• • 111!1111'-.IPI•-----

Is ecology a middle class and rich nation "cop-out"?

Si erra Club posters of unspoiled beaches and lush national fores ts don't speak to the "ecological concerns" of slum dwellers: malnutrition, over-crowding, lead poisoning, rats, garbage, urban transportation. Worse, ecology or "environmental protection" can be ex­ cuses for exclusionary suburban zoning.

Similarly, to an East Paki stani refugee or an Angolan under the rule of Portuguese colon­ iali m discussion of the "environment" is not a high priority item. Poor nations such as Egypt still find DDT's protection against di seases worth the cost in environmental pol­ lution, but production of DDT has almos t c ased in th states.

NEEDED: A view of the whole picture. Environmentalists who are also social justice types, nationall y and internati onall y.

A POSSIBLE MODEL: The Boston Industrial Mission ( BIM ), a non-profit corporation funded by several reli gious agencies, including the National Division of the United Methodist Board of Mi ssions.

Ti ev. Norman Faramelli, associate director of BIM and author of Teclmethics, says that people "concerned with environmen tal protection and thos involved in poverty and urban problems will have to become allies, not opponents."

Through BIM, urban and suburban groups in the Boston area got together on just such a common cause: noise pollution. The coalition of housin g, ecology and anti-freeways groups tas ted victory when the Massachuse tts governor halt d ex pansion of Logan Air­ port, fi led legislation to curb airport noise and call ed a me ting of area governors to con­ sider high-s p ed rail transportation.

PREDICTION: More church and community task forces in the seventies will fo llow BIM's lead integrating the ecology movement and the environm ntal needs of urban dwellers, as well as integrating ethics and tec!mology in business school and seminary curriculums.

THINGS TO WATCH: Mainline Protestant denominations will continue to push ecol­ ogy and social justi ce at annual corporation stockholder meetings, as w ll as through the courts and legislation. The public hearing b y six churches on th e proposed Puerto Hi can mining ve nture of Kennecott and AMAX co pper companies was successful in raising is­ sues and possibly postponing the mining.

On an internati onal scale, environmentalists and social justi ce acti vi ts may easil y become allies, though for different reasons. Both see the need for decreased consumerism in wealthy societi es. A World Council of Churches study group noted recently that "justice will require wealthy societi es to moderate, halt or even reverse their rates of consumpti on and pollution in order that other societi es may accelerate growth."

But the curr nt effort of one wealthy socie ty, th e U.S., to overcome economic doldrums by spurring consumer buying raises unhappily th e questi on whether a technological so­ ciety can ever reverse this trend. E.C. & C.E.B. 11111 New Series Vol. XXXll No. 2 • Whole Series Vol. LXI No. I 0 • October, 1971 Letters 4 Editorials 5 Science Is Changing the Rules of the Came David P. Young 6 Technology and Religion Ma rshal L. Scott 11 The Flintstones in Recife Harvey Cox 16 Will Business Cet Better? Thomas F. Hinsberg 22 The Role of the Churches Now J. Edwa rd Carothers 25 Man Is a Technological Animal Daniel Ca ll ahan 28 Humanity and the Future Roger L. Shinn 30 A Radical Change in Our Notion of Pro.,ress L. Harold DeWolf 31 The Breakdown of Schools Ivan Ill ic h 32 Ministering in a Korean Steel Mill George Ogle 38 Books 43 The Moving Finger Writes 45 COVER Lahore : Pakistan, United Mission Hospital Toge Fujihira, from United Methodist Missions

Editor, Arthur I. Moore, Ir.; Managing Editor, Charles E. Brewster Planning and Coordination, Stanley I. Rowland, Jr.; Associate Editor, Ellen Clark Art Director, Roger C. Sadler

475 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10027 Published Monthly by the Board of Missions of the Un ited Methodist Church, Joint Commis­ sion on Education and Cultivation, in association with the Commission on Ecumenica l Mission and Relations of the United Presbyterian Church, USA.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS P. 9 Diane Koos Gentry ; Pp. 11 , 24 (top), 34, 35 (left ) Three Lions; P. 12 Alex Noel Watson; P. 13 Shelly Rusten; P. 14 Hildenhagen/ foto-present ; Pp. 15 (top ), Re ligious News Service; P. 15 (bottom ) Tokyo; P. 19 Ravemcco; P. 19 (bottom ), 20 (top), 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33 , 35 (right) Toge Fujihira, from United Methodist Mi ssions; P. 20 (bottom ) " Them People"; P. 22 Japan Tourist Office; P. 38 Ea st-West ; P. 40 Yong-bock Kim CHOKED ON EDITORIALS 1.etters 32-34, Matthew 6: 19-21, Matthew 6:24-34, I had not got beyond the editorials of the Matthew 8 :20-22, Matthew 10:37-39, Matthew August issue before I choked! How can one 10:9-10. claim to be objective and yet be so clearly We as Christi ans have crosses to carry. If blind to everything but what one wants to see? the leaders want foam rubber crosses whv For example, Stanley J. Rowland, Jr.'s mis­ shouldn't we lay people have the same? · siongram: Third paragraph describes China of D ANIEL H . J ORDAN early 19th century-but then to skip Sun Yat pep rally doesn't appeal to me either, but maybe MifBintown, Pennsylvania Sen and the Boxer Rebellion and the U.S. aid to memorizing and repeating the Apostles' Creed Chinese students and write "Finally the Chinese doesn't appeal to some of the young people HYPOCRITES people rose under the leadership . . ." etc. who have been accustomed to expressing thei r You carried an editorial (sarcastic in nature) How anybody can see Mao Tse-tung as one devotion at football games. I think we need on the use of the United Clergyman's Interna­ Pri1 who delivered China from oppression and dis­ new forms of worship; for football is a part of tional Discount Card. Your criticism was valid tra! loyalty leaves me cold. Following Rowland's the establishment as well as Rotary or Ki wanis in my estimation. Yet you carried an advertise­ anc clubs; but if these fo rms help in the true wor­ philosophy I suppose we ought to honor Lenin ment for such a card, thereby promoting its a I ship of God , then they are good. and Stalin for their 6ne considerate attitude in use. pril disposing of the Tsars. Isn't it possible to even I was attracted to the sticker " Honk if you Not only are you inconsistent, you are hypo­ love Jesus" because it opens up lines of com­ fid acknowledge Chiang Kai-shek-and the debili­ crites. I guess money is still most important to roll tating influence of the Japanese occupation? munication. Even if we don't know the people even Mission magazines. This is most diabolical And then the sneer in the editorial "East or ever talk to them, there is some kind of since Christian integrity is so urgently needed Jes: Pakistan Disaster" : "Still, one has a sneaking mystical union there from God's Spirit that can and so obviously lacking. pe1 suspicion that were these people white . . ." go on to something greater. ( R E v .) CALVTN W . M OORE tho etc. In the light of American aid-both national When you spoke of how people are intro­ Wenatchee, Washington rau and Church to peoples of the world without re­ duced to Jesus, you weren't very explici t as to hat gard to race, this statement is at best uncalled what you mean by a universal medium. Is it ARTICLES ON THE WAR he1 for and at worst pure demagoguery. You men­ Love? I think it is, and Jesus is the fulfillment Thank you for printing the two articles in of Love. The young people are turning to anl tion Nigeria-but not a word about the out­ the July New World Outlook on the war-a fa r pouring of American charity both during and Jesus, loving Him and following Him; and it is personal experience in Paris ["In the Arms of since the war. Before accusing others of cyni­ wonderful to see! We can all become Jesus peo­ the Enemy"] and a report about the meeting in "R1 cism and expediency, take a careful look at ple if we follow Him. Canada with the Vietnamese and Cambodian dai your own outlook. L ENORE M E RE L women ["Indochinese Women Speak Out"]. I COi Libby, Montana (REv. ) C LARENCE E. D AVISON apologize about not giving the exact titles of Kane, Pennsylvania the stories, but I was so pleased and proud to ho He is minister of First United Presbyterian LESS BIAS ON AFRICA have them printed in our United Methodist cla Church, Kane. magazine, that I loaned my copy to a friend by I have not found the magazines since that in the Church of Christ. Latin American issue (October, 1970 ) so com­ bu IS MAO A MOSES? LEL IA ( M11s. ToM ) BROWN In regards to the m1ss10ngram in August, I pletely biased and one-sided and have used and Lake Bluff, Illinois be would like to suggest that you ask Dr. Walter recommended articles on Africa to be used in SU Judd, former medical missionary to China un­ the classes I have led at three conference MISINFORMATION in, der the Presbyterian Board, to present his views schools. Of course it's a little harder to blame One of my relatives, who has also been in of on China and some of her present-day "lib­ the United States for all the assorted evils pres­ Kenya, brought to my attention the article on th1 ent in Africa than in Latin America or South­ erators." He just might have a bit different "Village Technology" (June New World Out­ ta) slant I east Asia. My point was then and is now that look ). we need varied views of what "Third World" iss ~y is war so wrong for one country to Apparently the young African whom the At justify marches on that nation's capital, burning people are thinking. writer interviewed had been in the area a very of draft cards, bombings, etc., etc., and war Of course rational thinking seems to be im ­ short time. The young man says he would like Sa and blood purges so right for another country? possible on Viet Nam. Some have objected to a demonstration center where farmers could ov It's a sad commentary on the state of leader­ the picture of an African with a gun on the be trained. There has been such a center at de ship in high places in the church today when June cover although I had not reacted to it. It Lugari for eight years, where not only hun­ Mao is compared with Moses as a great is so inconsistent, however, that the same peo­ dreds but actually thousands of farmers have no champion of an oppressed people. ple who are so desperate to be out of Viet Nam received some initial training. sh It seems to me that more truth filters through are sympathetic to use of arms by "oppressed" Also World Neighbors has a mobile adult people elsewhere. And the same ones who are "t( to the natives of this land via radio and tele­ education unit, but probably only a very limited en vision from interviews with refugees from some overjoyed by new China contacts and trade amount of time is spent at Lugari. I am sure with Communist countries want us to have of these "liberated" countries than is obtained the area it tries to cover is too large. be nothing to do with South Africa, Rhodesia, from reading of what was once considered a The article gives no conception of the total a Greece, Brazil, etc. I know some native African reliable missionary organ of the church. Lugari project as it now operates. Since 1968 di Christians who are not militant like some Amer­ it has been entirely under African leadership, MARY MONTGOMERY ican "do-gooders." Freeland, Michigan I believe. th GLADYS ( MRS. CHARLES A.) HILL LEVINUS K. p AINTER Shaker Heights, Ohio al JESUS MOVEME NT Orchard Park, New York C1 What you said about young people learning CROSSES TO CARRY TED STUDEBAKER ca that they are God's Children is good ("Jesus The ad on page 48 of the July issue, "Are I appreciated very much the 6ne article you fo Is My Bag"? editorial, August ). There is a You Really a Clergyman?", was just too much. had in your magazine for Ted Studebaker W1 vitality in the Jesus Movement that could well The next time you run it, maybe it should read : (Moving Finger, July) . Ted's worth was such ht help some "mature Christians," for maturity Clergymen! Jesus made you a little better than that I felt I had to do something to tell others ca isn't being lukewarm and apathetic, but it is the laymen in your churches, when you became about it; you helped immensely in this. being open to God's Spirit which will lead us a Man of the Cloth. Now there is a club just GRACE (MRS. Mn.TON R . ) VOGEL to greater heights and depths. fo r you so that you can get your "locusts, wild Meriden, Kansas Is the Jesus Movement a reflection of our honey and camel hair coats" at a discount of a.ffiuent culture? I thought it to be more the ten percent to fifty percent. CORRECTION opposite. The true Jesus People are willing to I feel that maybe the men behind the United On the letters page in the July issue, Paul and follow Jesus to the limit, not just half-way as Clergyman's International, Inc. should take Mabel Wagner were mistakenly identified as w our afHuent culture has been willing to settle their card to the nearest bookstore, purchase a being associated with the United Mission to for. Bible, and read such as follows: Philippians Nepal. Mr. Wagner is on a contract with the Concerning forms of expression, the football 2: 1-4, Luke 10:4-9, Luke 12:22-26, Luke 12: independent Protestant Congregation. 4 [ 526) · U •b.

Aeschylus at Attica two men who had it in their power to Jesus. "Yet you are of more value than make a difference but didn't. The net they." In the context of prison reform, The massacre at the Attica State the Furies wove did not incl ude Gov­ that is a staggering thought. Pri on in w York was classical Greek ernor Rockefeller and Black Panther Prisons are not the only place where trag dy fo r our time. (Attica was ~ n leader Bobby S ale. The fo rmer inexpli ­ we have need to s e through to human ancient nam fo r Greece.) Tangled m cably fa iled to visit the prison to show beings on th other side. But right now a net the avenging Furies wove, the minimum concern fo r hostages and they are fo r this country a priority place. 0. principal participants-prisoners, of­ prisoners alike (and at th nd had con­ Attica may have been a juncture where to fi cials hostages, negotiator -played dolences only fo r the fa milies of de­ we will either go forward or backward al roles of major proportions on the time­ ceased hostages); the latter left the in this area. The tragedy will be further :d less them s of justice and ord r, Fate and prison precipitously without urging the compounded if we go backward. p r onal re ponsibility. At the end, al­ p ri soners to consider the offers of C01·!1- though the qu tions had been clearl y missioner Oswald, a deal Attorney Wil­ raised few answers were available. The liam Kunstler r portedly urged the pris­ "Future Shock"? haunting fea r remained that we had oners to accept. On senses that the her but the prelude to a second play, Many respondents to a recently com­ governor and the Panther leader were pleted surv y by the Program Council and then a third, an Oresteian trilogy looking so far afi eld that they failed to see fa r larger in meaning than a prison stag . there were human beings involved as of the United Methodist Church ex­ "Reproach answers reproach, truth well as issues. That may b a lesson for pressed shock and rejection at the pos­ darkens still." Only Aeschylus could our time. But the tragedy was too broad sibility that twenty percent of the work compr hend Attica. to suggest full responsibility on any one force will soon produce all the goods needed by society. "Hog-wash," said an Al o in the fashion of Greek tragedy, man, especially inasmuch as the en.tire horror 'was piled on horror with th dis­ Iowa farmer. "It would be awful if that prison system is the creation of society happened." closure that the hostages were not slain and a refl ection of its apathy. by the inmate , as originally thought, What can be done about Atticas? If That these and other revolutions in but by their would-be rescuers. It would our heritage were largely that of the area of work will happen is almost beyond question. There will be not only be premature to judge before the re­ Aeschylus and Sophocles we might sults of the full-fl edged investigati ons are easily become resigned to the inevitabil­ shorter work weeks but a greater shar­ ing of the income from that work. That in, but at the very least there is the i ss ~ e ity of violence and counter-violence. of the credibility of offi cial sources m "What we had done was fore-ordained,'' it will be "awful" depends to a l!r at the early announcem nt that the hos­ might have been the cry of many on extent on how well we are prepared, tages had been slain by inmates. It is an all sides at Attica. And, to be sure, there spiritually and emotionally, for these i sue already fa miliar to us from another is enough evidence to support the "pre­ changes. If we are prepared for the fu­ ttica tragedy of our time - Vietnam. destination" of Atticas in the form of ture and not constantly "shocked" bv it adly and pointedly, the two tragedies gh tto deprivation, drugs, the selectivity then we can be ready to ask where God overlap in a single quote. "We had to of a legal system which punishes too is and what He is doing in these new destroy the village in order to ave it." readily the black and the poor and re­ events. In our time the parable of the It is likely, however, that many will leases too readily the white and the ten wise virgins and the ten foolish vir­ not see Attica this way. For them it is a rich, and a "correction system" which gins finds it parallel in those who are simple case of state authorities becoming is a mockery of the word. prepared, th rough study and personal "too permissive" and not acting quickl y But our heritage is as much that of involvement, to meet the future and help enough with force to stamp out the re­ ancient Israel as of ancient Greece. No shape it and those who wish to run away bellion. As for the prisoners, it will be society which tolerates such deplorable from it. a imple case of them "getting what they treatment of men as occurs in prisons can One n ed found by the survey was a deserved." be said to have taken seriously the Bibli­ desire for more resources on the bio­ Yet no Greek hero ever agoni zed cal concept of Man created in the image medical revolution. This area is not through a decision so lacking in rea on­ of God. What a person thinks a prisoner a high priority area largely because able options as did State Corrections "deserves" depends to a large extent on many people feel they do not know Commissioner Oswald. Attempting to whether he views him as an animal or enough about it. We hope this issue will carry some of the more enlightened re­ as a human being. The Bible does not help fill that need. But even as we go to forms of federal prisons into a back­ equivocate on this question. press there i front-page news of the ward state system, Oswald had onl y days "We no longer wish to be treated as possibility of drugs to be taken by world before the riot told inmates he wel­ statistics, as numbers," shouted one of leaders to prevent aggression by reduc­ comed their "constructive suggestions the Attica prisoners. "We want to be ing their emotional hostilities. It will and vi ws." An yone who thinks Oswald's treated as human beings, we will be take tremendous energy just to keep up position was simple appreciates neither treated as human beings!" Yet even in on these new developments, but abov the sacredness of human life nor society's death they were tagged with numbers all we must make sure the Church is an n ed for order. only. open forum for talking about them and In contrast to Oswald's plight, th ere "Not a sparrow falls from the sky but deciding what kind of future we r ally wa the relatively untangled position of your heavenly Father know it," said want. cience is changin '·:he rules of the u@m~

