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Analog Circuits: World Class Designs Robert A Analog Circuits World Class Designs Newnes World Class Designs Series Analog Circuits: World Class Designs Robert A. Pease ISBN: 978-0-7506-8627-3 Embedded Systems: World Class Designs Jack Ganssle ISBN: 978-0-7506-8625-9 Power Sources and Supplies: World Class Designs Marty Brown ISBN:978-0-7506-8626-6 For more information on these and other Newnes titles, visit: www.newnespress.com Analog Circuits World Class Designs Robert A. Pease, Editor with Bonnie Baker Richard S. Burwen Sergio Franco Phil Perkins Marc Thompson Jim Williams Steve Winder AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (ϩ44) 1865 843830, fax: (ϩ44) 1865 853333, E-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request online via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Support & Contact” then “Copyright and Permission” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application Submitted British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A Catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 978-0-7506-8627-3 For information on all Newnes publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Typeset by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India www. charontec. com Printed in the United States of America Table of Contents Preface xiii About the Editor xix About the Authors xxi Chapter 1: Review of Feedback Systems ............................................................................1 Introduction and Some Early History of Feedback Control ................................................1 Invention of the Negative Feedback Amplifi er .................................................................... 2 Control System Basics .........................................................................................................4 Loop Transmission and Disturbance Rejection ...................................................................5 Stability ................................................................................................................................6 Routh Stability Criterion ......................................................................................................8 The Phase Margin and Gain Margin Tests .........................................................................11 Relationship Between Damping Ratio and Phase Margin .................................................12 Loop Compensation Techniques—Lead and Lag Networks .............................................13 Parenthetical Comment on Some Interesting Feedback Loops .........................................15 Example 1-1: Gain of ϩ1 amplifi er ...................................................................................17 Example 1-2: Gain of ϩ10 amplifi er .................................................................................19 Example 1-3: Integral control of reactive load ..................................................................20 Example 1-4: Photodiode amplifi er ...................................................................................25 Example 1-5: MOSFET current source .............................................................................28 Example 1-6: Maglev example ..........................................................................................33 Appendix: MATLAB Scripts ............................................................................................37 References ..........................................................................................................................41 Chapter 2: My Approach to Feedback Loop Design ........................................................45 My Approach to Design .....................................................................................................46 What Is a V/I Source? ........................................................................................................47 An Ideal V/I Source ...........................................................................................................48 Designing a V/I Source ......................................................................................................49 Capacitive Load Compensation .........................................................................................52 Model to Investigate Overshoot .........................................................................................54 www.newnespress.com vi Table of Contents Back to the Frequency Domain ..........................................................................................56 Range of Compensation Required .....................................................................................59 Phase Margin Approach to Loop Compensation ...............................................................60 LTX Device Power Source (DPS) Performance ................................................................61 Summary of My Method ....................................................................................................62 Chapter 3: Basic Operational Amplifi er Topologies and a Case Study ..........................63 In This Chapter ..................................................................................................................63 Basic Device Operation .....................................................................................................63 Example 3-1: Case study: Design, analysis, and simulation of a discrete operational amplifi er .............................................................................................................................68 Brief Review of LM741 Op-Amp Schematic ....................................................................75 Some Real-World Limitations of Operational Amplifi ers .................................................76 Example 3-2: Op-amp driving capacitive load ..................................................................80 References ..........................................................................................................................83 Chapter 4: Finding the Perfect Op-Amp for Your Perfect Circuit ..................................87 Choose the Technology Wisely ..........................................................................................89 Fundamental Operational Amplifi er Circuits .....................................................................90 Using These Fundamentals ................................................................................................98 Amplifi er Design Pitfalls .................................................................................................101 References ........................................................................................................................102 Chapter 5: Review of Passive Components and a Case Study in PC Board Layout ...................................................................................................................103 In This Chapter ................................................................................................................103 Resistors ...........................................................................................................................103 Comments on Surface-Mount Resistors ..........................................................................106 Comments on Resistor Types ...........................................................................................107 Capacitors ........................................................................................................................107 Inductors ..........................................................................................................................111 Printed Circuit Board Layout Issues ................................................................................112 Approximate Inductance of a PCB Trace Above a Ground Plane ...................................115 Example 5-1: Design case study—high-speed semiconductor laser diode driver ...........116 References ........................................................................................................................124 Chapter 6: Analog Lowpass Filters ................................................................................127 In This Chapter ................................................................................................................127 A Quick Introduction to Analog Filters. ..........................................................................127 Passive Filters...................................................................................................................128 www.newnespress.com
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