DOCSLIB.ORG

The Missile Plains: Frontline of America's Cold

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Missile Plains: Frontline of America's Cold The Missile Plains: Frontline of America’s Cold War Historic Resource Study Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, South Dakota Prepared for United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Midwest Regional Office 2003 Prepared under the supervision of: Dr. Jeffrey A. Engel, Principal Investigator Authors: Mead & Hunt, Inc. Christina Slattery Mary Ebeling Erin Pogany Amy R. Squitieri Recommended: Site Manager, Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Date Superintendent, Badlands National Park Date Concurred: Chief, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Associate Regional Director Date Cultural Resources and Stewardship Partnerships Approved: Regional Director Date Midwest Region Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Historic Resource Study Table of Contents List of Illustrations ................................................................................................................ iv List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................................viii Preface....................................................................................................................................x Introduction ..........................................................................................................................xi Establishment and Purpose................................................................................................................... xi Geographic Location ............................................................................................................................. xi Significance of Minuteman Missile National Historic Site............................................................... xi Organization of the Historic Resource Study....................................................................................xii Section 1 – The Cold War and National Armament..................................................................1 Chapter 1: The Cold War (1945–62)....................................................................................................... 1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Origins of the Cold War.......................................................................................................................2 Eisenhower and Waging Peace...........................................................................................................5 Sputnik .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Kennedy Administration and the First Minuteman Deployment................................................. 8 Chapter 2: U.S. Strategic Missile and Armament Systems (1950s–60s)........................................... 14 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile Program Beginnings ................................................................. 14 Liquid- Fuel Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles: Atlas and Titan................................................. 17 Chapter 3: Minuteman and the Next Generation (1960s–present).................................................25 The Missile Gap and Minuteman.....................................................................................................25 Development of Solid- Fuel Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles.................................................. 26 Minuteman I....................................................................................................................................... 26 Minuteman II ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Minuteman III and the Next Generation........................................................................................32 Section II – Life on the South Dakota Plains: Before, During, and After Minuteman...........40 Chapter 1: Life and Landscape Before Minuteman (to the 1960s) .................................................40 South Dakota Plains Geological Formations.................................................................................40 Native American Settlement ............................................................................................................40 Early European Exploration and the Fur Trade ........................................................................... 42 Euro- American Land Speculation, Settlement, and Immigration.............................................. 42 Western Plains Settlement and Agricultural History.................................................................... 43 Chapter 2: U.S. Air Force, Strategic Air Command, and Ellsworth Air Force Base (1940s–90s)49 Establishment..................................................................................................................................... 49 Strategic Air Command..................................................................................................................... 50 Ellsworth Air Force Base ...................................................................................................................52 Chapter 3: Minuteman Missile Sites in South Dakota (1960s- 80s).................................................61 Site Location........................................................................................................................................61 Land Purchase.....................................................................................................................................61 Minuteman Missile Area Landowners Association...................................................................... 62 Site Construction............................................................................................................................... 64 Site Activation .................................................................................................................................... 66 Economic and Social Impacts on the Region ................................................................................ 67 The Cold War Continues.................................................................................................................. 