RE RULES FOR the game of life are the kind of world we live in NOW. Biblical terms, we are preparing to being changed. Ever since the first What, then, is the kind of future we answer the ancient query of the writer Tcave man accidentally discovered can expect in the face of an accele­ of the eighth psalm: fire, man has been constantly manipu­ rated rate of change? The futurist When I look at thy heavens, lating his environment and trying to Robert Theobald has sharpened the the work of thy fingers, bring it under his control. But even issue with the following statement: the moon and the stars which though change has been the only con­ "Almost all of our present study, thou has t established; stant in the life of man, we have only planning and actions are based on the What is man that thou art mindful recently become aware of a new di­ assumption that the future will re­ of him? mension of change which has come semble the pas t." I agree with Theo­ What is man is an old question that into existence: namely, a tremendously bald; such an assumption is just is going to have a new answer. increased rate. This phenomenon of plainly no longer valid. For the first There are many areas of possible an accelerated rate of change has been time in our history we are faced with change and for the purposes of illus­ vividly illustrated by Alvin Toffier in fantastic power to literally "invent" tration, only ten will be mentioned. his book Future Shock, as he points the kind of future we want. The The point is not that all of these things out that if one divides the last 50,000 thresholds we are now contemplating will happen before the year 2000. years of man's existence into 800 life­ crossing are in some sense as pro­ Clearly, they all will not; possibly times of 62 years each, "only during found in their drastic nature and far­ some of them may turn out to be mere the last six lifetimes did masses of men reaching implications as the long-past pipe dreams. Rather the question to be ever see a printed word" and "only evolutionary chanl'es which occurred asked is how prepared are we for in the last two has anyone anywhere when the first self-replicating mole­ what these kinds of changes might do used an electric motor." Indeed to cules were formed or when life to our concepts of what it means to be have uggested as recently as the year first crawled out of the frothing seas a man? 1900 that within 70 years man would onto dry land. Within the past century 1. Control of behavior, mood, and not only be walking on the moon but we have experienced some unprece­ thought by use of drugs or electrical would also be transplanting hearts dented changes in our phys ical en­ stimulation of the brain. from one to another would have vironment so that we now spend most labeled you as a crackpot. Yes, for of our time in man-made cubicles in 2. Reproduction of humans and ani­ tens of thousands of years the silent, which all the basic elements of com­ mals by methods other than the tradi­ invisible and universal force called fort are at our fingertip control-heat, tional bisexual processes (clonal re­ gravity has kept man pinned to the cold, water, food , and light, not to production via cell nucleus trans­ surface of his planet. Then in 1904 the mention the multitude of devices for plantation ). Wright brothers shattered these sound communication that we use 3. Learning by use of drugs, virus shackles of gravity with a flight of nearly every waking moment. Yet, in infections or computer hook-ups what now is viewed as a puny dis­ most ways we are already saturated ( brain to computer communication is tance-120 feet. But incredible as this with physical change, for what else is now being studied in animals) . was at the time, it really 'blows your there to heat or air-conditioning? The mind" when you consider that it took kind of future that I have in mind is 4. Control of intelligence (perhaps only 65 more years, one average life­ one upon which we are now poised to large increases). time, for man to jump from Kitty attempt changes in our biological na­ Hawk; North Carolina to Tranquility ture--ourselves as human beings. In The author teaches chemistry at Base, Moon. It took man thousands of other words, our future horizon is one Maryville College, Maryville, Tennes­ years to figure out how to fly, but once that has the potential of changing see and has recently spent a year in he did, it only took him a lifetime to drastically what it means to be human the Cornell University Program on leave the planet. That, my friends, is -to be a person-to be a man. In Science, Technology and Society. [529) 7 Clonal reproduction could produce multiple copies of a single fa vorite individual. (Opposite page) A medical student explains the parts of the body. rf

5. Creation of entirely new species ar (four-parent mice and hybird man­ mouse cells are now realities). in SU 6. Increasing use of organ trans­ ti< plants (what about ovaries or heads­ (i bodies as some prefer to say!) . SI 7. Growth of organs outside of the a! body to replace our old ones as they SC wear out. re ta 8. Lengthening the expected life st span (perhaps living a normal life of DI 100 plus years) . OJ 9. Control and elimination of birth DI b, defects. ir 10. Fetal surgery and manipulation. tl si Let us now take two specific illus­ 0 trations from this list to show what o. kinds of changes are possible. One concerns an area of knowledge that is a here now, ESB (electrical stimulation sl of the brain ), and the other is a fu­ process of surgically implanting tiny covery of a "pleasure center" in the I ture possibility of unknown probabili­ electrodes into the brain so that by a brain of animals as well as humans. ty, clonal reproduction of humans (via simple process of switching an electric This is an area that apparently pro­ q cell nucleus transplantation). Again, current on and off, an experimenter duces such intense pleasure that in k the issue to keep in mind is what kinds can control the stimulation of neurons situations where self-stimulation of ti of values and ethics must we have in a specific area of an awake and fully this center is possible by pressing a for tomorrow's world? Or stated in mobile animal or human. In animals lever, animals have been known to another way, how can an ethic of the electrical stimulation of the brain self-stimulate at an astonishing rate of human responsibility be applied to has produced situations ranging from 5,000 times per hour. Rats will con­ these kinds of revolutionary advances evoking a motor response such as flex­ sistently remove obstacles or cross a d in science? ing of the hindleg of a cat or affecting electrified floors to reach the "pleas­ psychological phenomena such as ure" lever. ti ESB: Electrical Stimulation learning, pain and pleasure or modify­ Brain stimulation has been widely of the Brain ing or inhibiting social behavior such studied in humans with the following as aggression, dominance in a group, kinds of responses: inhibited thinking, Even though a functioning brain is or mounting. speech, and movement; production of a complex array of millions upon mil­ For example, even though an animal pleasure, laughter, friendliness, verbal lions of interconnected neurons, the is starved and in the presence of output, hostility, fear, hallucinations, basic operating mechanism is an elec­ abundant food, it is possible to stimu­ and memories. The medical hopes of trochemical one of a type so that late the part of the brain that shuts off ESB lie in the possible control of mental functions can be influenced by eating when full, so that the animal epileptic seizures, intractable pain, in­ electrical or chemical stimulation of will not eat. But perhaps the most voluntary movement, and mental ill­ specific areas. ESB, then, refers to the spectacular effect has been the dis- ness through stimulation of the proper 8 (530) r ' rrwe went to the moon because it was there. Will we clone humans because we can?"

areas. natural choice in man's design of man's Even though ESB can activate and hi ghest quality: mental function." influence willful behavior in a human subject, there are some specific limita­ Heady and arrogant words? Maybe. tions, three of which are as follows: But then, so was the event at Kitty ( 1) it is not possible to direct each Hawk. Man fly? Man control his specific phase of a complex task (such mind? One we have done. The other as opening a door or reading a book) we are on our way to doing. so that the subject behaves like a robot, ( 2) a new skill cannot be Clonal Reproduction: taught since ESB involves only the Cell Nucleus Transplantation stimulation of specific neurons and is In 1968 some English workers were not a process for creating new co­ successful in replacing the nucleus of ordinated sensory pathways, and ( 3) a frog's egg with a nucleus from an nothing which is not already in the intestinal cell, the result being the de­ brain can be evoked or inhibited. Yet velopment into a tadpole and eventu­ in spite of these limitations, it is clear ally into an adult frog. The basic idea that the influencing of behavior is pos­ illustrated here is that even though an sible which thereby introduces many intestinal cell is produced by differen­ obvious ethical implications. _ Instead tiation, it apparently still retains in its of trying to produce a list of the nucleus all the necessary genetic in­ ethical problems, however, let me take formation needed to create another a different tack and present some frog, provided only that the nucleus statements from the writing of Jose be placed back into the environment Delgado, one of the leading workers of a fertilized egg. So the process, ex­ in the ESB field, as they relate to two tended to humans, is that it might be questions: who will use this kind of possible that the nucleus of certain knowledge and why should we study cells in your body (perhaps even any the brain in this manner? somatic cell) has the information nec­ essary to create a new "you" provided "The fundamental question of who is go­ that it is replaced into the original ing to exert the power of behavioral con­ zygotic environment created by the trol is easy to answer: everybody who is fusion of sperm and egg cells. Such a aware of the elements involved and un­ cell nucleus transplant is certainly a derstands how they act upon us will have much higher order of complexity and that power." difficulty for the human mammal than ". . . perhaps it is time to ask if the for the amphibian frog. Just to cite present orientation of our civilization is one difference, in the human, the desirable and sound, or whether we "new" egg must be provided with the should re-examine the universal goals of entire environment of a mother's mankind and pay more attention to the womb, whereas in the frog situation, primary objective, which should not be a much simpler aquatic environment the development of machines, but of man of pond water is all that is necessary. himself." Up until now production of our "The greatest challenge, however, is the species Homo sapiens has been a dual possibility that we might substitute-at path stemming from the age-old tradi­ least in part-human intelligence for tion of boy-meets-girl. And although there are surely many difficult hurdles only scientific knowledge presently in Rules and law are important, but they to overcome, the possibility of clonal hand (ESB) but ideas on the drawing are not boundaries never to be reproduction of humans raises some board (cloning) suggest that it is crossed. The norm of love requires rather fantastic and novel situations. time to put great energy into a re­ that what is done should contribute Try these three to get started: ( 1 ) see newed debate on some ancient ques­ toward the expression of a person's "yourself" born nine months after im­ tions. What is man that thou art mind­ potential which in turn is known by an planting a cloned cell with your ful of him? What is the meaning of inner satisfaction of fulfillment and nucleus in a "pregnant" woman, ( 2) existence? What does it mean to be a oneness with all of creation (including a kind of immortality by having your­ man in relation to other men and to the Creator). In short, potential and self cloned before you die or keeping God? What is the meaning of respon­ fulfillment can only be determined yourself around at various stages of sibility? Is man now the creature that personally; but other lives are neces­ life, and ( 3) multiple copies ( 10, 20 he was intended to be? sary. To be sure, in practice, the '1ov­ or 100 ) of a single favorite individual. 1. God created an orderly universe. ing act" is sometimes a most difficult Again, instead of listing some possi­ Man has the capacity to obtain knowl­ thing to determine. evertheless, we ble ethical implications, I would like edge of this order so that it allows for have to act in order to li ve, and it is at to try to identify what might be the the understanding, prediction, and this point that the grace of God not crucial point for discussion, from control of the various physical, as well only forgives but recreates the power which you can develop your own as biological, processes that function to go on and leave past mistakes in the questions and concerns. Paul Ramsey under the rubric of the laws of nature. past. has stated it thusly: "But the sine qua The universe has evolved into its pres­ 5. The meaning of one's life can non of any morality at all, or any fu ­ ent state by a process of orderly best be found in a relationship to the ture for humanism, must be the change, and it will continue to evolve. life of Jesus Christ. Our call is to re­ premise that there may be a number A part of the basic dilemma of man, spond to that life. It is already there; of things that we can do that ought and thereby a potential source of sin, all that is necessary is for us to answer not to be done.'' We have not yet de­ is his use of knowledge in an evolving the call. Unfortunately, this is easy to veloped any kind of intellectual or universe. say, and I am sure that I do not yet ethical framework for the guidance of 2. The biological uniqueness, which fathom the deepness and radicalness science. We went to the moon, in results from the bisexual method of re­ of such a relationship. I often realize large measure, because it was there. production, makes every person a that if I was to take His life seriously, Will we clone humans because we unique individual with a mind and then mine would have to be drastical­ can? body that has never existed before and ly different. What I am groping to say I happen to be in favor of the moon never will be duplicated in the fu ­ is that in some fl eeting moments I trips, but the point is we never really ture. Each individual man has the seem to sense the meaning of the even tried to involve ourselves in a capacity for both good and evil ; he is phrase that in order to save your life, discussion of whether or not we a free agent to choose either one. you must lose it; but often the true should spend billions of dollars to do When in control of his own function­ radicalness of that meaning escapes that or rather to improve our cities or ing, each person is responsible for his me. Indeed, that may be the most pro­ cure cancer. President Kennedy said behavior in exercising this choice. found characterization of what it go-so go we did. Going to the moon However, it is possible for things, per­ means to live-to lose your life. was basically a physical achievement sons, and events to control another Man has been in his infancy for the 01 of of engineering; yet, there has also person so that he becomes "dehuman­ past few thousand years of his exist­ gi been a positive psychological spin­ ized" into the role of a puppet. This is ence. But now he is rapidly gaining h1 off in the awe of seeing pictures from another facet of the basic dilemma of knowledge that will allow him to tu "out-there" of the ball called earth or man-a potential for both responsible exert a never-before control over his tu of an earth-rise on the moon. When it and irresponsible behavior. Therefore, destiny-to say what man is to be re comes to possible human clonal repro­ another source of sin is our inability rather than to continue as he is or duction, however, the stakes are differ­ to perceive and accept responsibility. was. In a very real sense, we be­ at ent. The psychologidll spin-off from 3. Life is important and meaning­ long to a period of time in which we u1 that kind of event 'could shake the ful.. The relationships that exist be­ can say to our younger generation, Ill meaning of man to his very toes. The tween lives is the essential key to de­ you have the power and responsibility si question is, Will it be of benefit? I am termining the quality of life and the of deciding what man is to become. t nt not trying to say that we should not meaning of existence. Because each On some days the very thought of pl clone just because we don't know person is a unique individual, his use this possibility causes my mind to reel A: what the impact will be. But we of knowledge and responsibility into an oblivion of confusion, chaos a should begin to develop ways of pay­ should be toward the expression of all and despai r; but on other days, I sense hi ing attention to implications and value human life in terms of reaching to­ a feeling of joy and fulfillment that is fa spin-offs from the use of science be­ ward the potential that is in it. Ful­ so deep inside that although it refuses fore, during and after we do some­ fillment of potential is not a thing that to come to the surface so that it can be ra thing. can be achieved alone. It requires the examined critically, it speaks unmis­ in synergistic influence of other "lives­ takably to me that Man is not now Conclusion in-contact" and combination. what he was intended to be and that SU We are going to have to make some 4. Decision making should be gov­ God is calling us forward. Our di­ a1 decisions. Living is impossible without erned by the norm of love rather than lemma is to remain humble in the face 0 them. I have tried to illustrate that not a set of rules to always be applied. of such a call. Just who is man? • 10 [532) -, ( 1ey be :es •te a's an Jd Jg id ~ d v. ilt 1e at Jt

