Ramesh 74 Chapter 5 Brazil and Costa Rica: Deforestation and Livestock Expansion in the Brazilian Legal Amazon and Costa Rica: Drivers, Environmental Degradation, and Policies for Sustainable Land Management Muhammad Ibrahim, Roberto Porro, and Rogerio Martins Mauricio 96 Chapter 6 China: The East–West Dichotomy Ke Bingsheng 115 Chapter 7 The United States: Trends in the Dairy Industry and Their Implications for Procedures and the Environment J. Mark Powell, Michael P. Russelle, and Neal P. Martin 140 Chapter 8 Denmark–European Union: Reducing Nutrient Losses from Intensive Livestock Operations Søren A. Mikkelsen, Torben Moth Iversen, Brian H. Jacobsen, and Søren S. Kjær 154 Chapter 9 Nestlé: Responses of the Food Industry Manfred Noll and Hans Jöhr 172 Chapter 10 Cross-Cutting Observations and Conclusions Pierre Gerber, Harold A. Mooney, Jeroen Dijkman, Shirley Tarawali, and Cees de Haan 175 Acronyms and Abbreviations 177 Chemical Symbols, Compounds, and Units of Measurement 179 Glossary 183 List of Editors and Contributors 185 Index Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Copyright © 2010 Island Press. Please do not copy or circulate. Preface Livestock in a Changing Landscape is a collaborative Scientists and professionals from around the world undertaking facilitated by the Livestock, Environment contributed to address such a complex task. Natural and and Development Initiative (LEAD), an interinstitutional social scientists, agriculturalists, livestock specialists, effort coordinated by the UN Food and Agriculture Or- economists, and industry representatives engaged in the ganization (FAO), the Scientific Committee on Prob- process of sharing knowledge and developing common lems of the Environment (SCOPE), the Swiss College analyses and visions about some of the key features of of Agriculture (SHL) of the Bern University of Applied the “changing landscape.” The integrated chapters in this Sciences, the French Agricultural Research Centre for volume result from their effort to overcome disciplinary International Development (CIRAD), the International divides and draw broad trends from vast but fragmented Livestock Research Institute (ILRI-CGIAR), the CGIAR- literature and databases. coordinated System-wide Livestock Programme consor- The lead authors of these publications met twice— tium, and the Woods Institute for the Environment at once to agree on the outline of the proposed effort— Stanford University. and a second time, along with many other colleagues, This book brings together the mosaic of patterns and to present preliminary findings and receive critiques and draws the variability of “changing landscapes” in which to interact in an attempt to ensure that these issues were the livestock sector operates. The companion volume being addressed in an integrated manner. The editors resulting from this endeavor—Livestock in a Changing attended both meetings and engaged in continuous ex- Landscape: Drivers, Consequences, and Responses— changes with the authors throughout the development of gives a global perspective on the livestock
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