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UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2005 Comparative phylogeography of pine -oak birds Garth Michael Spellman University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Spellman, Garth Michael, "Comparative phylogeography of pine -oak birds" (2005). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2687. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/44rg-s8do This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMPARATIVE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF PINE-OAK BIRDS by Garth Michael Spellman Bachelor of Arts Carleton College, Northfield, MN 1996 Master of Science University of Alaska, Fairbanks 2000 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Biological Sciences Department of Biological Sciences College of Sciences Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas August 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3244004 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform 3244004 Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Dissertation Approval UNiy The Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas A p r il 26 ■ 20 06 The Dissertation prepared by Garth Michael Spellman Entitled Comparative Phvloeeographv of Pine-oak Birds is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences Examination Committee. Dean of the Graduate Collegt Examination Committee Member fâÀ' ( à . EM nation Committee Mermer Examination Committee Member raàuate College Faculty Representative 11 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Comparative Phylogeography of Pine-oak Birds by Garth Michael Spellman Dr. Brett Riddle, Examination Committee Chair Professor of Biological Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Dr. John Klicka, Examination Committee Co-Chair Adjunct Professor of Biologieal Sciences University of Nevada, Las Vegas Pine and oak (pine-oak hereafter) woodlands are some of the most widespread floral communities in North America. They are distributed across the continent at mid­ latitudes, but do exist as far north as British Columbia and as far south as Nicaragua. They are also disjunct habitats with distinct regional speeies assemblages (Eastern North America, Rocky Mountain/Great Basin, Californian, Sierra Nevada/Cascades, and Mexiean/Central Ameriean [Madrean] assemblages). The division of pine-oak forests into specific regional communities should be reflected by patterns of faunal diversity, if the fauna that inhabit these forests evolved in situ over time in pine-oak forests. In fact this is the case for many pine-oak adapted fauna; however, there are a number of bird species that exhibit widespread distributions across these disjunct pine-oak habitats. In this dissertation, I propose three hypotheses to explain the evolution of the widespread distributions of three eommon pine-oak birds, the Pygmy Nuthateh {Sitta pygmaea), Mountain Chickadee (JPoecile gambeli), and White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta 111 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. carolinensis), and evaluate these three hypotheses through a comparative phylogeographic study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in each of these species. Overall, the genetic structure of pine-oak birds has been shaped by two biogeographic events: the in situ evolution of populations in the isolated regional forests and post-glaeial population expansion. However, these studies only represent a tiny portion of the diversity of birds that occupy pine and oak forests in North Ameriea. Future study of additional eo-distributed speeies will help determine if the genetic patterns observed in this study are broadly applicable across all pine-oak distributed birds. IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 Literature Cited .......................................................................................................................3 CHAPTER 2 TESTING HYPOTHESES OF PLEISTOCENE POPULATION HISTORY USING COALESCENT SIMULATIONS; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE PYGMY NUTHATCH {SITTA PYGMAEA) ............................................................5 A bstraet....................................................................................................................................5 Introduetion ............................................................................................................................. 6 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 9 R esults .................................................................................................................................... 13 Discussion ................................... 16 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................18 Literature Cited .....................................................................................................................18 Table Heading .................................................................................................................. 24 Figure Legends......................................................................................................................26 CHAPTER 3 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE MOUNTAIN CHICKADEE {POECILE GAMBELI): DIVERSIFICATION, INTROGRESSION, AND EXPANSION IN RESPONSE TO QUATERNARY CLIMATE CHANGE ......................... 31 A bstract..................................................................................................................................31 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 32 Materials and Methods .........................................................................................................36 R esults ....................................................................................................................................41 D iseussion ................................................................... 49 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 56 Literature Cited ................................................................................................... 56 Figure Legends ......................................................................................................................68 CHAPTER 4 PHYLOGEOGRAPHY OF THE WHITE-BREASTED NUTHATCH {SITTA CAROLINENSIS): DIVERSIFICATION IN NORTH AMERICA PINE AND OAK WOODLANDS ..........................................................................................................74 A bstract..................................................................................................................................74 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 75 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................

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