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i T ) ------TECHNDbDliV & REbllilDN MARSHAL L. SCOTT HILE RELIGIONS ordinarily ac­ newer science-technology advances In religious thinking it is the person W cept an assumption of divine are in confrontation with traditional or soul that has communication with origin, such as the revealed religion religious concepts are in the life God, that responds to God, and is the of Christianity, the fact is that reli­ sciences. Probably the deepest theo­ highest expression of God's creation, gions are never separated from the logical wrestling today is not done by at least in the Judea-Christian faith. human experiences of society and cul­ theologians and clergymen but by The Biblical concept is that man is ture and if there are social and cul­ medical practitioners. It does not take made in the image of God. If human tural changes, there will inevitably be place in temples of worship but in life is the highest expression of crea­ revised understanding of the faith, hospitals and medical centers. tio and that life has immortal aspects, adaptations in religious practices, and What is life? When does human life what man may impose his restraints updating of the creed. This is not begin, to state it in medical or legal upon birth and death? Yet man has necessarily contradictory to revelation terms, or, when is a soul born, to put it always been born as a result of chosen since revelation at best must come in religious terms? When does life human action, sexual intercourse. through a human receiver and can cease? In a population explosion re­ With the high rate of infant mortality never be better than the limited ca­ sulting from technological advances, and disease among adults, the em­ pacities of that receiver. Or, as the what responsibilities are there to re­ phasis, for the survival of mankind, Apostle Paul put it, we see as through strict the number of births before has been historically upon man ex­ a blurred mirror. Today he might calamity strikes all human life on ercising his control in behalf of births. have said that we see as through a Earth, and what are the acceptable Thus the Biblical injunction to be faulty TV tube. methods of such birth control? What fruitful and multiply. Therefore, it is natural that the are the responsibilities of prolonging In similar fashion, man has always rapid technological advance, express­ life beyond the point where it no fought to delay death but advancing ing itself in such a wide variety of longer has meaning, and when does changes in our life-styles that we the personality, or soul, leave off and Marshal L. Scott, for many years suffer from future shock, is having mere organic-animal existence con­ Dean of the Presbyterian Institute of and will have considerable effect upon tinue through drugs or transplants? Industrial Relations in Chicago, is our religious understanding. On what basis is such existence pro­ president of McCormick Theological The most obvious areas where the longed or curtailed? Seminary. (533) 11 technology with its application of already moving to still newer prac­ knowledge in nutrition, sanitation, and tices. medicine has suddenly swept us into There are other ways in which tech­ an undreamed of death-control. Death nological advances are having an ef­ has not been eliminated but we have fect upon religious traditions. One of greatly increased the prolongation of these concerns a life-view in relation life into the later years of the life to the present and the future. Pre­ span, which accounts for part of the civilized man was predatory. He population growth. Of far greater im­ hunted what he could find, whether it portance, we have so reduced infant grew from the ground or whether he mortality that most of the babies born had to capture it as an animal or a live to reproduce children who in turn bird or a fish . He consur:.1ed it when will live to reproduce. Hence the ex­ he could get it, and life was oriented plosion. ow, suddenly, the survival to the present. What religious views of mankind depends upon limiting the or commitments he made are not very number of human beings alive at any clear beyond magic formulas and time. This can be done by terminating spirit taboos. lives already born or by preventing When he became civilized, he the birth of others. Thus far the pref­ began to alter and manipulate his en­ erence has been on birth control, but vironment to satisfy his desires. He in­ either upsets ancient religious tradi­ stituted control over the resources of tions. sustaining life, which involved plan­ Consequently, there have been and ning and a future-oriented life-view. are struggles between various reli­ He planted and cultivated and eventu­ gious bodies and apparently practical ally harvested. His present actions human necessities in such matters as were performed in anticipation of the sale and advertising of contracep­ compensations weeks or months in the tives, the legalizing of abortion, ad­ future. In many climates this emerg­ ministering blood transfusions, and ing agricultural system followed the the transplanting of human organs. If seasons so that man was pressed to and when life is produced artificially, discover methods of storage to spread a whole new battleground will the harvest from one season to the emerge. In other areas it is not so next. He was always planning and much a battle as an agony of indeci­ laboring toward the future. Further­ sion. What about the rapidly increas­ more, in the human species there is a ing build-up of millions of elderly peo­ long period in infancy and early youth ple, many of whom are alive but not in which the adults must support the th well enough physically or mentally to young when they cannot be self-sup­ re care for themselves, frequently in­ porting. In similar fashion, for those qt stitutionali zed in costly nursi ng homes who did live into the declining years, bl for which society is not presently pre­ there was the increasing necessity to th pared to bear the cost, often barely be sustained by others, unless they bl knowing who they are or from whence could extend the storage reserve 11 they came, yet "alive" because the beyond the harvest cycle to accommo­ gi physician feels he has neither moral or date the latter years of the life cycle. d( legal sanction to remove the adminis­ In either case, civilized man became bt tration of chemicals which keep a life­ future-directed. less life alive? In this instance medical If he failed. through incompetence, lcr technology and religious tradition are or shiftlessness, or because of illness or sa combining to perpetuate a new form disasters over which he ha

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Technology rekased power, stimulated ideas, and brought unheard-of consumer capabilities.

this base grew the modification that unheard-of consumer capabilities. The old age or a rainy day, got to give my responsibility to one's neighbor re­ power-d ri ven machine provided a new children the education I didn't get, quired helping him when he is in trou­ era of human history, quite different and on and on in an extension of ble, especially if he is "deserving," from the agrarian-handicraft base that storage of the seasonal cycle of the that is, if he has been acting responsi­ had tended to prevail since the begin­ earliest centuries of civilization. Most bly but misfortune came upon him. ning of civilization. people, at least among Americans, Thus, Paul could write in one para­ Initially, it did not greatly change were going to really start living when graph, "let each bear his own bur­ the future-orientation of society. The they got the next promotion, or got the dens" and "bear ye one anoth P- r's consumer capacity was such that the mortgage paid, or when they retired. burdens." more man produced, the greater was With few exceptions, religious bodies In the industrial-urban era that fo l­ his appeti te for still more. The so­ blessed this pattern. lowed the agrarian-handicraft era, the called "Puritan ethic" of the preceding By the end of that era and the be­ same basic assumptions prevailed ex­ stage, which not only made sense but ginning of the post-industrial era, cept that the pace was quickened and was a highly responsible system of whatever it will eventuall y be called, the process became infinitely more human relations, and apparently a rebellion was setting in. The young complex. In America, the promise of Biblically blessed, now gave justifica­ people who had been born into and consumer awards through increased ti on fo r the pursuit of more and more were being reared in the resulting af­ mechanization began to accelerate in the exciting decades of rapid tech­ fluence had no understanding of this until a new way of life emerged. In nical and economic advance. As so compulsion to always be living for the the 19th and early 20th centuries, in oft en happens, the greatest human fu ture. They not only h

14 [536] tion was sufficient for all needs. The machine could produce and distribute. Why get in such a sweat? Seasons meant nothing with modem food processing. Individual savings mean little with the uncertainties of infla­ tion. ational social security will pro­ vide for the latter years for those needs b yond retirement programs. Furthermore, with the destructive capacity of the war machines which technology had produced, and with the rapid destruction of the environ­ ment on Earth which had resulted from technology, there is no certainty that we have a future fo r which we should sacrifice present life. As such, it is very disturbing to reli­ gious tradition. Because working and planning for the future had been so­ cially responsible as well as individual­ ly prudent, it had been religiously blessed. Now the opposite seems, to many, to be more intelligent and more responsible. Ironically, this new life­ style also has Biblical blessing. It all depends which quotes are used. Again and again Jesus deplores the emphasis upon laying up treasures for the mor­ row and his whole emphasis was upon living now. It seems clear that he thought of the Kingdom of God as a way of life or a quality of life which is lived now, not a situation to be en­ tered into later. The churches, with their cultural The sun;ir;a/ of adaptations, are deeply rooted in the mankind depends prudential future-orientation of both upon limiting the the agrari an-handicraft and industrial­ 1111111ber af human urban eras through which we have beings a/i r;c at any passed. In a brief time, our youth are time. Thus far tli e preference has been confronting us with a life-style which for prer;e nting /Jirth .~ is much closer to the New Testament rather than way of life and may lead the churches terminating lives. into a rediscovery of the original faith ( A/}()i;e) A /Jom/1- which they profess to follow. scarred hilltop i11 There are many illustrations of the South Viet11am . The direct effect of technology upon reli­ dcs1rnction res ulting gion, such as mass communication, from technology makes uncertain a but the attempt here has been to con­ future for tcliich tu • centrate upon the deeper and more should sacrifice basic assumptions, such as the defini­ now. ( Left ) Rush tion of life and our responsibility for hour in Tokyo. life, and our total life-style in relation to the present and the future. All of which presses us to the ulti­ mate question. Is there a God who concerns himself in human affairs, or do we merely use this device to cover those areas which man has not yet learned to manipulate? The question is not new but science-technology has pressed the question much harder on humanity. • [537 ] 15 ing' used de pi the in fl roe. Bra' rapt ve.rj AJnf THE flu VJ cieV. fron the st on ioSU veOJ

FLINTSTONES 1 han Toward a Theological Critique and IN RECIFE- of the Mass Media obs1 by Harvey G. Cox Goe that st or TV Serf I cau ly a th et ofi F tho. imi reai sen ciel po< HEN I was visiting Recife a 1 [Brazil] during Holy cril W Week of 1970 I spent one nm evening in the modest apartment of s a Baptist seminary teacher. The tun warmth of the welcome I received ma and the hospitality were unforget­ the table. After a good meal, some spir­ pre ited conversation and singing, the wit children turned on the TV and my sto· joy immediately turned to disqui­ nol etude. There pranC'ed onto the screen ant a trivial caitoon seri es call l'd "The Th Flintstones," mad in USA (a few hai years before) with sound dubbed scri in Portuguese. It is the c.irtoon story bro of a modernized Neanderthal family. tra1 The script that night, as I recall, had fail something to do with Fred Flint tone's bowling leagu . I watched with grow- to I the em Harvey Cox, of the llarvard Di­ oinity School, is the author of such works as The Secular City and Feast vie of Fools. An expanded fonn of t11is hel article teas presented at th e ecumen­ ne1 ical !liter-Ame rica n Se minar 011 Com­ as munication , held last Hay in lexico. ser 16 [538] ing discomfort. The "canned" laughter and usable TV filming equipment ways to satisfy human needs. But in used in the show, the banal situations have not been distributed. People are the proces real needs are deformed depicted, the cleverly contrived ads, encouraged by the present technology and exploited for purposes extrinsic to the total lack of contact with real life, of media to be listeners and watch­ the human fu lfillment of the viewer. in Recife or anywhere else, ickened ers, i.e. consumers, not creators. Close Let us turn fo r a moment from the me. It sp cially worried me that these neighbors can be reached by CBS image of the Flintstones to the image Brazilian children were watching so more easily than they can reach each of another family which is also present raptly. TV obviously reached them other. Present mass media increase in the cultural consciousness of mil­ very effectively. But how? In orth people's isolation from each other at lions of people. Think of the picture America, mired in the waste and ef­ local levels. "Citizen band" radios are of the holy family-Joseph, Mary and flu vium of a fr nzied consumer so­ used mainly either as toys or by police Jesus-in Bight toward Egypt. Poor, ciety, insulated in a thousand ways as means of social control. harassed, displaced and persecuted, from our own society's poverty and Fourth, because of increased mi­ they are headed for the awesome un­ the anguish of the world, the Flint­ gration and the breakdown of tradi­ certainty of a strange land. They sure­ stones on TV seemed like one tiny tional values and sources of informa­ ly represent the deepest fears and insult among others, perhaps a mere tion, people must rely on mass media hopes of millions of people more than venial sin. In Recife, on the other today more than they did previously. a stereotyped bourgeois consumer hand, surrounded by sickness, hunger Thus the boom in one-way communi­ family, albeit draped in Neanderthal and hopelessness it seemed downright cation devices comes just as the need furs. The holy fa mily must face death, obscene, a mortal trespass against for new orientations is more acute. The privation and exile. Their lives are God's consummate man. At my hotel result is doubly alienating. anything but trivial. They own no that night I dreamed about the Flint­ Fifth, just as poor nations, because modern conveniences. Yet they live by stones, and in my dream those cartoon of urbanization, internal migration a hope no tyrant can extinguish. Their TV cave men reached out of the and dislocation begin to rely more story, were they on earth today, would screen and strangled the children. heavily on mass media, the rich na­ probably either be avoided by the I recall this incident in Recife be­ tions are increasing their control of media as too controversial or sweet­ cause it focuses so clearly for me near­ the scope, content and style of the ened into a domestic travelogue. ly all the issues we must confront in a media. Again the communication is I do not contrast the Flintstones theological response to the challenge one way. There is no available way and the Flight Into Egypt to disparage of mass media. for a poor Recife family to beam a a particular TV serial, one whi ch is First, the new media, especially message into the home of a Manhattan probably better, in its way, than some. those dealing in pictoral images, are script writer or advertising agent. I am interested rather in showing that immensely powerful. They have al­ Sixth, the overwhelming impact of both in its content and in its technical ready markedly altered the cultural the content of TV is the banalization structure, the mass media today pre­ sensibility of the high-consumption so­ and trivializa tion of human issues. sent us with an unavoidable challenge cietie and can certainly do so in the With a few exceptions ("The Selling to the Christian vision of man. poor nations as well. TV reaches us at of the Pentagon"), divisive issues are I will try to make some comments a level of consciousness below the avoided, conflict is dissolved into per­ on the world of the Flintstones from critically centered intelligence. It in­ sonality differences, the raw edges of the perspecti ve of the Biblical faith. nundates us with vivid images. life disappear in an endless sea of gray The Bible contains numerous ex­ Second, the present technical struc­ trivia. The media, designed to reach amples or paradigms of the communi­ ture of mass media is one way. It the broadest possible audience, thus cation of messages to all kinds of peo­ makes us all quiescent consumers of discourage consumers from having ple. God is the communicator par ex­ their images and values. We cannot strong feelings about anything really cellence. He is the "Word," identified pretend that if we just had mass TV important. It is crucial to keep the po­ in his very essence with communica­ with something better than the Flint­ litical significance of trivialization in ti on. But notice how God speaks to stones, all would be well. It would mind since banality seems nonpoliti­ man. God does not communicate one not. It would still be a one-directional cal. The fact is that whenever real is­ way. Between God and man there is and therefore a manipulative exercise. sues can be trivialized, the status quo dialogue. God speaks, but man also The technology of TV, for example, is strengthened. speaks back. God creates a responding has speciali zed in enlarging the Seventh, there is a close correlation man, and constantly calls him to re­ screen, adding color, increasing the between the images and life styles sponse. God. wants man to respond to broadcast distance. All the e concen­ projected by the media (clothing, him and to his fellow man hopefully trate more power in the sender but family roles, furniture, house design, in lo ve but always in freedom. The fail completely to enable the receiver utensils and utilities, etc.) and the ad­ thrust of the Christian doctrine of the to respond. The present technology of vertisements. Even the Flintstones, Incarnation is that God intentionally the mass media prevents dialogue and though a Neanderthal family, had a makes himself fully vulnerable to the emphasizes one way "communication." car, a refrigerator, record player, TV, response of man to his Word and Per­ Third, there were no technical de­ etc. , albeit cutely hewn from stone. son. In his disclosure of Himself to vices in that simple Recife home to Only adults make the mistake of be­ man, especially in Jesus, God dis­ help facilitate communication among lieving there is a real difference be­ closes the essential structure of au­ neighbors. Such technical possibilities tween programs and ads. Children thentic human communication. as community TV, feed-back devices, watch both. They sense (rightly) that In the Hebrew Scriptures the same sender transistors, or easily available both stimulate, create, and suggest paradigm of dialogue, vulnerability (539] 17 and the call for response can be seen ads to pass as mere superficial Huff. The Word became flesh and dwelt time and again. The patriarchs and The programs and commercials, as among us. ("Dwelling" here suggests prophets had to struggle with their well as the structure and style of the a long term, indeed permanent com­ people, expose themselves to persecu­ mass media, preach a kind of cultural mitment to the ambiguities and limi­ tion and ridicule, pay the price of religion. This religion has its myths tations of the human situation.) In weakness in order to heard, really and heroes, its values, its sins and his ministry Jesus utilizes the fabric heard. In this way they were God's even its sacraments (pills, balms, oils, of images and stories, and the insti­ spokesmen, not just in the content of cosmetics, luxury foods). It is not the tutional networks of communication their message but also in the mode of task of the Church and of theology of his day. But he refuses to use co­ its delivery. One-way communication, merely to interpret or defend Chris­ ercive power of spellbinding tricks, by decree, fi at or promulgation is seen tianity and its institutions. Christianity when Satan tempts him to. Most of in the Bible as the style of tyrants and is obligated by the faith to defend his teachings are parables and say­ oppressors. man himself against incursions, belit­ ings. Even his so-called "sermons" In the ew Testament, the apostles tlements and attacks . The Church's are concrete utterances arising out of speak m synagogues and public task is to be the advocate of man, particular human situations. They are places. They constantly expose them­ especially where man is weak, poor or not abstract discourses delivered to selves to danger and rejection (as well powerless. Without being arrogant we faceless crowds without reference to as to authentic acceptance). Jesus must clearly insist that media of so­ particular events. As a celebrator, himself begins his ministry by reading called "communication" whose struc­ Jesus was able to deepen any mo­ from the prophet Isaiah in a syna­ ture and content pervert human needs ment of joy, anticipation, fear, love, gogue and commenting on it in such or blunt crucial issues are destructive hope through the use of appropri­ a way that the response endangers his of man's sanctity. We must also insist ate gesture and words. The style and life. His fin al statement to the corrupt that the present technologies of the manner of Jesus' communication per­ religious and political leaders of his mass media, because they violate the fectly coheres with the content of his day is made through an act of total inherent nature of human communica­ Message, that God has come to be vulnerability, the cross. The cruci­ tion, isolate man from those close to with man forever, and that because fi xion eloquently expresses the logic him and deepen his alienation and God is for man, no humiliation need of the Biblical view of communica­ powerlessness, are a menace not just to be final, no injustice unalterable, no tion-probably no single event in the "religion" (which has, alas, often sorrow beyond comfort. Through history of mankind is so widely used just such methods) but first of all God's gift man is freed to become known-and it is an event involving to the integrity of man himself. They what God always intended him to vulnerability unto death. are thr!'!ats to the human community. be, his partner in the cultivation and Needless to say the Church itself We cannot, as men of faith, merely enjoyment of the cosmos. We are now has not always modelled its own form eschew the use of structurally in­ ready to make our central assertion of communication on God's self-dis­ human media for "religious" pur­ about theology and communication. closure in the prophets and Jesus poses, and then believe )'Ve have kept A Biblical theology of the means of Christ. Preaching, evangelizing and ourselves pure. That is not enough. communication begins not only in the catechizing have often been done in We must oppose the inhuman and belief that God has disclosed the an oppressively monodirectional fash­ unjust dimensions of these media essential character of human com­ ion. Still, by its (frequently ignored ) just as we oppose other forms of munication. It also begins with the teaching on fr ee consent as absolutely bondage, oppression and dehumaniza­ conviction that man i.s intended by essential to faith Christianity has pre­ tion. More than that. As Christians God to become a communicator. served a paradigm of communication and as human beings committed to Cod, the Word, creates man in his that builds in the necessity of real the "conscientization" of man, the o:wn imae;e. As Paulo Freire says, response (and therefore of possible maturation of the ·species, the aboli­ ". . . to be a man, a man must say rejection). tion of injustice and the Kingdom of his word." The utter centrality of But what is the relationship, if any God, we must do more than merely communication for a Biblical view of between "The Flintstones" as their oppose. We must demonstrate the man becomes clear when we see that message poured into the Recife home costliness, risk and dialogical form Goas purpose in history is to create and the communication of the Chris­ of authentic human communication. a new community, using the broken, tian message? Could it not be argued The church has been entrusted hateful anti-communities of men but that of course the Gosp,el requires, with a Message of crucial impor­ purifying and transmuting them into ideally, a structure of dialogue that tance for the "salvation" of man, communities of justice and joy. And elicits real response, this need not be meaning the making-whole, the heal­ communication can· only occur in the case for every form of "secular" ing and reconciling, not only of man community. communication? to man, but of man to God and to By the foregoing I do not mean in I think we must reject the idea that the natural cosmos. Given the enor­ any sense that the great sore issues there is a fundamental differe~ce be­ mous importance of the Message, that divide men today are mere "fail­ tween 'religious and secular forms of one might think that God himself ures to communicate." The angry communication. If God's message to (the original "communicator"), or hunger of the Third World cannot be man in Christ has any validity at all, it the Church, might choose any means salved by a skillful lesson in group is not as some special esoteric form of whatever to make sure it was heard. dynamics or another satellite. Oppres­ "religio~s" communication. Nor can However, God announces his Mes­ sors and oppressed "communicate" we allow "The Flintstones" and the sage precisely by demonstrating it. only when the rage of the underdog 18 [540) How would the Holy Family fare as television entertainment? (Top) The Christmas pageant portrayed on a TV station i.n Seoul, Korea. ( Bottom ) An Indian family in Oklahoma u;atches the tube. The present technologies of the mass media violate the nature of human communication, Harve y Cox sa ys. pre finally gets through to his exploiter. and elitist notion that the present tio/ When real "communication" begins, forms of media can be purified and all parties concerned discover that it utilized for justice merely by throw­ sell is risky and painful. It entails a redis­ ing out those who now control them roe tribution of bread and power. The and replacing them with more en­ wh communication of outrage helps build lightened, benevolent or ideologically scit the needed new community by chal­ more correct people. anf lenging the anti-communities within Third, I also reject the notion that ten which men are trapped. The present the humanizing of the media is J bondage of poor nations to rich ones merely a technical problem-simply COi provides a vivid example of this kind requiring more community antennae, spr The Church should find new 11:ays lo of anti-community. citizen bands, sender-transistors, etc. tu! dem onstrate its otc n message. ( Below ) But just as there are anti-communi­ This naive idea fails because it does pe1 Youth rdated to a church-supported ties that pretend to be communities, not recognize that the present one­ tur proi<'ct in Caguanas, Pu ert o Rico, and must be exposed for the charades sided technical form of the media produce a commu11ity newspaper. l (Bottom ) "Them People," a they are, so there is a kind of "anti­ has resulted from the basic political del docwnentary on tcelfare in Cleveland, communication" which pretends to control as man exercised-by rich thf is an instance of th e Church be communication but really destroys over poor, North over South, men li~ w odding the poteerlcss tcith a forum. the only basis on which real human over women, white over black, etc. bu ( Opp o~ it e page) A Lutheran tcorship communication can possibly occur­ The solution is neither simply of choir in Edmonton, Alberta, interprets dialogue within a community. A political nor simply technical, neither ess the Lord's Prayer in a Catholic theology of mass communications Ludditism or Leninism (i.e., busting cathedral. media will lovingly expose the fraud­ the machines or seizing their con­ SU] ulence of anti-communication, alert trol ). We need to change both the to the victims of non-dialogical propa­ way media are controlled and the trc ganda, demonstrate in its own style a technical composition of the means wi of "communication" themselves. risk-taking, response-inducing ap­ SOI proach, and celebrate the appearance Now let me return to the tech­ ev and growth of authentic response and nology of media. In an age of in­ te1 real community. creasing elite power and of the grow­ Are the present means of "mass ing authority of the central state, we ch communication" essentially anti­ do not need the further refinement de communicative? Does their non-dia­ and development of broadcast TV to' logical technical structure inherently and radio, of one signal emanating va prevent reciprocity, feed-back, argu­ from a central source and picked up r~ ment, altercation, critical response? by numberless receivers. Rather our an Are the "mass media" unalterably de­ technical need is for the development an structive of human community? of simple easy-to-use means whereby tai There are certainly those who small communities, minority groups, pl would give a positive answer to all neighborhood unions, etc., can com­ I these questions. Among them is municate effectively with each other. Jaques Ellul (see his Propaganda) We need real communications "net­ and others. Their criticisms are not to works," not the vertical conduits that be taken lightly. Still, I would not are now inaccurately called "net­ agree with them for the following works." Ordinary people need to de­ reason. velop their competence and confi­ Although the present technical dence in the use of media for their structt1 re and political control of the own purpose!i, to define and celebrate mass media are largely guilty of the their own lives an