70 Chapter 4: Delta- 01 and Delta- 09 (1960s–80s) ................................................................................. 81 Overview of the Complex.................................................................................................................. 81 Launch Control Facility Delta- 01 .................................................................................................... 81 Launch Facility Delta- 09 ................................................................................................................. 87 Conversion to Minuteman II ...........................................................................................................90 ii Minuteman Missile National Historic Site Historic Resource Study Chapter 5: Missileer Culture: Day- to- Day Life (1960s–91) ...........................................................108 At the Launch Control Facility .......................................................................................................109 In the Launch Control Center: Missile combat crew .................................................................. 113 Changes in Missile Culture...............................................................................................................117 Section III – Peace Movement, Nuclear Disarmament, and the Future............................... 134 Chapter 1. Opposition to Nuclear Armament (late 1950s–90s)...................................................... 134 The National and International Debate ........................................................................................ 134 Activist Groups – Beliefs and Mission ...........................................................................................137 Efforts in South Dakota (1980- 90s) ............................................................................................... 137 Continued Activism.......................................................................................................................... 138 Chapter 2: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty and Disarmament of Minuteman II (1990s)........ 142 End of the Cold War ........................................................................................................................ 142 START Treaty ................................................................................................................................... 142 Deactivation of Minuteman II Sites ............................................................................................... 143 Deactivation of Ellsworth Air Force Base’s Minuteman II Missiles..........................................144 Chapter 3: Minuteman Missile National Historic Site (1990–present)..........................................153 Site Selection ......................................................................................................................................153 Delta- 01 and Delta- 09 Deactivation ..............................................................................................153 Enabling Legislation........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Northern Sentry Is Pub- Lished by BHG, Inc., a Private fi Rm Operating Independently of the U.S
    NORTHERN SENTRY FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 2017 1 FREE | VOL. 55 • ISSUE 36 | WWW.NORTHERNSENTRY.COM | MINOT AIR FORCE BASE | FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 2017 U.S. AIR FORCE PHOTO | AIRMAN 1ST CLASS ALYSSA M. AKERS 2 FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, 2017 NORTHERN SENTRY AIRMAN 1ST CLASS ALYSSA M. AKERS | MINOT AIR FORCE BASE PUBLIC AFFAIRS MINOT AIR FORCE causing it to capsize. 429 Lawrence was one of laid to rest at Immanuel Airmen, families and BASE, N.D. -- sailors and marines were the missing who were Lutheran Church in Willow military veterans. More “Yesterday, December trapped, giving the ultimate identifi ed. Creek. than 200 people lined the 7th, 1941, a date which will sacrifi ce, their life. He was fi nally returned Lawrence was welcomed live in infamy, the United “I thought it was home to North Dakota, on by Willow City natives, States of America was impossible he was dead,” Aug. 13, 2017. He was Minot Air Force Base Continued on page 3 suddenly and deliberately said Anderson. “We all attacked by naval and air thought maybe he went to forces of the Empire of town and stayed overnight. Japan.” We just received Christmas With those words, cards from him. [But] a few President Franklin days after, we were told he Roosevelt ensured America was killed.” would never forget Pearl In 1943, the Oklahoma Harbor. was removed from the Betty Anderson was only ocean and the bodies were 15 years old, but this would recovered. Due to the lack be a day she and her family of technology at the time, would never forget.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Air Force and Its Antecedents Published and Printed Unit Histories
    UNITED STATES AIR FORCE AND ITS ANTECEDENTS PUBLISHED AND PRINTED UNIT HISTORIES A BIBLIOGRAPHY EXPANDED & REVISED EDITION compiled by James T. Controvich January 2001 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTERS User's Guide................................................................................................................................1 I. Named Commands .......................................................................................................................4 II. Numbered Air Forces ................................................................................................................ 20 III. Numbered Commands .............................................................................................................. 41 IV. Air Divisions ............................................................................................................................. 45 V. Wings ........................................................................................................................................ 49 VI. Groups ..................................................................................................................................... 69 VII. Squadrons..............................................................................................................................122 VIII. Aviation Engineers................................................................................................................ 179 IX. Womens Army Corps............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • China and Ballistic Missile Defense: 1955 to 2002 and Beyond
    INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES China and Ballistic Missile Defense: 1955 to 2002 and Beyond Brad Roberts September 2003 Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. IDA Paper P-3826 Log: H 03-002053 This work was conducted under contract DASW01 98 C 0067, Task DG-6-2184, for the Defense Intelligence Agency. The publication of this IDA document does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official position of that Agency. © 2003 Institute for Defense Analyses, 4850 Mark Center Drive, Alexandria, Virginia 22311-1882 • (703) 845-2000. This material may be reproduced by or for the U.S. Government pursuant to the copyright license under the clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 (NOV 95). INSTITUTE FOR DEFENSE ANALYSES IDA Paper P-3826 China and Ballistic Missile Defense: 1955 to 2002 and Beyond Brad Roberts PREFACE This paper was prepared for a task order on China’s Approach to Missile Defense for the Defense Intelligence Agency. The objective of the task is to inform thinking within the U.S. defense community about China’s approach to missile defense issues and its implications for regional security and U.S. interests. In preparing this work, the author has benefited from excellent collaboration with Mr. Ronald Christman of DIA. The author wishes to express his gratitude to the following individuals for their thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this essay: Elaine Bunn of National Defense University, Ron Christman of DIA, Iain Johnston of Harvard University, Evan Medeiros of RAND, and Victor Utgoff of IDA. He also wishes to express his gratitude to Rafael Bonoan of IDA for his research support and assistance in drafting a subsection of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • ASD-Covert-Foreign-Money.Pdf
    overt C Foreign Covert Money Financial loopholes exploited by AUGUST 2020 authoritarians to fund political interference in democracies AUTHORS: Josh Rudolph and Thomas Morley © 2020 The Alliance for Securing Democracy Please direct inquiries to The Alliance for Securing Democracy at The German Marshall Fund of the United States 1700 18th Street, NW Washington, DC 20009 T 1 202 683 2650 E [email protected] This publication can be downloaded for free at https://securingdemocracy.gmfus.org/covert-foreign-money/. The views expressed in GMF publications and commentary are the views of the authors alone. Cover and map design: Kenny Nguyen Formatting design: Rachael Worthington Alliance for Securing Democracy The Alliance for Securing Democracy (ASD), a bipartisan initiative housed at the German Marshall Fund of the United States, develops comprehensive strategies to deter, defend against, and raise the costs on authoritarian efforts to undermine and interfere in democratic institutions. ASD brings together experts on disinformation, malign finance, emerging technologies, elections integrity, economic coercion, and cybersecurity, as well as regional experts, to collaborate across traditional stovepipes and develop cross-cutting frame- works. Authors Josh Rudolph Fellow for Malign Finance Thomas Morley Research Assistant Contents Executive Summary �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Introduction and Methodology ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
    [Show full text]
  • Kazan Kremlin (Russian Federation) No
    Category of property Kazan Kremlin (Russian Federation) In terms of the categories of cultural property set out in Article 1 of the 1972 World Heritage Convention, this is a group of buildings. No 980 History and Description History The first human occupation in the Kazan area goes back to Identification the 7th and 8th millennia BCE; there are traces of the Bronze Age (2nd to 1st millennia, late Kazan area settlement), early Nomination Historical and Architectural Complex of Iron Age (8th to 6th centuries BCE, Ananin culture), and the Kazan Kremlin early medieval period (4th–5th centuries CE, Azelin culture). From the 10th to 13th centuries Kazan was a pre-Mongol Location Republic of Tatarstan, City of Kazan Bulgar town. Today’s Kremlin hill consisted then of a fortified trading settlement surrounded by moats, State Party Russian Federation embankments, and a stockade. A stone fortress was built in the 12th century and the town developed as an outpost on the Date 29 June 1999 northern border of Volga Bulgaria. The so-called Old Town extended eastward, on the site of the former Kazan Monastery of Our Lady. The fortress was demolished on the instructions of the Mongols in the 13th century. A citadel was then built as the seat of the Prince of Kazan, including the town’s administrative and religious institutions. By the Justification by State Party first half of the 15th century, the town had become the capital The Kazan Kremlin is a unique and complex monument of of the Muslim Principality of Bulgaria, with administrative, archaeology, history, urban development, and architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Turbulent Skies an AEI STUDY on the US AIR FORCE’S CONTRIBUTION to INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
    Turbulent Skies AN AEI STUDY ON THE US AIR FORCE’S CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION T. Michael Moseley, Phillip Lohaus, Gary J. Schmitt, and Giselle Donnelly MARCH 2019 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Turbulent Skies AN AEI STUDY ON THE US AIR FORCE’S CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION T. Michael Moseley, Phillip Lohaus, Gary J. Schmitt, and Giselle Donnelly MARCH 2019 AMERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE Cover image: F-15C Eagles from the 67th Fighter Squadron at Kadena Air Base, Japan, are refueled by a KC-135R Stratotanker from the 909th Air Refueling Squadron. US Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Angelique Perez. © 2019 by the American Enterprise Institute. All rights reserved. The American Enterprise Institute (AEI) is a nonpartisan, nonprofit, 501(c)(3) educational organization and does not take institutional positions on any issues. The views expressed here are those of the author(s). Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................ 1 I. The Study ............................................................................................... 3 Two Air Forces ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Game Design..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Study Objectives .............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Dominic I
