DOCSLIB.ORG

Ecological Relevance of Subterranean Herbivorous Rodents in Semiarid Coastal Chile

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ecological Relevance of Subterranean Herbivorous Rodents in Semiarid Coastal Chile Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 66: 357-368, 1993 Ecological relevance of subterranean herbivorous rodents in semiarid coastal Chile Importancia ecol6gica de roedores herbfvoros subterráneos en el desierto costero de Chile LUIS C. CONTRERAS1, JULIO R. GUTIERREZ1, VICTOR VALVERDE1 and GEORGE W. COX2 1 Departamento de Biologfa, Universidad de La Serena, Casilla 599, La Serena, Chile. 2 Biology Depanment, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 91182-0057, USA. ABSTRACT We first call attention to the ecological relevance and characteristics of subterranean herbivorous rodent activities in different ecosystems. Second, we note that in arid coastal Chile the ecological impact of their activities is considerable, showing similarities, as well as important differences, to impacts in other areas of the world. The amount of excavated soil deposited on the surface is similar to that reported for pocket gophers in North America. These rodents also promote dominance of introduced mediterranean annual plants. In Chile, as in South Africa, however, they seem to greatly promote the growth of geophytes, which are their preferred food. Their activities promote large-scale soil homogeneity. We hypothesize that these aspects of their ecology in Chile reflect a close relationship between a fluctuating and unpredictable climate, a relatively constant availability of clumped geophytes, and the colonial social system of these rodents, all of which promote a slow but constant shifting of their foraging areas. Subterranean rodents certainly play an important role in determining the structure and dynamics of plants in the coastal arid ecosystem in Chile. However, very little is known about the mechanisms involved. Key words: Chile, desert ecology, soil disturbance, Spalacopus, subterranean rodents, geophytes. RESUMEN Primero destacamos la importancia ecol6gica de la actividad de roedores herbivoros subterráneos. Segundo, hacemos notar que la actividad de estos roedores tienen un impacto ecol6gico considerable en el ecosistema árido costero de Chile, presentando similiwdes pero también imponantes diferencias con sistemas investigados en otras partes del mundo. La cantidad de suelo depositado sobre la superficie del suelo es similar a la reportada para ge6midos en Norteamerica. Estos roedores tambien promueven la dominancia de plantas anuales mediterráneas introducidas. Sin embargo, en Chile como en Sudáfrica, ellos también parecen promover en gran medida el crecimiento de ge6fitas que constituyen su alimento preferido. Sus actividades promueven la heterogeneidad del suelo en el corto plazo en escalas pequeiias, pero en el largo plazo ellos promueven la homogeneidad del suelo en una escala mayor. Proponemos que estas caracterlsticas ecol6gicas y diferencias con otros sistemas reflejan una estrecha relaci6n entre un regimen climatico fluctuante e impredecible, la disponibilidad relativamente constante de ge6fitas distribuidas en forma agrupada, y el sistema social en colonias de estos roedores, todo lo cual promueve un desplazarniento lento pero constante de Ios tuneles de forrajeo. Ciertamente, Ios roedores herbivoros subterráneos juegan un rol importante en determinar la estructura y dinámica de plantas en el ecosistema árido costero de Chile; sin embargo, se conoce poco de Ios mecanismos involucrados. Palabras claves: Chile, ecosistemas deserticos, penurbaci6n del suelo, Spalacopus, roedores subterraneos, ge6fitas. IN1RODUCTION species (Grubb 1977, Connell 1978, Huston 1979, Armesto & Contreras 1981, Sousa 1984, Pickett & White 1985). These ideas are in The importance of disturbance as a source of constrat to the old long-held view of com- spatial and temporal variation in natural munities as equilibrium systems, with high communities has became increasingly species diversity resulting from prevention of recognized as an important process in competitive displacement by resource sub- ecological theory. Recent hypotheses on the division (MacArthur 1972, Schoener 1974, maintenance of species diversity have Pianka 1976). In addition to being an important emphasized the role of natural disturbance, source of environmental heterogeneity, which both prevents intra and interspecific disturbance may act as a strong selective competitive displacement and provides sites influence on the life history of organisms for colonization by competitively inferior (Harper 1977, Denslow 1980). (Received 13 July 1992; accepted 30 November 1992.) 