HAT will industry look like come to be defin ed not so much as of the public at large. The govern­ in the year 2000? That is homo faber, man the worker, but as ment would act as overseer and con­ a question for the future homo ludens, man the player. This vener but not as the determining planners, the Rand Corporation or will be a return to the agricultural voice. Ralph Nader is making a be­ the Hudson Project. What shouUl in­ man who worked one hundred days gi nning but inadequate attempt to dustry look like in the year 2000? of the year and spent the rest of the move in this direction through his That is a question for the social time enjoying the fruits of his labor drive to get pub lic representation on ethicist. If I were to give myself a with his family and friends. the boards of directors of the large title it would be the latter. corporations. I am a member of the staff of De­ Age of Affluence Even if such a council were estab­ troit Industrial Mission, an agency of lished it would not solve problems Another problem connected with the churches which devotes itself to man's increased abili ty to produce connected with the internal opera­ tions of the company. These too need raising the ethical questions con­ goods is the ecological problem. The nected with the industrial world and recent study done with computers at to be characterized by a kind of de­ mocracy, industrial democracy. Cor­ attempts to work with the people in the Massachusetts Institute of Tech­ porati ons all over the country are be­ industry to provide concrete work­ nology gives warning that nothing ginning to hear the demands of the able answers to those questions. We but radical solutions will stave off are social ethicists in the marketplace. total destruction of our environment. work force for a greater share in the decision-making which directl y af­ Any prediction or hope for the The study points out that we are future has to take into consideration living in the United States in the fects their lives. Their voices are not going to be silenced. They are making certain variables. If I were a com­ golden age of affluence. There can puter I would be fed data about never again be a time when we will themselves heard not so much by verbal demands as by their actions. technology, ecology, employees, have such an abundance of consumer Risi ng absenteeism and turnover, products, the public, the government goods and human comforts. We will declining quali ty, are shouting to and the world at large. Since I am have to learn a new ethic of asceticism more than a computer I will also feed and discipline if we hope to survive managers that new ways to motivate employees must be found, ways in some concepts about the nature of as a race. This raises the question, which respond to the fe lt need of the man as a free, self-determining, self­ Does the capacity to produce some­ people who work. Companies are dis­ actualizing being. thing mean that we have the right to Technology is going to continue to produce it? covering that wage increases, more grow with greater and greater rapid­ The products that we do choose to paid holidays, longer coffee breaks do not moti va te employees to work ity. The revolution in the electronic make will have to be different. They harder and better. fi eld, in computerization, in the use will have to be made to last longer. of laser beams is going to completely Planned obsolescence may be good upset the present manufacturing for the economy but it is bad for the Meaning of Humanness process. Improvements in nudear race. The time could come when we We are going to look again at the technology are going to give us new are buried beneath our rubbish. This theological question, What does it cheap power sources. suggests the need for a new economic mean to be human? We are going to While the technological changes system and also the need for new develop new answers to that ques­ will give us higher quality products controls on production. tion. To be human means to be self­ in potentially greater abundance they The form those controls take will determining. To be human means, in are going to create some very diffi­ be crucial. They can be imposed by the phrase of Paul Tillich, to be fi nite cult problems. The numbers of peo­ a strong central government with bu­ fr eedom, to be li mited by our sinful­ ple employed in manufacturing are reaus piled on top of bureaus to regu­ ness, by our material conditions, but going to have to be reduced or at late everything in the society from to have at the same time a desire to least their work week will have to be producti on to recreation to popula­ transcend ourselves, to make our­ drastically shortened. Unless service tion. There are signs that we are selves into something better. Work industries grow rapidly there will be moving in that direction. Such a will be a successful experience only large unemployment. There will be movement is a disaster. It denies a if it provides the opportunity for an abundance of leisure time or to basic ethical principle about human self-transcendence, for self-controlled put it another way there will be an organi zations, the principle of sub­ growth. abundance of time which is not sidiarity. That principle maintains But even if we can solve all the income-producing. that the higher power should never problems of industry within our own This situation of leisure if it is not do what the lower power is capable country we will be accomplishing to be psychologically and sociologi­ of accomplishing. nothing if we do not deal with the cally destructive will require a real What form control based on the international ramifications of our na­ value shift in our population. The principle of subsidiarity would take ti onal producti ve capacities. We are Protestant work ethic has to give is debatable. I would suggest that the wealthiest nation in history exist­ place to a new ethic of leisure. A every industry should control itself ing in a world where two-th ird of man's worth will no longer be judged through a representative group the world continues to live in poverty by how much he produces. Man will elected by the various constituencies of the most abject kind. As we get Rev. Thomas F. Hinsberg, a Ro­ involved and affected. There would wealthier the poor get poorer. Our man Catholic priest, is on the staff be an industry council made up of multi-national corporations are begin­ of the Detroit Industrial Mission. employers, employees, representatives ning to look to the poor nations as [545] 23 cheap labor sources. They invest in way to deal with itself. It will have to those countries but do little to help find a way in the foreseeable future their economic situation. The major to become color-conscious instead of part of the profits comes right back color-blind. It will have to be will­ here. Such an international imbal­ ling to adapt, to change some of ance cannot be the harbinger of its own norms, to insure that blacks peace. move into positions of control and Once again we hear the call for influence commensurate with their restraint of om· desires, for a reduc­ numbers in the industrial scene. tion of our consumption, for the Throughout this article I have been slowing down of our economy so that speaking of justice without ever men­ lndustn; cannot solve all society's prob­ others can catch up. Once again we tioning the word. What industry has lems but it cannot ignore them . It will hear the cry for a new ethic, an ethic as its task is the creation of a new lia r:;e to insure that blacks move into posi­ tions of co ntrol and influence commen­ which will not come easily to a peo­ kind of justice, a justice which is not surate u:ith th eir numbers. ( Below ) An ple who have become used to com­ measured merely by the terms of the employment counselor interviews ;ob forts. labor contract. We nee::l a justice applicant. ( Bottom ) An automobile as­ Industry cannot solve all the prob­ which insures that every man in a sembly lin e in Detroit. lems of our society but at the same corporation gets his fair share not time it cannot ignore the problems of just of money but of decision-making, the wider society. The problems of of the development of his human the ci ty quickly become the problems potential. The development is not the of the plant. If there is a dope prob­ task of management alone but of lem in the city there will be a dope management and the unions. At the problem in the plants. If there is present time management seems to be violence in the streets there will be showing more interest in this direc­ violence in the plants. If there is tion than the unions which have been racism in the city, there will be racism traditionally the defenders of the in the plants and offices. rights of the working man. The unions, too, need a new vision. Color-Conscious Industry The just organization is one in Maybe industry cannot do a great which everybody has the right of deal directly to solve the racism in self-determination which is commen­ the city but it can do a great deal to surate with his position in the organi­ solve it in its companies. And it must zation and with his dignity as a free for its own self-interest. Because the human being. It is an organization in majority of the new work force in the which the resources are open to all plants of our large cities is black the on an equitable basis. An organiza­ problem cannot be ignored. Not that tion which does not allow blacks the problem is a black problem. It is above a certain level of management not. It is a white problem. The pres­ is not just. It is finally an organiza­ ence of blacks and their demands for tion in which individual differences equality just heighten and enlighten are not stifled but encouraged. A the problem in a new way. company where everybody has to Industry will have to find a new wear a white shirt is not just. A company where everybody has to look like everybody else, speak like everybody else, wear hair like every­ body else is not just. If people are excluded because they are different in nonessentials or forced to conform the company is not just. Every com­ pany needs norms in order to operate. But what nonns are essential and which norms can be eliminated and business still go on as usual or even better than usual? If business is going to be better in the future those in charge are going to have to do some serious ethical work. Business of the future will still need engineers and technicians and accountants but it will also need philosophers and theologians if it is going to survive. • to re of u. )f

HERE 1s nothing more frustrating than the impossible assignment. T Give a ten-year-old boy a heavy chain saw and tell him to cut a road through the woods by nightfall. He may try to do it but failure is inevita­ ble because the agenda just isn't pos­ sible for him. There is some possibility that the Christian churches may have allowed their sense of responsibility for the planet and all forms of life to become a kind of force that has resulted in the adoption of the impossible agenda. Resolutions and proclama­ tions have announced that the churches are responsible for the end­ ing of wars, poverty, injustice, in­ humanity and ugliness of all kinds in cities, towns and country areas. At the same time our ears have been filled with relentless sounds of warning that too many people are being born, food supplies may be­ come insufficient and the pollution of environment is already at the danger point. Add to this what we see with our own eyes: too many cars, too much garbage in the streets, slums galore and drug abuse under our very noses. We cannot play games with our minds and convince ourselves that there is no need for the agenda the churches have announced as their own. Neither can we jump into all of the ball games if we intend to win any of them. We have a good, hard, troublesome question before us: What is the necessary and possible agenda for the churches now? The last word in that sentence-Now­ means something like the ten years ahead of us beginning today.