    OPERATION DOMINIC I United States Atmospheric Nuclear Weapons Tests Nuclear Test Personnel Review Prepared by the Defense Nuclear Agency as Executive Agency for the Department of Defense HRE- 0 4 3 6 . .% I.., -., 5. ooument. Tbe t k oorreotsd oontraofor that tad oa the book aw ra-ready c I I i I 1 1 I 1 I 1 i I I i I I I i i t I REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NC I NA6OccOF 1 i Technical Report 7. AUTHOR(.) i L. Berkhouse, S.E. Davis, F.R. Gladeck, J.H. Hallowell, C.B. Jones, E.J. Martin, DNAOO1-79-C-0472 R.A. Miller, F.W. McMullan, M.J. Osborne I I 9. PERFORMING ORGAMIIATION NWE AN0 AODRCSS ID. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT. TASU Kamn Tempo AREA & WOW UNIT'NUMSERS P.O. Drawer (816 State St.) QQ . Subtask U99QAXMK506-09 ; Santa Barbara, CA 93102 11. CONTROLLING OFClCC MAME AM0 ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE 1 nirpctor- . - - - Defense Nuclear Agency Washington, DC 20305 71, MONITORING AGENCY NAME AODRCSs(rfdIfI*mI ka CamlIlIU Olllc.) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (-1 ah -*) J Unclassified SCHCDULC 1 i 1 I 1 IO. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This work was sponsored by the Defense Nuclear Agency under RDT&E RMSS 1 Code 6350079464 U99QAXMK506-09 H2590D. For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 19. KEY WOROS (Cmlmm a nm.. mid. I1 n.c...-7 .nd Id.nllh 4 bled nlrmk) I Nuclear Testing Polaris KINGFISH Nuclear Test Personnel Review (NTPR) FISHBOWL TIGHTROPE DOMINIC Phase I Christmas Island CHECKMATE 1 Johnston Island STARFISH SWORDFISH ASROC BLUEGILL (Continued) D.
    [Show full text]
  • Rpioams+Ror^ £W Force. B^&O.^5^T1-H
    rpioAms+ror^ £W Force. B^&o.^5^t1-h^^ri^^f£^.4-/'<^'i HAER NO. NVT-I 38 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD Intermountain Support Office - Denver National Park Service P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225-0287 HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORD MALMSTROM AIR FORCE BASE, 546th MISSILE SQUADRON (MINUTEMAN III MISSILE FACILITIES) HAERNO. MT-138 Location: Malmstrom Air Force Base (MAFB) is located near the City of Great Falls, Cascade County, Montana. Its 564th Missile Squadron has five Minuteman III Missile Alert Facilities (Papa, Quebec, Romeo, Sierra and Tango) and 50 associated Launch Facilities. The Missile Alert Facilities (MAFs) are located in Pondera and Toole Counties, Montana, and their associated Launch Facilities (LFs) are in Pondera, Toole, and Chouteau Counties. Present Owner: MAFB, US Air Force (USAF) Date of Construction Constructed as a Minuteman II system in 1965-1966; converted to a Minuteman III system in 1975 Architect: Ralph M. ParsonsCompany Builder: Morrison Knudsen Company and Associates Present Use: Deactivated Minuteman III Missile Alert Facilities (MAF) and Launch Facilities (LF) Significance: The 564th is an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) squadron based at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. The fifty Minuteman ICBMs maintained and controlled by the 564th Missile Squadron (MS) were integral components of a massive Cold War defense system developed between the early 1960s and mid-1970s. The Minuteman system was designed to protect the United States from a possible nuclear attack as well as to provide a strategic deterrence, a cornerstone of American defense policy of the era. At the peak of the program, the nation's Minuteman arsenal had a total of some 1,000 operational missiles deployed at a series of northern Air Force Bases, including 200 at Malmstrom.
    [Show full text]
  • Not for Publication Until Released by the House Armed Services Committee Strategic Forces Subcommittee United States House of Representatives
    NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY THE HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE STRATEGIC FORCES SUBCOMMITTEE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE PRESENTATION TO THE HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE STRATEGIC FORCES SUBCOMMITTEE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SUBJECT: Status of the Air Force Nuclear Security Roadmap STATEMENT OF: Lieutenant General Frank G. Klotz, Commander AF Global Strike Command January 21, 2010 NOT FOR PUBLICATION UNTIL RELEASED BY THE HOUSE ARMED SERVICES COMMITTEE STRATEGIC FORCES SUBCOMMITTEE UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES Chairman Langevin, Ranking Member Turner, distinguished Members of the Committee, it is an honor to appear before you today for the first time as the Commander of Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). I thank you for the opportunity to discuss the current status of the Air Force’s newest major command. Upon assuming office in summer 2008, Secretary of the Air Force Michael Donley and Air Force Chief of Staff General Norton Schwartz launched a comprehensive, multi-faceted roadmap designed to restore a culture of compliance, rebuild the nuclear enterprise, invest in nuclear capabilities, and ensure nuclear weapons will remain safe, secure and reliable. Air Force Global Strike Command was established as a key part of this roadmap. This Command is a visible commitment to the nuclear enterprise, clearly aligning the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) and nuclear-capable bomber forces under a single chain-of-command, providing focused oversight and advocacy of the Air Force’s nuclear forces. The Command was founded on the premise that as important as other defense priorities may be, none are more important than the responsibility for operating, maintaining, securing and supporting nuclear weapons.