358 CONTRERAS Ef AL. Disturbance phenomena are often referred Contreras & McNab 1990, Martinsen et al. to abiotic causes affecting large areas, such as 1990, Thome & Andersen 1990, Contreras & fire, and volcanic eruptions. At the same time, Guti~rrez 1991, Heth 1991, Cox et al. in press). in ecological studies much attention has been Members of all groups of subterranean rodents paid to animals as consumers of primary maintain and expand extensive gallery production, even though they only consume a systems throughout all or much of the year, small fraction of the live biomass (Hairston et resulting in deposition of soil heaps on the al. 1960), without noting their importance as surface (Hickman 1990, Reichman & Smith agents affecting the structure, properties and 1991). All are herbivores that locally reach processes of ecosystems (Whitford 1993). densities up to 207 individuals per hectare or Nevertheless, the importance of disturbances biomasses of 32.4 kg/ha (Nevo 1979, occurring at smaller scales and produced by Reichman & Smith 1991), values that are biotic agents has been increasingly recognized usually greater than for surface dwelling (Martinsen et al. 1990, Reichman & Smith mammals. Their burrowing activities exert 1991, Whitford 1993, Cox et al. in press). major impacts on soil structure and nitrogen Disturbance generated by animals, and availability; affecting both plant succession particularly those created by subterranean and abundance of their food plants (Tilman mammals, are unique for several reasons: 1) 1983, Cox & Gakahu 1985, Hobbs & Mooney they are caused by a biotic agent, whereas 1985, Andersen & MacMahon 1981, 1985, most forms of disturbance that have been Reichman & Smith 1985, Cox & Zedler 1986, studied are abiotic (e.g., wind, fire, wave Andersen 1987, Inouye et al. 1987, Koide et al. action), 2) they occur in small patches, in 1987, Hobbs et al. 1988, Huntly & Inouye constrat to large-scale disturbance such as tree 1988, Reichman 1988, Cantor & Whitman blow-downs, 3) they occur with a predictable 1989, Reichman & Jarvis 1989, Cox 1990, and constant frequency compared to more Thome & Andersen 1990, Heth 1991, Hobbs unpredictable events like fires and storms & Mooney 1991a, Reichman & Smith 1991). (Martinsen et al. 1990), and 4) as a con- Burrowing activity varies between different sequence of 2) and 3) they are of minor short- species and within species, mainly in relation term impact, but accumulate and cause to social and foraging systems (solitary vs. substantial long-term effects (Cox & Scheffer colonial species), food resources, soil moisture 1991, Reichman & Smith 1991). and temperature, hardness of the ground, and In this article we first review information reproductive activity (Arieli 1979, Reichman on the ecological role of subterranean et al. 1982, Hickman 1990, Heth 1991, herbivorous rodents. Second, we summarize Reichman & Smith 1991, Cox & Hunt 1992). the few available studies on their role in arid Subterranean rodents usually remove large coastal Chile, noting similarities and dif- amounts of soil. For the pocket gopher ferences to other ecosystems where subte- Thomomys bottae in sourthem California it rranean mammals have been studied. may be as large as 26.6 ton/ha • year (Cox 1990). The most obvious impact of this mining on soil structure results from the deposition of MAGNITUDE OF DISTURBANCE BY excavated soil on the surface of the ground. SUBTERRANEAN HERBIVOROUS MAMMALS Because mound formation is easily perceived, its rate is frequently used as an estimate of Soil disturbance and herbivory by subterranean burrowing activities (Miller 1957, Hickman rodents are now recognized as major influences & Brown 1973, Arieli 1979, Bandoli 1981, on the structure and dynamics of many Cantor & Whithan 1989, Cox & Hunt 1992). ecosystems, including deserts (Andersen & The mass of soil deposited on the surface MacMahon 1981, 1985,Reichmanetal. 