Formerly associate general secretary for the National Division of the United Methodist Board of Missions, Dr. Carothers is the executive direc­ tor of the U.S.A. Task Force on the Future of Mankind and the Role of the Christian Churches in a World of Science-Based Technology. ( 547] 25 This is the question being tackled In addition to these working docu­ cussion and it may be that the by The U.S .A. Task Force on the ments each member of the Task strategy of the church in the world is Future of Mankind and the Role of Force came to the first meeting pre­ to make sure that it does select the the Christian Churches in a World of pared to discuss his or her personal agenda that will produce valuable Science-Based Technology. This Task conception of two things: the and desired side-effects. For exam­ Force is an experiment. It is co-spon­ churches and the meaning of the term ple, an elimination of poverty might sored by the National Council of "future." possibly solve several serious prob­ Churches in the United States and When the entire membership had lems and if this is true the churches Union Theological Seminary of New contributed something on what the should concentrate on banishing pov­ York. It is funded by six denomina­ churches seem to be from the individ­ erty. tions and four units of the National ual point of view, Joseph Hough of Roger L. Shinn produced a stimu­ Council of Churches. Claremont School of Theology re­ lating working document on The This Task Force is autonomous now ported on thirty churches that have Meaning of Mankind. Recognizing that it has been carefully formed by recently been involved in a program this as basic to any value judgment its co-sponsoring agencies. This that has produced real vitality of con­ on the uses of technology this paper means that it will do its work and gregational purpose in both social lifted up some of the specific views issue its report on its own responsi­ action and worship. One member being held by important thinkers bility and will not speak for either of who later said that trying to get his now. The paper opened up the wide the co-sponsoring agencies or any of local church to do anything was "like question of what mankind means on the churches. In short, the Task kicking a 200-foot sponge" wanted to a planet that has, perhaps, five mil­ Force is established to see what a know more about what made those lion forms of life. What is there about group of competent and committed thirty churches "tick." man that is so important for man to church people will say about the Elise Boulding of the University of know about himself? What is his na­ agenda of the churches now. All but Colorado, dealing with our way of ture, his relationship to the world and three or four of the members of the thinking about the future, pointed to history-and future? Task Force are committed members the fact that 17-year-old people today In the plenary session and in the of a church. They represent nine de­ were born in 1954 of parents whose nominations. The few members who "image of the future" was strongly do not officiall y belong to a church influenced by parents born in the are deeply concerned for the 1930's and who may have been in­ Membership of the U.S.A. Task Force on 0 churches. flu enced in important ways by the Names marked with ( ) serve on the Although the formation of the Task world of 1945. Steering Committee. Force did not begin until November Then the Task Force moved to a Ca W. H. Auden 1, 1970 its first meeting was held in consideration of th e working docu­ Author-Poet James New York at the Statl er-Hilton, June ments. Daniel Callahan took the posi­ New York City Eco 6-9, 1971. In the period prior to the tion that man is naturally a techno­ w 0 first full session there was a testing logical creature and the issues are not Ian Barbour l'icto of various ideas on how to approach whether we will have science-based Theology-Physics Ed orthfield, Minnesota the problem. The Steering Committee technology but whether we will do Wa• of ten persons from the Task Force useful or destructive things with the Mary Catherine Bateson J.unes fin ally settled on how the opening new powers. He presented a scheme Anthropologist Mi efforts could be made. for classifying technology into the Bos ton , Massachusetts \V; It was decided that the best ap­ kinds that support life, threaten life, Elise Boulding Will: proach was to secure good working destroy life or represent various mix­ Sociologist Psy papers on three subjects which tures. He thought the role of the Boulder, Colorado Ne would be roundly explored in both churches might be to stimulate better Andrew Brown ltich full sessions and sub-groups of the awareness of what the various tech­ Labor Organization Th Task Force. The subjects and writers nologies mean in this regard. Detroit, Michigan \Va of working papers selected were: Harold DeWolf produced a cata­ Daniel Callahan Philip I-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY log of action lines that should be fol­ Life-Sciences Po~ AND THE QUALITY OF lowed in structuring society and his Has tings-on-Hudson, N.Y. Ch" LIFE-Daniel Callahan, paper would call for an agenda list )Olep Executive Director of the In­ J. Edward Carothers with about thirteen points for the Executive Director, Task Force Th stitute of Society, Ethics and churches to select and stay with Cla1 David Cochran the Life Sciences. through thick and thin. This list was llarba II-THE STRUCTURING OF the subject of weighing and double­ Power Generation Techn o l o ~ y Washington, D.C. E SOCIETY, L. Harold De­ checking and by the time the first ~e Robert Dentler Wolf-Dean, Wesley Semi­ session of the Task Force adjourned J.imes nary, Washington, D.C. there were some who were saying Urban Education Ee III-THE MEANING OF MAN­ that this list could be reduced on the New York City Ne 0 KIND-Roger L. Shinn­ grounds that six or eight targets Theodosius Dobzhansky Jorge Reinhold Niebuhr Professor might actually produce results in a Geneticist His of Social Ethics, Union Theo­ much larger number of areas. This New York City A111 logical Seminary, New York. was truly a notable move in the dis- 26 [548) sub-groups ther was a det rmined But in my local church nothing is The St ering Committee brought ffort to find a metaphor-a way of taking place along the lines of the a time- table suggestion to the Task p , king about man-that would Task Force conversations." Force which was discussed, amended off r the churches a more forceful Th Saturday evening dinner slightly and then adopted. The sub­ and onvincing motivation to human­ speaker was Margaret Mead. She de­ groups will hold special work sessions ize t hnology. scribed the thousands of congrega­ in September 1971, then the entire It is oft n the case that a Task tions in the nation as fellowships of Task Force will meet for a four-day For of tfos kind, composed of spe- mutual trust and raised the question work session in December 1971 to ialists, will b come academic or lost of how this elem nt or quality of life push their developing judgments for­ in abstractions. To help ke p the could be brought to bear on the great ward as fa r as possible. Ta k Force close to its real job of issues requiring better solutions now. The work of the Decemb r 1971 working for the churches, ten per­ This is the central question before workshop wi ll th n be brought into a sons from local churches were asked th Task Force which is vitally new set of working papers which will to sit in as consultants and to meet aware of the reality of the churches be given another going over in April around the edges as best they could existing as a gr at potential for a 1972 when the Task Force wi ll hold to hare their findings with each new national consciousness that could :moth r four-day session. Out of the oth r. Each one was al o asked to bring important changes in the Apri l 1972 working session docu­ write a personal evaluation of what world. ments will be developed that will go wa taking place. Th re was no inclination in the pro­ into the drafting stage for publication One consultant wrote in a r port: c edings of the Task Force that sug­ in Octob r 1972. This publication will "I wa surprised to discover such a gested a repudiation of science-based be for general distribution. ital concern for the lo al congrega­ technology. The concern was cen­ Meanwhile, cassette recordings will tion . The people in the Task Force tered on how to handle mankind's be made available on a limited basis se m d to care about the churches new powers in ways that enrich lm­ to persons writing church school ma­ and I felt that their comments man experience and conserve natural terials. These will not be available needed to be heard in local churches. resources. until after the December 1971 meet­ ing but when edited down into a use­ able length these materials will en­ able writers to sit in on some of the I" tankind and the Role of the Christian Churches in a World of Science-Based Technology more lively discussions without taking tli Nom1an Faramelli 0 Larry Mamiya a long and expensive trip. This is a Clergyman Student-Sociology of Religion new use of technology that is cheap Cambridge, Massachusetts ew York City and can be made widely available. jam s Farned 0 Daniel 1cCracken There was one issue or concern Ecolog Action Computer Technology that hovered over all of the discus­ Washington, D.C. Ossining, New York sions. It was recognized that there is \'ictor Ferkiss 0 Margaret Mead a rising interest in religion in the Education-Government Anthropologist nation but this interest takes radically Wa hington, D.C. ew York City different forms and much of it is out­ James Gavin, Jll 0 Roger Shinn side of the churches and somewhat l\ I icrobiologist Theologian-Ethics apart from traditional Christian con­ Washington . O.C. ew York City cepts, excepting for some forms that Willard Gaylin Donald Shriver, Jr. move toward the fundamentalist posi­ Psychiatrist Theologian-Social Ethics tions. This led the Steering Commit­ ew York City Raleigh. orth Carolina tee to suggest that papers on the ~fi chae l Hamilton 0 Thomas Stelson function or role of religion in general Theologian-Clergyman Educator-Engineer and Christianity in particular should Washington, D.C. Atlanta, Georgia he prepared for the Task Force. Philip Hauser K nneth Vaux These papers would not become Population Studies Theologian-Ethi c:s working documents but would serve Chicago, Illinois Houston, Texas as stimulating resource documents .Joseph Hou gh. J• . 0 Lucius Walker, Jr. designed to hold the Task Force more Theology- ociologist Community Organization closely to the central concern which Claremont, California ew York Ci ty is the "necessary and possible agenda 0 llarbara \Vard Ja ckson Benetta Washington now" for the churches which are cur­ Economist Education-Youth rently in a world under the domin­ New York City Washington, D.C. ion of science-based technology oper­ James Kuhn Charles West ating with a value system that toler­ Et1momist Theologian-Ethics ates pollution, waste, poverty, fascism, ew York City Princeton, ew Jersey war, untreated sickness and narrow Jorge Lara-Braud 0 Preston Williams nationalisms that divide the human Hispanic-American Culture Theologian-Ethics race into factions that waste life. • Austin, Texas Boston, Massachusetts Following are excerpts from three task force u;orking documents. [549) 27 e1 to to e1 to MAN ISA fa ti' e)

si TE(]liNCJLCJ~l(]AL ANIMAL fr DANIEL CALLAHAN ti E ARE MOVI NG these days n: into another one of those II eras which come and go h: W [I like locusts, which romanticize the life of the primitive man, which cl would have us return to the simplici­ Iii ties of a pre-industrial era, where hu­ DI man beings supposedly lived in easy S( harmony with Mother Nature. But a1 one has to be quite rich, and quite el urbanized, and quite fully technolo­ ir gized to entertain that myth. The SJ primitives knew that Mother ature tJ was a bitch, the sooner controlled the d better. It would take a lot of nuclear p weapons to do the damage dear old )] Mother ature had done by barely sl lifting a fin ger. That the human ti population did not reach one billion I\ until 1850 tells us something about a! the kindliness of her methods of d populati on limitation. While the un­ n derdeveloped countries have in­ a creasingly nasty feelings about the I\ ri ch nations, there are very few in­ habitants of those countries who ii would not prefer to exchange their it natural calamities for our man-made R kind. It is better to suffer from n alienation in the United States than be wiped out by a hurricane in Pakis­ tan. The development of science is ti ex pressive of the long-standing hu­ ti man need to master nature, to know it ti and control it. We may speak as much as we like of the need to live in harmony with nature, of the need to develop a theology of nature which u gives nature its due respect. But let us at least be honest enough, and sensible enough, to keep alive the realization that it is easier to live in harmony with a tamed than an un­ tamed nature, and that science and technology provide the best means ru we have to do the taming. ti I want to distinguish among four I' broad categories of technology. Pres- h

Daniel Callahan is director of the 0 Institute of Society, Ethics, and t11e C' Life Sciences. 28 [550] ervation t chnologies ar d v lop d if possibl , betw n true and fa lse to b tt r enable man to m t his ne d n eds becomes critical at this point, to sur ive the rigor of nature. Th y particularly if we are to make sense of nabl man to tame nature, to adapt th fact that technology seems to en­ to it, and to profit from it [Examples: gender n eds which might not other­ farming tools, space suits, contra ep­ wise exist. Yet the emphas is might ti es, antibiotics, herbicid s, eug nics, better be placed on fa lse atisfa tion eycsglas s, x-rays]. of real needs . Th satisfaction could Improvement t chnologies ar ' de­ be fa lse either in the sense that sign d to nable man to m et i..is th society has exacerbated ordinary (Opposite page) Daniel Callahan felt n d to project higher possibili­ needs, and then offered t chnology as ti es, to go beyond what would nor­ a solution (curing th disease with (Below ) Dr. Mary Catherine Bateson, an­ mall be th limits of his human na­ more of the disease), or in the sense thropologist and daughter of Margaret tur as given, even that natur which that fa lse or harmful objects of sa tis­ Mead ha ha I obvious defects removed faction are offer d-a jet trip to Ber­ [Examples: genetic engineering, p y­ muda may be enjoyable, but if it is ched lie drugs, high-powered auto­ offered as the solution to the intensi­ mobil s, plastic urgery, cosmeti cs, ti es of technological life, the possibili­ non-biodegradable bottles, st reo ties are more illusory than rea l. sets]. Implementation technologies The harm done by technology can are d igned to facilitate a more be both direct and indirect. The harm effici nt, productive, ucc ssful work­ of nu 1 ar weapons is direct; they are ing of social, scientific or economic designed to do harm. The harm of sy t ms [Example : radio, cans, improved m dical technology is ordi­ trains, tel phone , computers and narily indirect, most prominently, at data banks, advertising technologies, the present histori cal moment, in the plann d ob olescence, pace tech­ reduction of death rates and the sub­ nology] . Destruction technologies sequent increase in population serve the n ed for man to either to­ growth rates. Because harm can be tall y control or totally destroy that either direct or indirect, technologies which he p rceives as a threat [Ex­ must be evaluated in different ways. amples: wire-tapping and snooping The price of a failure in underdevel­ devic s, brainwashing technologies, oped nations to develop new agricul­ nuclear weapons, defoliants, vacuum tural methods, to reduce infant di­ a pirators, biological and chemical seases and to institute good medical warfare]. programs, will be the predictable Endless games can be played try­ death of many human beings. That ing to decide which technological those saved, or their children, may item b longs under which heading. die eventually of the effects of over­ For the whole-hearted opponent of population is, for all that, to be part nuclear weapons, they are properly of a different moral drama than that classi6 d as a destructive technology; represented by the proliferation of for those who see them as a protec­ nuclear weapons. Analogously, while tion of th American way of life, we know that air pollutants can kill, th y might be classified as a protec­ we also know that it is very damag­ tive, d fensive technology. Many who ing to a sense of security to endanger would oppose nuclear weapons be­ the jobs of workers by enforcing high technical analysis of the consequences caus of their exclusively destructive standards of pure air. urvival for a of introducing new or improving old characteristics heartily welcome vac­ worker is a job, not clean air, how­ technologies. or is it the role of the churches, with the one exception of uum a pirators, which enable physi­ ever much dirty air may kill him in "destruction" technology, to set its cians to perform quick, safe, cheap the long run. We do a worker no ser­ face against technology. It should not abortions, designed to protect us vice if we neglect the form er while do that any more than it should set against unwanted children. And just fulminating-legislating-against the its face against man. What the latter. what is an automobile designed to churches can do is to press those accomplish? For those who live in A first step in the control of tech­ questions and those perspectives area wh re people are spread out, nology would be the elimination of which, simply because they are so they are a way of adapting to en­ those technologies which have exclu­ fundamental, are ignored or slighted vironment. For those who live in sively destructi ve ends. The churches, in the analysis and evaluation of tech­ highly industrialized societies, they not to mention the rest of mankind, nology: When and under what con­ are an economy-enhancing technol­ might at least be able to agree in ditions does it serve man? When does ogy. For those uncertain of their mas­ principle on that goal. it dis erve him? What satisfactions culinity, high-powered autos provide It is not usually the role of the are genuine and ought to be sup­ a way of satisfying fantasy. .churches to engage in technology as­ ported and which are false, to be The importance of distinguishing, sessment, at least in the sense of a opposed? • ( 551] 29 part of a sede~ 1 Pr Jn pr1 pa wl ~UMANITY AN() T~E FUTU~E pe ROGER SHINN m1 th1 th1 to ANKIND CAN neither know nor incomprehensibility and infinity. The fu­ ignore the future. Specula­ mi ture is the silent lurker, who, if it jumps th1 M tions about the future are out on us, tears the nets of our plans notoriously unreliable, above all in whi ch make our own planned and fore­ th1 this contemporary age when change seen 'future' into present." str is so dominant a fact. Yet some con­ fo1 ception of the future is an operational Within such a vision man's "truly reli­ bo f~ct in .every present. As St. Augus­ gious task" becomes "the free believ­ tme pomted out in his Confessions, ing and hoping receptiveness to the mi human experience includes memory absolute future." de and hope, which make past and fu­ Yet the future is not something al­ It ture part of the present. Humanity ready there, invading our helpless an must think about the future. present. Just as we can see that many tei Today, even more than in most hu­ crises of our turbulent present follow by man history, the future is both lure quite logically from past decisions, ski a~d threat. Utopia and apocalypse made deliberately or unwittingly, so mt mmgle in anticipatory consciousness. we can recognize that present deci­ po: Within the same hour we may be sions are already shaping the future. ca1 alerted to the imminence of Hash de­ We cannot foresee the consequences lar struction by nuclear weapons or of every decision; and to delay deci­ aff1 slower suffocation in industrial sions until all consequences were evi­ fe1 wastes, then to the horizon of a soci­ dent would itself be a portentous de­ thi ety in which machines do the cision. But we can take thought for po. th( ~rud? e ry and non-competitive people foreseeable consequences. We can live m mutual appreciation. The tra­ accept the freedom and responsibility ani ditional Christian mythology seems for making purpose decisions. more real than ever before: history is Jacques Soustelle said of the thi neither sustained progress nor sus­ atomic bomb in 1960, "Since it was tained regress, but a heightening of possible, it was necessary." Jacques hope and dread, moving to the con­ Ellul, quoting Soustelle, added his frontation of Christ and anti-Christ. own generalization: "Everything Is it possible for mankind to "run which is technique is necessarily used sea.red," ~et with sustainerl. courage? as soon as it is available, without Is it possible to maintain an openness distinction of good or evil. This is to a future that we cannot foresee or the principal law of our age." Her­ decree, yet to realize that our present man J. Muller, predicting the cer­ decisions are making that future? tainty of genetic engineering, asked: Karl Hahner has described the "Have we not eventually utilized, for meaning of openness to the future in better or worse, all materials, proc­ an imagery congenial to Margaret esses, and powers that we could gain some mastery over?" Mead's awareness that we are immi­ grants in time: Against such affirmations of histori­ cal in evitability, there is the possibil­ "The future is not where we are going ity of human decisions made in ser­ hut it is what comes to us, if it so desires, vice of human purposes. Granted and with which we, strangely enough , there is some evidence on the side of have to con tend. The future is non-evolu­ Soustelle, Ellul and Muller, have they tionary, unplanned, non-compliant in its reall y established their case? Must mankind do everything possible "for better or worse," "without distinction Roger L. Shinn is professor of So­ of good or evil"? Or might mankind cial Ethics at New York Union choose some opportunities and reject alS( Theological Seminary. others? • (Fr l HE INSATIABLE demand of our will be required if we are to avoid present economic system for an disaster to our environment and > T ever-increasing Gross National hence to the human race and other Product is threatening to destroy us. creatures with which we share this In order to avoid a depression, our planet. present system requires that we either To avoid recession it does not mat­ pay for vast quantities of things ter whether the increase in the GNP which we destroy in making war or is in things or in services. Services persuade our people to buy ever aplenty are needed, from ecological more things for use or show. For if research to street cleaning. Let the A JlA(]l(]AL the GNP does not increase rapidly growth, then, be mainly and at times there is no money in buyers' pockets wholly in services, while things are to buy the products of their own made for enduring usefulness and making for a profitable price above easy repair instead of for early dis­ (]liAN~E the costs. The government can buy posal. the products and store them or de­ The second way is that of further stroy them, or people can buy them limiting our dependence on the for use, but ever more must be profit system. Indeed, it is hard to IN CJUJl bought. see how the shift from growth in This relentless increase in the de­ quantity of things to growth in ser­ mand for things is perverting and vices can be made without major gov­ destructive of humanity either way. ernmental intervention. With such It requires a deliberate promotion of NCJTICJN CJF intervention the pressure for growth an insatiable sensuous materialism. It in the GNP is modified. tears the country and the world apart In either case a radical change in by using every device of advertising skill to persuade people that they our common notion of "progress" '1JlCJ~JlESS must secure things which a large pro­ must occur. The idea that progress l. HAROLD DeWOLF portion cannot afford and which, be­ means more people, more cars, more cause of finite earthly resources a boats, and more new things now un­ large proportion never will be able to known but yet to be invented and afford. Moreover, in fomenting this sold as indispensable to the success­ feverish demand for ever more ful household-this idea must be torn things, we are coming ever nearer the out of our whole national psyche, point of no return for mankind on else we shall destroy ourselves and the road to burial in our pollution the world. • and trash. There are two ways of dealing with L. Harold DeWolf is Dean of Wes­ this problem. Probably much of both ley Theological Seminary.