    [Show full text]
  • Developing Advanced Academic Degree Educational Profiles for Career Fields
    Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 3-2007 Developing Advanced Academic Degree Educational Profiles for Career Fields Katherine J. Gentil Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Training and Development Commons, and the Vocational Education Commons Recommended Citation Gentil, Katherine J., "Developing Advanced Academic Degree Educational Profiles for Career Fields" (2007). Theses and Dissertations. 3080. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/3080 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPING ADVANCED ACADEMIC DEGREE EDUCATIONAL PROFILES FOR CAREER FIELDS THESIS Katherine J. Gentil, Major, USAF AFIT/GOR/ENS/07-08 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE ; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. AFIT/GOR/ENS/07-08 DEVELOPING ADVANCED ACADEMIC DEGREE EDUCATIONAL PROFILES FOR CAREER FIELDS THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Operational Sciences Graduate School of Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Operations Research Katherine J. Gentil, BS, MEd Major, USAF March 2007 APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban Missile Crisis
    The Hungry Mind Lab 2016 Materials for imQ Project The Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba that took place between October 16 and October 28 in 1962. Information about the Cuban Missile Crisis was broadcast on television worldwide, and it was the one event in history that brought the Cold War closest to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. Following from the enmity between the United States and the Soviet Union since the end of World War II in 1945, the United States was concerned about the rise of Communism, and a Latin American country allying openly with the USSR, short for Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was unacceptable. In addition, the United States had recently suffered a public embarrassment, because of the failed invasion at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961 under President John F. Kennedy. The invasion had been attempted by a group known as Brigade 2506 that consisted of 1400 paramilitaries, who had been trained and funded by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Launched from Guatemala on 17 April 1961, the Brigade 2506 had intended to land at the Bay of Pigs and to overthrow Cuba's increasingly communist government but it was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, who were under the direct command of Cuba's Prime Minister Fidel Castro. After the events at the Bay of Pigs, the former American President Eisenhower told Kennedy that now the Soviets were "embolden to do something that they would otherwise not do." Indeed, the failed invasion created the impression with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet adviser wrote about Kennedy: "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ..
    [Show full text]
  • Readiness at Risk
    February 2013/$5 Readiness at Risk Living Boneyard Air Dominance Lessons From WWII, Korea, and Vietnam Unconventional. Undetectable. Undeniable. The F-35A Lightning II delivers the 21st century capabilities U.S. and thE F-35 lightning ii tEAM allied forces need. An innovative combination of stealth, speed, NORTHROP GRUMMAN f-35 and cutting-edge sensors allows it to fly through or slip past BAE SYSTEMS lightning ii advanced air defenses, virtually undetected. Superior battlespace PRATT & WHITNEY awareness leaves the enemy nowhere to hide. And that gives lOCKhEED MARtin pilots unprecedented power to engage the target and return home. The F-35A Lightning II. Rising to the challenges of the 21st century. See it in action – F35.com. 301-64993_F35_Unconventional_AFM.indd 1 10/4/12 5:04 PM February 2013, Vol. 96, No. 2 Publisher Craig R. McKinley Editor in Chief Adam J. Hebert Editorial [email protected] Editor Suzann Chapman Executive Editors Michael Sirak John A. Tirpak Senior Editors Amy McCullough 26 Marc V. Schanz FEATURES Associate Editor Aaron M. U. Church 4 Editorial: The Perils of Air Parity By Adam J. Hebert Contributors USAF must preserve readiness, keep Walter J. Boyne, Jack Broughton, John modernization on track, and retain top- T. Correll, Robert S. Dudney, Rebecca notch airmen as funds decline. Grant, Peter Grier, Richard P. Hallion, Marina Malenic 26 Sharpening the Nuclear Sword By Aaron M. U. Church Production [email protected] Air Force Global Strike Command’s Managing Editor bombers and missile forces are at an Juliette Kelsey Chagnon increasing level of readiness. Assistant Managing Editor 32 Living Boneyard Frances McKenney By John A.
    [Show full text]