(Left to right ) Task Force members Norman ]. Faramelli, Episcopal clergyman, associate director of the Boston Industrial Mission, and author of Technethics (Friendship Press, 1971 ); Elise Boulding, sociologist, and L . Harold DeWolf. CHOOLS ARE in CTISIS and so are can and must be solved by substitut­ worldwide standards; large-scale and the people who attend them. ing new devices for school and re­ long-term planning; constant obsoles­ S111 e former is a crisis in a adjusting the existing power structure cence through the in-built ethos of political institution; the latter is a to fit these devices? Or shall this crisis never-ending improvements: the con­ crisis of political attitudes. This sec­ force a society to face the structural stant translation of new needs into ond cri is, the crisis of personal contradictions inherent in the politics specific demands for the consumption growth, can be dealt with only if and economics of any society which of new satisfactions. This society is understood as distinct from, though reproduces itself through the indus­ proving itself unworkable. related to, the crisis of school. trial process? Since the crisis in schooling is symp­ Schools have los t their unques­ The problem-solving approach to tomatic of a deeper crisis of modern tion cl claim to educational legiti­ de-schooling could serve as a means to industrial society, it is important that macy. Most of their critics still de­ tighten the alliance between the mili­ the critics of schooling avoid supe;·­ mand a painful and radical reform tary, the industrial sector, and the ficial solutions. Inadequate analysis of of the school, but a quickly expand­ "therapeutic" service industries. De­ the nature of schooling only postpones ing minority will not stand for any­ schooling, as a merely administrative the facing of deeper issues. Worse thing hort of the prohibition of com­ program, could be the accommoda­ still, superficial reforms can ease pres­ pulsory attendance and the disqualifi­ tion which would permit the present ent tensions, only to promote a smooth cation of academic certificates. Con­ political structure to survive into the transition from antiquated industrial troversy between partisans of renewal era of late 20th century technology. forms to a post-industrial society and partisans of disestablishment will On the other hand, the crisis of which would lack even the saving soon come to a head. school could be understood as a break­ graces of the present system. The breakdown of schools, since it down of the most important, re­ The translation of the need for affects all members of the society, spected, non-controversial sector of learning into the demand for school­ will become a fascinating and con­ society, the branch which employs 60 ing and the conversion of the quality suming preoccupation of the public of the 140 million full-time institution­ of growing up into the price tag of a forum. As attention focuses on the ally active Americans as either pupils professional treatment changes the school, however, we can be easily or teachers. meaning of "knowledge" from a term distracted from a much deeper con­ This crisis is epochal. We are wit­ which designates intimacy, intercourse cern: the manner in which learning nessing the end of the age of school­ and life experience into one which will be viewed in a deschooled soci­ ing. School has lost the power, which designates professionally packaged ety. Will people continue to treat reigned supreme during the first half products, marketable entitlements and learning as a commodity-a com­ of this century, to blind its participants abstract values. Schools have fostered modity which could be more effici ent­ to the divergence between the egali­ this translation; they might not be its ly produced and consumed by greater tarian myth which its rhetoric serves most effective agents. The new media numbers of people if new institutional and the rationalization of a stratifi ed people might be able to distribute arran!!ements were established? Or society which its certificates produce. knowledge packages more rationally, shall we set up only those institution­ The current collapse of schools is a more efficiently and more intimately; al arrangements which protect the sign of disaffection with the industrial many of them would like nothing bet­ autonomy of the learner-his private mode of production. The dropout ter than to eliminate school adminis­ initiative to decide what he will learn manifests consumer resistance, which trators out of touch with the latest and his inalienable right to learn what rises faster in the service industry technol9gy. he likes rather than what is useful to than in the market for manufactured Personal knowledge is unpredictable somebody else? We must choose be­ goods. The loss of legitimacy of the and surprising with respect to both tween more efficient education of peo­ schooling process as a means of de­ occurrence and outcome, whereas of­ ple fit for an increasingly effici ent so­ termining competence, as a measure ficial knowledge must be anticipated ciety-and a new society in which ed­ of social value, and as an agent of and directed to measurable goals. ucation ceases to be the task of some equality threatens all political systems Personal knowledge is always incom­ special agency. which rely on schools as the means of plete, because there are always fur­ All over the world schools are or­ reproducing themselves. ther questions to be asked. Official ganized enterprises designed to repro­ knowledge is always unfinished, be­ duce the established order, whether Initiation Ritual cause there are always newer pack- this order is called revolutionary, con­ servative or evolutionary. Everywhere School is the initiation ritual of a Dr. Illich is director of the lnter­ the loss of pedagogical credibility and society which is oriented toward the cultural Documentation Center the resistance to schools provides a progressive consumption of increas­ (CI DOC ) in Cuernavaca, Mexico. His fundamental option: shall this crisis ingly less tangible and more expensive most recent book is Deschooling So­ be dealt with as a problem which services; a society which relies on ciety. l\'AI 11~1~1t~H THE lllt8Al~ll 'I

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[ 555] 33 Schools have alienated man from his learnin g, the author says. To reverse the trend toward specialization, alienation, and privilege based on scientific knowledge, he would make access to fa cts and the use of tnols every man's rights.

"School- Who Needs It?" is a new Davey and Goliath television special released by the Lutheran Church in America. The students at first rebel at returning to the classroom, but later have a change of heart.

ages to consume. The progress of per­ ings of Marx and Engels or to inade­ "make," that he has delivered his mind sonal knowledge is governed by in­ quacies of the original theory. Then and heart over to therapeutic treat­ trinsic rules of inquiry. The acquisi­ again, blame can be transferred to ment even more completely than he Iii tion of official knowledge is measured war, blockade or invasion. Or it can has sold away the fruits of his labor. all by compliance with extrinsic rules of be interpreted in terms of inherited Schools have alienated man from his tic attendance. Personal knowledge is sociological conditions, such as a par­ learning. He does not enjoy going to ge confident even while incomplete be­ ticular type of rural-urban balance. school; if he is poor he does not get te1 cause it obeys its own restlessness. Whatever the argument, however, the reputed benefits ; if he does all that or Official knowledge rests uneasy Marxist orthodoxies and revisionist is asked of him, he finds his security because its current value de­ heresies and value-free rebuttals now constantly threatened by more recent mi pends on institutional acceptance. Of­ put up smokescreens against inde­ graduates; if he is sensitive, he feels ca ficial knowledge only can solve puzzles pendent analysis. deep conflicts between what is and pl: within the present framework-only what is supposed to be. He does not Having Versus Doing sci personal knowledge can lead to in­ trust his own judgment and even if he pr vestigation which aims at change. The concept of alienation cannot resents the judgment of the educator, ne Since the Nineteenth Century, we help us understand the present crisis he is condemned to accept it and to en have become accustomed to the claim unless it is applied not only to the believe himself that he cannot change Sc that man in a capitalist economy is purposeful and productive use of reality. cii alienated from his labor: that he can­ human endeavor, but also to the use The mutation of the concept of rev­ th not enjoy it, and that he is exploited made of men as the recipients of pro­ olution cannot occur, without a re­ le: of its fruits by those who own the fessional treatments. Language reflects jection of the hidden curriculum of co tools of production. Most countries this alienation when it translates these schooling and the correlative attitude it which appeal to Marxist ideology have verbs into substantives, which make it toward knowledge, for it is this cur­ tn had only limited success in changing possible to say that "I have" leisure, riculum and this attitude which turn an this exploitation, and then usually by learning . . . transportation, rather out disciplined consumers of bureau­ pe shifting its benefits from the owners than that "I do" enjoy, learn, move, or cratic instructions ready to consume Tl to the New Class and from the living communicate. An expanded under­ other kinds of services and treatments fn generation to the members of the fu­ standing of alienation would enable us which they are told are good for them. Ci! ture nation state. to see that in a service-centered eco­ The converging crisis of ritual school­ an Socialist failures can be explained nomy man is estranged from what he ing and of acquisitive knowledge bi away by ascribing them to bad read- can "do" as well as from what he can raises the deeper issue of the tolera- IV

34 (556] bility of life in an alienated society. obligation of helping others to grow arrangements which guarantee the If we formulate principles for alterna­ into uniqueness. Whoever takes the freedom necessary for independent in­ tive institutional arrangements and an risk of teaching others must assume quiry. We will multiply the roads, alternative emphasis in the concep­ responsibility for the results, as must bridges, and windows to learning op­ tion of learning, we will also be sug­ the student who exposes himself to the portunities and make sure that they gesting principles for a radically al­ influence of a teacher; neither should are opened at the learner's bidding. ternative political and economic shift guilt to sheltering institutions or organization. laws. A schooled society must reassert Three Radical Demands Schools have made teachers into ad­ the joy of conscious living over the Any dialogue about knowledge is ministrators of programs of manpower capitalization of manp wer. really a dialogue about the individual capitalization through directed The touchstone of mutation in edu­ in society. An analys is of the present planned behavioral changes. In a cation is the honest recognition that crisis of school leads us, then, to talk schooled society, the ministrations of most people learn most of the time about the social structure necessary to profess ional teachers become a fir st when they do what they enjoy doin g. facilitate learning, to encourage inde­ necessity which hooks pupils into un­ Most people are capable of personal, pendence and interrelationship and to ending consumption and dependence. intimate intercourse with others unless ove rcome alienation. This kind of dis­ Schools have made "learning" a spe­ they are stupefi ed by inhuman work course is outside the usual range of cialized activity. Deschooling must be or snowed under by treatment with educational concern. It leads, in fact, the secularization of teaching and programs. Once this is admitted, we to the enunciation of specific political learning. It must involve a return of will understand that to increase learn­ goals. These goals can be most sharp­ control over what is learned and how ing opportunities means to facilitate ly defi ned by distinguishing three gen­ it is learned to persons, and not a communication between the learner eral types of "intercourse" in which a transfer of control to another, a more and his world, between the learner person must engage if he would grow amorphous set of institutions, and its and his fellows, between the learner up. perhaps less obvious representatives. and those who can point him towards Get at the facts, get access to the The learner must be guaranteed his traditions and methods tested by their tools, and bear the responsibility for freedom without guaranteeing to so­ experience. Once we take hold of the the li mits within which neither can be ciety what learning he will acquire simple insight that personal knowl­ used. If a person is to grow up, he and hold as his own. Each man must edge is always unpredictable but needs, in the fi rst place, access to be guaranteed privacy in learning, never unconnected, we will undertake things, places, processes, events and with the hope that he will assume the the real task of setting up institutional records. To guarantee such access is

[557] 35 primarily a matter of unlocking the of scarce tools. Scientific knowledge is tories, highways, heavy-duty trucks pan privileged storerooms to which they overwhelmingly incorporated into can be symbolically "owned" by all of I are presently consigned. tools which are highly specialized and the people, as the Gross National renl The poor child and the rich child which must be used within complex Product and the Gross National Edu­ ead are different partly because what is a structures set up for the "efficient" cation are pursued in their name. But heal secret for one is patent to the other. production of goods and services for the specialized means of producing and By turning knowledge into a com­ which demand becomes general while scarce goods and services cannot be tilts modity, we have learned to deal with supply remains scarce. Only a privi­ used by the majority of people. Only tran it as with private property. The prin­ leged few get the results of sophisti­ tools which are cheap and simple seer ciple of private property is now used cated medical research, and only a enough to be accessible and usable by gua, as the major rationale for declaring privileged few get to be doctors. A all people, tools which permit tem­ T certain facts off-limits to people with­ relatively small minority will travel on porary association of those who want cie~ out the proper pedigree. The first goal supersonic airplanes and only a few to use them for a specific occasio:1, eff e1 of a political program aimed at render­ pilots will know how to fly them. tools which allow specific goals to has ing the world educational is the aboli­ emerge during their use-only such witl Provide the Tools tion of the right to reserve access tools foster the recuperation of work hav1 necessary for the purpose of teaching The simplest way to state the alter­ and leisure now alienated through an a ra or learning. The right of private pre­ natives to this trend toward specializa­ industrial mode of production. of f serve is now claimed by individuals, tion of needs and their satisfaction is The development and wide dis­ whil but it is most effectively exercised and in educational terms. It is a question persal of simple and durable tools four protected by corporations, bureau­ of the desirable use of scientific knowl­ would discredit the special privileges tum cracies and nation states. In fact, the edge. In order to facilitate more equal now given to technocrats . The growth itst abolition of this right is not consistent access to the benefits of science and of science would not be jeopardized sati! with the continuation of either the po­ to decrease alienation and unemploy­ but the progress of complex scientific tech litical or the professional structure of ment, we must favor the incorporation technology at the service of techno­ tant of scientific knowledge into tools or any modern nation. The end of prop­ cratic privilege would become scanda­ scie1 components within the reach of a erty protection would mean the aboli­ lous. This style of progress is now tech great majority of people. These tools tion of most professional secrets and justified in the name of developing a com the consequent removal of the ration­ would allow most people to develop necessary "infrastructure." A new style sona their skills. Any peasant girl could ale for professional exploitation. This of research would reveal this infra­ sens means more than merely improving learn how to diagnose and treat almost structure as the foundation of privi­ duci the distribution of teaching materials all the infections which occur in rural lege. pent or providing fin ancial entitlements for Mexico if she were introduced to the To recognize, from an educational imp. the purchase of educational objects. use of techniques which are now avail­ point of view, the priority of guar­ cont The abolition of secrets clearly trans­ able but which were undreamt of by anteeing access to tools and com­ ture cends conventional proposals for edu­ the doctor of a couple of generations ponents whose simplicity and dura­ ful cational reform, yet it is precisely from ago. In poor countries most people bility permit their use in a wide strai an educational point of view that the still build their own houses, often variety of creative enterprises, is to If necessity of stating this broad-and using mud or the covering of oil bar­ simultaneously indicate the solution to com perhaps unattainable-political goal is rels. Now, we want to give them low­ the problem of unemployment. In an dom most clearly seen. cost, pre-packaged housing-thus industrial society, unemployment is The learner also needs access to per­ "modernizing" them into regarding experienced as the sad inactivity of a op(ll sons who can teach him the tricks of housing as a commodity rather than man for whom there is nothing to peer their trades or the rudiments of their an activity. We would better provide make, while he has unlearned what to thro skills. For the interested learner, it them with cement mixers. Certainly do. Since there is little really useful divi1 does not take much time to learn how the tools used in learning- and in work, the problem is usually "solved" proo to perform most skills or to play most most scientific research-have become by creating more jobs in servi ce indus­ becc roles. The best teacher of a skill is so cheap that they could be made tries like the military, public admin­ Dat: usuall y someone who is engaged in its available to anyone: books, audio and istration, education or social work. migl useful exercise. We tend to forget video tapes and the simple scientific Educational considerations oblige us por~ these things in a society where pro­ instruments in whose use is learned to recommend the substitution of the per fessional teachers monopolize initia­ those basic skills which form the basis present mode of industrial production used tion into all fields, and disqualify un­ for the supposedly advanced skill re­ which depends on a growing market requ authorized teaching in the community. quired of the very few who might for increasingly complex and obsoles­ ever An important political goal, then, is to have to operate an electron-micro­ cent goods, by a mode of post-indus­ class provide incentives for the sharing of scope. trial production which depends on the cuss acquired skills. Insight into the conditions necessary demand for tools or components in\\ The demand that skills be shared for wider acquisition and use of skills which are labor-intensive, repair-in­ th~ implies, of course, a much more radi­ permits us te defin e a fundamental tensive, and whose complexity is strict­ to6i cal vision of a desirable future. Access characteristic of post-industrial so­ ly limited. peer to skills is not only restricted by the cialism. It is of no use-indeed it is nee monopoly of schools and unions over fraudulent-to promote public owner­ Science for Every Man sem\ licensing. There is also the fact that ship of the tools of production in an Science will be kept artificially

[559) 37 z ~

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J ( 5 OJ I ndustrial evangelism was begun in Korea ten. yea~ s ago. An interdenominational effon supported pnmanly by Methodists, Presbyterians and Catholics, the emphasis has been on three areas: ministers who work in the factory as laborers, training of Christian workers to be re s ~onsible disciples in their work situations, and factory chaplams who move among the workers for gi·oup discussions and personal counseling. The Industrial Mission team has been related to dozens of work places in Seoul and Iochun and scores of an steel mill churches.

IKE MANY of the large-scale plants cordance with the laws of the land, about three months, after which he is in Inchun, the Korean Steel Cor­ the union and company bargain for to become a permanent worker or re­ Lporation was originally founded by workers' wages and sign a collective leased. Since labor costs, l10·wever, de­ the Japanese in order to boost their contract. In 1961 the military govern­ pend considerably on the ratio of tem­ war efforts in the late thirties. When ment dissolved all labor unions tem­ porary to permanent workers, the liberation came in 1945, the company, porarily. Within a year they were re­ company is not eager to ! ~ av e a lot of along with almost all Japanese busi­ organized, but this time under a na­ permanent employees. Therefore it is nesses, became the property of the tional industrial organization whereas not infrequent to have someone work Korean government. The war in 1950- previously they had been strictly on as a temporary employee for several 51, of course, left much of it in an enterprise level. The union in the years. The on e who is fortunate shambles . By 1953 it was again put Korean Steel Company, of course, par­ enough to become permanent has into operation, but it took several ticipated in this reorganization. It now tenure, a higher income base and is more years before it was approximat­ became a local in the National Metal covered by union contmct stipula­ ing its former capacity. The products Workers' Union. The local union's in­ tions. are iron ingots, billets, sheet bars, rails, itiative and independence were al­ On the next occasion when men construction rods, and galvanized lowed under the new setup, but in were put on, Mr. Kim saw to it that sheet metal. Approximately one thou­ ternal factionalism and turmoil have Cho Moon Cul was hired. Thus began sand five hundred men produce the continued. In the six-year period of the most interesting and demanding steel with equipment that has changed 1962 to 1968 the longest anyone held work that we have undertaken. It very little in the las t thirty years. The the offi ce of president was two and a also began a work that was to have a men not only produce steel, they re­ half years with the large majority sad and perhaps even tragic dimen­ pair the frequent breakdowns. Con­ his ting onl y a few months. In 1968 sion. It took Moon Cul four vears to ditions in the shop must be similar to union offi cers were changed four become a permanent worker. Later he that of steel mills in the U. S. about a times. Needless to say the union has was promoted to foreman. It has now half century ago. The temperatures not been too constructive a force in been nearly eight years since he first are fantasti c, the smoke and steam the shop and the men by and large began. His first job was that of piling suffocating and safety devices inade­ have lost any hope that the union can up scrnp metal for the large crane quate. be of any use. Nevertheless during all magnet that picked it up and carried Government policy calls for the this time, negoti ations with the com­ it to the furnace. For the first couple transfer of nationalized businesses to pany on wages and contract have con­ of mon ths, he was practicall y stupe­ private ownership. So late in 1966 Ko­ tinued. Each spring sees a demand for fied by aching muscles and fatigue. rean Steel was formally handed over

ac wl Ul el1 in al1 th m ha ca vc Cl bt in m th th yo pr Tl ki ot ar \Vi pr 01 Sil (Top) The Rev. Cho Sung Hyuk chaln cir a meeting of union representatives and ro company managers. A strike was threat­ tu ened, but both parties agreed to discuss Pr the issues ai the Korean Christian Acad­ emy in Seoul. lo \Vi (Bottom) The Rev. Chi Song' Cho, Pres­ al1 byterian minister, discusses labor union th at a worker's home. th ye rest periods. The first couple of years, newly employed person so with the be of course, are the hardest, but men exception of Mr. Kim no one was fri who labor under these conditions in aware of his identity. This was and is an dirt and smoke are never free of fa­ a sound approach except that it takes w, tigue. It forms the given of their only a brief time before it becomes no physical and mental li ves. During his quite an open secret. Moon Gui told third year in the shop, Moon Gui con­ us that in his section there were three a tracted a mild case of T.B. Two work groups. The group he was in so months in a sanitarium fixed him up worked the hardest and the foreman on and he insisted on going back to work. himself pitched in or gave a hand, but dr His comrades, of course, do not have was very demanding of his men. The OQ the benefit of any rest. other work groups took it considera­ se Moon Gui did not publicize that he bly easier, doing the same work. The hi was a Christian minister. W e felt it toreman of the other groups did not tir would be better for his adjustment to work. One abbath. pposition representative Kim Ta par a pa torat in om industrial attending churd1 or moJ..mg and d1inJ..­ Tu hung said: "Improving th work­ ar a. If this fai l d, h wa to come to ing mmt be d c1ded on th ba 1' of lift•\ ·rs' conditions is on way of top­ the offic and work in more conv n- rh\ thm LiJ.. w1' the \nil and cour g ping ommunism. tional way rath r than continu to · "itne~s to the go p I i. e1th r n­ Korean tud nts taged d mon­ laboring. :\1oon ul r fm(•d to do <:om aged or disc• uragcd b, on ' hfe m­ strations and irculatcd portion of eith r and tated that hi\ intentions \Olv m nt. Li\ mg in hon sty .rnu J.. ,rnd J both felt the fa mil> pres­ or he-It 'e\ in thC' doc ti inc~ . F.11th i' di - tion, hun, a M thodist, ha be­ sun·s mount as inC'r<'asingly th • dc•• cern.1h lc• .md mc".l\lll,tblc' 011h h~ tlw a\\ truthf11lt1C'\\ to life• I lo\\ ho11c • ,tl~ .mcl come th "J su for th • ag " anc.l mands of our :\1 i>s1on kept m <· ii he de 1ded to ''1thclr

!f consisting of geneticists and theologians ,000 I 1e to study the need for counselling services to prevent the reproduction of genetic diseases, the ethical problems involved DEAD in fetal diagnosis and abortion and '

other possible measures of genetic cor­ RNS Photo rection. Several Asia, African and Latin Amer­ APPEAL FOR PAKISTANIS ican participants protested against what GABORONES, Botswana-All over the world appeals- are being made to ease the plight they saw as the provincialism of much of East Pakistani refu gees who have fied their country in the fac e of civil unrest. This ap­ of the current North Atlantic talk about peal at a trade and agriculture show in Gaborones, the capital of Botswana, was organized by members of the Student Christian Movement of the Gaborones Secondary School, which ecological problems. "The two crises are is sponsored by the Bots-wana Christian Coimcil. inextricably linked: we cannot speak of an environmental policy without a de­ velopment policy, any more than we can in order that other societies may acceler­ a counter-culture to challenge the de­ effectively pursue development without ate economic growth." humanization of technological society. environmental planning," they said. Another question raised was whether Their revolutionary hostility to the tech­ The really tough question was raised a highly technological society, however nocratic mind-set was expounded before by one working group. That question is equitably its resources may be dis­ the Working Committee by Theodore whether "justice will require wealthy so­ tributed, can allow the authentic devel­ Roszak, author of The Making of the cieties to moderate, halt or even reverse opment of the human self. Many young Counter-Culture. The key to the future, their rates of consumption and pollution people doubt it and they have created he argued, lies not primarily in program [567) 45 of political or technological salvation but sion fi eld called the Delta Ministry, and those for whom Christ came. in people's readiness to develop new on the campus of Mt. Beulah, until re­ His series of papers refl ected the in­ styles of life and fresh visions of the cently used as a base for certain D M ac­ digenization theme, and were comple­ possibilities of human existence. tivities. mented by those of Dr. Smith, a Black Many participants found this approach Topics and sights occupying the con­ theologian, whose papers dealt with the dangerously close to social irresponsibil­ fe rees ranged from an Asian interpreta­ theme of liberation of the oppressed. ity. tion of mission to a political rally for In informal discussions, several of the Judging from the present debate, man gubernatorial candidate Charles Evers, participants indicated impatience with seems to lack a vision of his future that from Black theology to participation in the choice of subjects. "We've known would ensure that technology enriches Bl ack and White Sunday church services, about and have been working with and rather than enslaves human life. Mean­ from sensiti vi ty groups to info rmal ques­ for indigenization for years already," said while technocrats, social acti vists and tions on the practical application of the one missionary, "what we need now is counter-culturists hurry along their dif­ Gospel of liberation to mission. some discussion on what further steps ferent, sometimes conflicting ways. Concern was expressed by several con­ should be made." D AVID M. GILL ( EPS ) ferees at the implications of the two prin­ Another white missionary declared her cipal speakers, D r. Choan-seng Song and disagreement with the Black theology INDICENIZATION IS THEME D r. Kelly Miller Smith. Dr. Song is Sec­ versus White theology theme. "Last Sun­ OF MISSIONARY CONFERENCE retary for Asian Ministries of the Re­ day I attended a small Black church "Indigenization" of mission- or the as­ fo rmed Church in America and Dr. Smith here in Mississippi and sat through a suming of policy making power by na­ is Dean of Vanderbilt Divinity School, three-hour service which to me seemed tional churches and peoples-was the Nashville, Tennessee. shorter than many one hour services in theme most often heard at the annual Both brought what could be called White churches I've attended- because Interdenominational Conference of Fur­ "third world" views of mission before I found the same God there that I wor­ loughed Missionaries meeting in Ed­ the group. Dr. Song said the end of ship." wards, Miss., in August. foreign mission was a cause for celebra­ The conflict was somewhat resolved Some 45 overseas missionary person­ tion in that it would mean that its task by Dr. Donald Black, general secretary nel, most of whom were American born had been accomplished. of the United Presbyterian Church's and based, grappled with this power The past president of Tainan Theo­ Commission on Ecumenical Mission and transfer and its implication to their lives logical College, Taiwan, he called fo r Relations. at the conference. It was sponsored by support of national churches and On the Black/ White theological iss ue, the National Council of Churches' Over­ declared that mission did not consist of he pointed out that theology fo llows ex­ seas Personnel Office on the home mis- converting minds but of suffering with perience, and does not precede it. As

Wh manil! It's catching . . . like the smile of a child. case i1 This spirit of Christmas should - and can - last all year long. Ne1 Share this joy now and throughout an olc Becau the coming year with a gift of The Upper was q Room daily devotional guide. With regular prayer, Bible reading Black and meditations, you and your family perie1 can enjoy The Upper Room and share evolv1 this joyous message with your friends. mi

The Upper Room icies 1 1908 Grand Avenue Nashville, Tenn . 37203 · ~ r 46 [568] WANTED JEWELRY We Buy Qiu Golu anu Jewelry. CASH PA I D IMM E DIATELY. Mall UI uoltJ teeth. watchH. rl11g1, lllamontJs. sll¥erware, eye olauu. gold I col111 , old gold, s11¥er, platinum, mercury. Sat· t!f ~' 0~~: 11 11 ~~~~=~· t ~~1tJ 0 bu~~~~ - •;:r::• . ;;t'FR~dE lnformntlon. ROSE IND USTRIES RHU I 29-Cl East Madison St. , Ch icago, Ill. 60602 AUTHORS WANTED BY NEW YORK PUBLISHER ~~a~~:s :~~t10P;,~i>,,~~-eJcf1~':i~p:~u_s~~W~o~ and Juvenile works, etc. New authors wel­ comed. For complete Information, send for oooklet RH. It's free. Vantage Press, 516 W. 34 St., New York, N. Y. 10001

• Lo rge 10 inc h gotd­ bord ered plates. • Ord ers fill ed for 25 or more plates showing you r ow n Church or other scene. • We al so print Ch urc h No te Po per For sample and illustrated literature write : PRESTON -HOPKINSON CO . Dept. 0 , Appomattox, Virginia 24522

HALLOWEEN TRACTS! A go lden opportunity to reach child re..-nd grownups too effective tracts 5 are available: Make This a Real Ha lloween Thanks for the Trea t Fa lse Fa ces RNS Photo Don't le a Pumpklnhead HELPING HANDS The lest Treat While the coldness of urban life is often talked about, in emergencies the city's inhu­ Tracts ore 4 pages; 2 colors manity is brok n dou; n as people work together to solve tl1 e problem at hand. Here is a $1 per 100; $9 per 1000, postpaid ca1e in point. WRITE FOR FREE SAMPLES eighbors and fellow tenants fain forces to rescue children trapped on the third floor of Faith, Pra yer & Tract League Dept. WH , 934 Ele venth Street, N.W. an old tenement in the Bronx, after a smoky fire broke out on the building's second floor . Grand Rapids, Mich. 49504 Because of quick action by these volunteers, and the fir emen u;ho quickly arrived, the blaze teas quickly put out and only three infuries occurred.

volves from Black ex­ selves working for development on two fercnce-the fourth to be held at Mt. \ hite theology will fronts," he said, "both in third world Beulah, was an afternoon visit from the xp riencc of white countries and in the U.S." Heverend Edwin Wilson, pastor of the tian , who must learn Worship experi ences throughout th e Fontren Presbyteri an Church in Jackson, to hare power and li ve in new ways, he conference were I d by th e Reverencl and the first white Mississippi pastor to aid. harles Ol sen, a lay renewal specialist share in the conference. He discussed n th th eme of indigenization of mis- with the Presbyterian Church, U.S. Each the progress White churches in the area was an inventive liturgy requiring the ion, he declared that po erty problems were making in race relations. His was in Third \ orld countries oft n have creative participation of all the con­ one of the churches th at an integrated much to do with deci ion on interna­ f rees. Sister Mary Louise Lynch, who tional trade and corporate bu iness pol- heads the Roman Catholic Medical Mis­ group of conferees had visited th e 1c1 in the we tern worl d. sion isters, was dean of the conference. previous Sunday. " 1i ionarie may omeday find them- One of the welcome firsts at the con- CC ) [ 569) 47 AFRICAN WOMEN COVET ROLE and an Indian-went to Sydney for six IN POLITICAL, CHURCH LIFE weeks to exchange views with Australian 11ceP African women believe they have a youth on the race issue. In each case, Uni tee contribution to make towards solving sponsorship was by United Presbyterian Christ some of the social and political problems units and Australian or Japanese national The affecting their countries, the women's Christian bodies. create1 seminar held in Lome, Togo, in July In addition to the short-term ex­ rit)'. fl showed. It was sponsored by the World changes between youths, another ex­ term : Council of Churches and the All Africa ample of the cross-Pacific cooperation fund c Conference of Churches ( AACC ). has been reported by Ecumenical Press hal'e I Two of the women's primary concerns Service. The Rev. Sadao Ozawa, a min­ both f were the content of education and the ister of a Tokyo church, was sent to of the conflict betv;een modern culture and tra­ Seattle by the United Church of Christ are he ditional customs, some of which degrade in Japan to spend three months as a clothir women. They were anxious that educa­ fraternal worker in the churches' initiated and e< tion should not alienate children from Neighbors in 1eed program, which has The their parents and looked to Christianity fed more than 155,000 people through be rna1 for guidance as to what to retain in their food banks since last ovember. bundn African heritage. Specificall y, they contra1 wanted the Church to be more vocal on NEW MUTUAL FUND PLANS l'estmf the treatment of widows. TO USE SOCIAL CRITERIA any d While the 45 women from 14 African A mutual fund aimed at making a "con­ def ens countries varied widely in age and cul­ tribution toward world peace" has been Und tural background, they had a positive created. prefer< attitude towards change and a will to at­ The prospectus for Pax World Fund, tack such problems as racism, refu gees Inc., an investment company offering one ploynu LEBANON, with ageless magnetism, in liqu combines the naieve romanticism of and rural development as well as to re­ million shares, was made effective by the Old Arabia with the swirling, so­ ceive instruction on nutrition, family U.S. Securities and Exchange Commis­ Up to phisticated, endless pleasures and planning and health care. sion as of August 10. Dr. Luther E. Ty­ may h hospitality of a continental capital. son, president, and Dr. J. Elliott Corbett, ment. BYBLOS, which gave its name to At the conclusion of their two and one­ the Bible, is the oldest town in the half-week experience they called for an­ world, where lie revealed 7 civiliza­ nual seminars at national level involving tions over 7 thousand years. MAY BAALBECK offers cultural festi­ leaders of all church women's groups. In vals of music and theater in the addition, they asked the wee and the OLDE! awesome Roman Ru ins of the Tem­ AACC to hold a seminar for French­ Th01 pl e of Bacchus, the largest and best meniar preserved corpus of Roman archi­ speaking Africa every two or three years tecture left to us. and suggested that African pastors and BEIRUT, a gem of a city, offers a their wives be included in a meeting on Thousand and One Nights of gaiety, the role of women in Church and So­ exotic food and entertainment, shopping in Oriental Souks, and ciety. luxurio us accommodations with ex­ Particularly effective were Bible quisite service. studies on women's emancipation led by There are open air restaurants where sunset brings the muezzin's the Rev. Seth Nomenyo of the Evan­ call to worship mingling with the gelical Church of Togo. Other speakers 70 NEW NOW SONGS pealing bells of Ch ristian churches, included Mrs. Bao Andriamanjato, pub­ over a panorama of lush, green ter­ FOR THE 70's lic works engineer; Mrs. Marie Sivomey, raced hills. Some of die Soap Discover tor yourself the real mayor of the city of Lome; and Mr. Included An: Lord of the Dance CAALION R ~ouNG LEBANON, where recorded time be­ Frederic Randriamamonjy of the WCC They 1l Know We Are gan, and which , as the Bible says, Christians truly is " THE LAND OF MILK AND staff. Directing the seminar were Miss AUelu! We Shall Overcome HONEY." Brigalia Barn of the WCC and Miss Sliter Germaine Mary, Mary Doniel Moe Mercy Aguta of the AACC. Heyl Heyl Anybody For more &pecfllc lnlormatlan J-phWbe Lis1enin1? Viqil Ford ( EPS ) The Church Within Us Avery 6. Marob Some of die CompDlen Ortm1yer 6. Summerlin ~ b~;; · c;~ Repie•nlled An: Poul Abels " LANO OF MILK ANO HONEY" CROSS-PACIFIC EXCHANGES Ray Repp Kent Schneider LEBANONM TOURIST ANO INFORMATION OFFICE FUEL INTERNATIONALIZATION John Ylviuker Lloyd Pfautoch 527 Mad ison Avenue, New Yotk , N. Y. 10022 In July a team of four young Koreans Sydney Carter Gary Aull 12 12) 421 ·2201 and Japanese visited Chicago and I throu1h I l copies, SI 00 each. Spiral Aecom. Ed., 9" x 12" size, $4.95 e1ch. r:Lebanon------· Tourist and Information Office 010 I Newark to learn about ethnic minority I 527 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10022 issues-the result of a trip last year by ------~ I Name ______I I Enclosed is payment for the books I have o rdered. five young black people from Chicago I l understand that if I am not comple tely sati fied , I I I who went to Japan to learn about the J I may re turn the books for a pr ompt refund. J I Address I Korean and other minoritie in Japan. I _copies,@ S 1.00 each for t through 12 copies I I _copies,@ $4.95 each for Accomp1niment Ed. I This year fifteen youth from Texas went I City I I Name I to Japan to meet with Japanese Chris­ I I I Address I I State Zip ___ I tians. Another group of eleven young I Ci1y I Zip Americans-whites, blacks, Chicanos I Slale , I l78l-LI W Lake St , I 48 [570] I a g a Pe Chicaao. Ill 60644 Six lian lse, vi ce pr id nt, are on the staff of th Iranian city of Bazargan near th Turk­ of the church, COEMAR will reduce its ian nit d 1ethodist Church's Board of ish and Sovi t bord rs to what Armenian budget next year by $1.1 million, cut •nal hristian ocial oncerns. tradi tion says is the oldest surviving headquarters support by $600,000 in the Th di ver i6 d, no-loan fund was church in the world. Th church is be­ next two years, and reduce overseas per­ ex. created to provide inv stors with secu­ li eved to have been built in the first sonnel by 220 in the next two years ( 100 ex. rit , regular in ome and possible long­ century A.D. ee picture b low. ion term growth. One feature is that the Th more than 200,000 Christi ans in ·ess fund off rs inv stors the opportunity to predominantly Muslim Iran will join in 1in. have th ir funds managed according to eel brating the 2,500th anniversary of to both economic and social crit ri a. ome their country this month. Christi ans plan rist of the indu tries the fund will inves t in umenical servic s, lectures and films , a ar housing, drugs, health care, food, a their contributions to the anniversary :ed clothing, leisur time, pollution control fes ti vities. Among the eleven partici pat­ las r.nd education. ing denominations is the United Presby­ gh The officer said investments will not terian-related Eva ngelical Church in b mad in firm s represented by th one Iran, which has 2,803 members. hundred largest Department of Def nse contractors, and the fund "will seek in­ GIVING TO COEMAR IS DOWN ve tments in companies that are not to Unit d Presbyteri ans' giving to the ENHANCE m­ any degr e engaged in manufacturing "vo rld and national mission of their church continues to decline. THE BEAUTY OF CHRISTMAS en defense or weapon-related products." Se nd today for FREE ca talog C-149 (Choir Und r other criteri a, the fund will give The decline, according to the Rev. Dr. Robes); J-149 (Children's Rob es); P-149 (Pulpi t Robes); F-149 (Fund Raisi ng with Co llegiate 1d, preference to companies with fair em­ Donald Black, general secretary of Ca nd ies). ne ployment practi ces and will not inves t COEMAR ( Commission on Ecumenical he in liquor, tobacco or gambling industri s. Mission and Relations), may result from COLLEGIATE CAP & GOWN CO. CHAMPAIGN . Ill OKLAHOMA CITY. OKLA CHICAGO . Ill is- Up to ten per cent of the fund's resources deep tensions-theological, cultural­ 1000 H MARKET ST 1101 H Western A1e 169 W Wachr Or within the church. Or it may result from LONG ISLAND CITY, N Y VAN NUTS. CAL )" may be placed in international develop­ 48 25 361~ SI 15515 Cobnlo Rd tt, ment. a shift to more mission work at regional MI ) and local levels. In fact, while support for national and international work de­ MAY BE WORLD'S clined by 8.9 percent, giving to presby­ OLDEST CHURCH tery causes increased by 24.48 percent. Thousands of pilgrims, mostly Ar­ Because of the decline in contributions menian Christians, are drawn to the to national and international functions

m•s OUAITITY rtUCf BULLETINS 5,000 per thousand S15.50 35,000 per thousand $1 0.50 NOTES 100 bxs. · per box .70 500 bxs. • per box .60 2,000 per thousand S22.50 POST CARDS 6,000 per thousand 13.17 2,000 per thousand S22.50 LETTERHEADS 5,000 per thousand 15.00 The first order costs no more than reorders. Order from this ad or write for literature and samples. KRONE-McMILLAN ASSOCIATES 130 Lowther Street. Lemoyne , Pa . 17043 Pho11e 1717) 236-9329

[571] 49 through retirem nt and resignation and the rest by relocation in the U.S. ).

CHRISTIAN EDUCATORS DECRY ELITE SCHOOLS The 376 participants in the World Christi an Education Assembly, held re­ cently in Lima, Peru, registered their "overwhelming" impression that educa­ ti onal systems in a number of lands do not serve the people, especiall y not the poor majorities, but rather serve the elite-and that this pattern is typicall y reinforced by Christian school and edu­ cational policies. Participants called instead for new departures in education which "will necessarily require radical c'.1ange in the objecti ves, content and methods of our educati onal task." Such a new departure, they noted, would be "to encourage 1972 creati vity . . . and under God and his power to liberate mankind from the bonds that prevent the development of "United ~thodist eaiendar God's image." PRESBYTERIAN RACE COUNCIL NAMES PROPOSALS COMMITTEE and Workbo~k The United Presbyterian Council on Church and Race has named a four­ mem ber committee to propose responses to actions of the denomination's 183rd This handy calendar begins with the first General Assembly, in reference to the Sunday in Advent, November 28, 1971, and Emergency Fund for Legal Aid. Is yG continues throughout 1972. Excellent for In May, the General Assembly mildly Chri recording appointments, reminders, and plans censored the Council- which adminis­ ters the fund-when it was disclosed that Boo I for each w eek's services, the workbook And opens flat so the entire week can be seen $10,000 had been allocated for the de­ at a glance. fense of black militant Angela Davis. The The General Assembly rejected mo­ title Special features include dates of Lent and tions that would have put restrictions on the I Easter through 1975, special days and the use of the legal aid fund, but declared Cros liturgical colors, lectionary for public wor­ that it "entertains serious ques tions as to ch an ship, a complete four-year calendar, and the propriety of the grant" to the Davis hyrn pages for names, addresses, telephone fund. ( H S) numbers, and memoranda. Days of the OUH Christian year, United Methodist days, and PRIEST'S POETIC THRUST I A I national and interdenominational days are RAKES RIVER DESPOILERS • An printed in the space for each respective day. A Roman Catholic priest and author, I AI Fr. Angelico Chavez, has added his • Ser, Title and The United Methodist Church poetic talents to the Save the Hio Grande Ori symbol are printed in gold on the front cover. forces who are organized to fi ght a U.S. • Al Workbook is spiral bound in black imita­ Bureau of Reclamation plan to bulldoze Ole tion leather with overlapping covers and trees, shrubs and vegetation from the • Ide comes enclosed in a gift box. Size, 6"x~'. banks and channel of the Rio Grande • lm1 128 pages. Each, $2.75 river. ma "I hope that I shall never see The p Our river shorn of every tree. ~pe, At your Colee.bury Bookstore No robins nes ting in their hair g1cal Because the banks are straight and AP-OJ: abingdon bare. AP-Ol The Book Publi1hing Deportment of vVhat if Joyce Kilmer's song li ve on The Me thodbt Publi1hing Hou1e When all the trees and bird are gone? If Ogden Nash's billboards fall , We'll still not see a tree at all. Poems are made by foobh seers, But, God, who made the engineers?" o, 50 [572] 1910 ~ Doll as 1600Q T.,,.,I nd

rid re. eir

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r- cA ~PEeIAL el{,J®TM~ !S d GIFT '¥9ll_,~UJL el{,URCI-{,

Is your class considerin g a special gift for your church th is r------i Christmas? Then plan to fi ll your chu rch pews with Th e Please se nd me the copies of Th e Book o f Hymns ind ica ted be- I Book of Hym ns. It's a gift that w ill benefit eve ry member. low . I And it's a project that's sure to create enthusias m. I _ _ __A P-03714X. Pew edition- purple. Each , $3.75 I Th e Book of Hymns is Th e M ethodist Hymnal- on ly the ____AP-037158. Pew edition- red. Eac h, $3.75 I title stamped on the front cover and sp in e is different and 0 pay ment enclosed 0 charge O open an account l the Cross and Crown symbol has bee n replaced by the Charge to 0 0 I Cross and Flame, th e United Methodist emblem. This I chan ge emphasizes th at Th e Book of Hym ns is the official ...... ""°"""' I hymnal of Th e UNITED Methodist Church. I - I OUTSTANDING FEATURES INCLUDE: • A w ide se lection of music more suitabl e for congrega ti onal singing. • - Charge ca rd number ______• A more representati ve se lection of tex ts. Bas ic ge neral se rvi ces. • A vastl y improved sec tion of Psa lter and oth er Acts of Praise. Expi rati on da te,______

• Scriptural sentences, prayers, and se rvice music are arranged in th e SHIP TO ______Order of W orship. • A lectionary of biblica l passages for selecti on of Psa lms, as wel l as Old and New Tes tament lesso ns. Ad dr es s• ------~

• Identi fica ti on of all Scripture and sc riptural references . Ci ty______stat e____ ~i p ____ • Improved indexing and improved table of hymn class ification to CHARGETQ ______make loca ting eas ier. Th e pew editi on of Th e Book of Hymns is printed in cl ea r, easy-to-read Address ______type on hi gh-quality paper stock. Ava ilabl e in liturgical purple o r litur­

gical red cl oth bindings, stamped front and spine. City______state____ ~ ip _ _ _ _ _ AP-03714X. Purple ...... • . . . . Ea ch, $3.75 ORDERED BY ______AP -037158. Red ...... Each, $3.75 Name of Church ______

I• ______Postage extra. Add sal es tax where applica ble . ______J

Order from the Cokesbury Regional Service C enter serving your area: 1910 Main Street Fifth and Groce Streets 1661 North Northwest Hwy. Shop in person at these Cokesbury Stores: Dollos, Texas 75221 Richmond, Vo. 23216 Pork Ridg e, 111 . 60068 Atlanta • Baltimore • Birmingham • Boston • Chicago • Cincinnati • Dallas 1600 Quee n Ann e Rood 201 Eighth Ave nue, South 85 McAllister Stree t Da yton • Detroit • Harrisburg • Houston • Kansos City • Los Angeles Teaneck, N. J. 07666 Nashville, Tenn. 37202 Son Francisco, Calif. 94102 Nashville • New Yark • Pittsburgh • Ric hm ond • San Francisc o • Seattle Cross of the Holy Spirit, by Frank Wesley (India)

Frank Wesley, a member of the Wesleyan Methodist Church, is an American teaching at the Woodstock School in Mussoorie, India. In his travels, he has studied in Lucknow, India, Japan and Chicago, and his paintings have been exhibited in the Vatican and at Lucknow, Jabalpur and Mussoorie.