1982, values ranges from 0.8 to 34.5 ton /ha o year Gettinger 1984, Hobbs & Mooney 1985, in natural conditions (Miller 1957, Downhower 199la, Cox & Gakahu 1986, Andersen 1987, & Hall 1966 in Cox 1990, Richens 1966, Cox & Alien 1987a, Inouye et al. 1987, Kodie Andersen & MacMahon 1981) and may reach & Mooney 1987, Huntly & Inouye 1988, 105 ton/ha o year in irrigated alfalfa fields Reichman 1988, Reichman & Jarvis 1989, (Miller 1957). A significant portion of the ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE OF SUBTERRANEAN RODENTS 359 excavated soil may not be deposited on the 3 years after the burrows have been abandoned surface, but placed in abandoned tunnels below (Reichman & Smith 1985). A similar impact the surface of the ground. Soil may also be has been noted over burrows of three sympatric deposited in tunnels that have been formed in species of bathyergids rodents from South the snow pack, producing soil cores that remain Africa (Reichman & Jarvis 1989). Further- on the surface of the ground after snow melt more, the effects of burrows on the vegetation (Ingles 1952, Reichman & Smith 1991, can be significant beyond the area of actual Contreras pers. obser. for Ctenomys
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2013 Draft Mazama Pocket Gopher Status Update and Recovery Plan
    DRAFT Mazama Pocket Gopher Status Update and Recovery Plan Derek W. Stinson Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Wildlife Program 600 Capitol Way N Olympia, Washington January 2013 In 1990, the Washington Wildlife Commission adopted procedures for listing and de-listing species as endangered, threatened, or sensitive and for writing recovery and management plans for listed species (WAC 232-12-297, Appendix A). The procedures, developed by a group of citizens, interest groups, and state and federal agencies, require preparation of recovery plans for species listed as threatened or endangered. Recovery, as defined by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is the process by which the decline of an endangered or threatened species is arrested or reversed, and threats to its survival are neutralized, so that its long-term survival in nature can be ensured. This is the Draft Washington State Status Update and Recovery Plan for the Mazama Pocket Gopher. It summarizes what is known of the historical and current distribution and abundance of the Mazama pocket gopher in Washington and describes factors affecting known populations and its habitat. It prescribes strategies to recover the species, such as protecting populations and existing habitat, evaluating and restoring habitat, and initiating research and cooperative programs. Target population objectives and other criteria for down-listing to state Sensitive are identified. As part of the State’s listing and recovery procedures, the draft recovery plan is available for a 90-day public comment period. Please submit written comments on this report by 19 April 2013 via e-mail to: [email protected], or by mail to: Endangered Species Section Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife 600 Capitol Way North Olympia, WA 98501-1091 This report should be cited as: Stinson, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Sand Hills Pocket Gopher Geomys Lutescens
    Wyoming Species Account Sand Hills Pocket Gopher Geomys lutescens REGULATORY STATUS USFWS: No special status USFS R2: No special status USFS R4: No special status Wyoming BLM: No special status State of Wyoming: Nongame Wildlife CONSERVATION RANKS USFWS: No special status WGFD: NSS3 (Bb), Tier II WYNDD: G3, S1S3 Wyoming Contribution: HIGH IUCN: Least Concern STATUS AND RANK COMMENTS Sand Hills Pocket Gopher (Geomys lutescens) is assigned a range of state conservation ranks by the Wyoming Natural Diversity Database due to uncertainty concerning its abundance in Wyoming and lack of information on population trends in the state. Also, note that the Global rank (G3) is provisional at this time – NatureServe (Arlington, Virginia) has not yet formalized a Global rank for this species. NATURAL HISTORY Taxonomy: Sand Hills Pocket Gopher was formerly considered a subspecies of Plains Pocket Gopher (G. bursarius) and given the sub-specific designation G. b. lutescens 1. It is now considered a full species based on a combination of genetic information and morphology 2 . Though two subspecies of G. lutescens have been suggested, none are widely recognized 3. It is suspected to hybridize with G. bursarius in some localities 4. Description: Like all pocket gophers, Sand Hills Pocket Gopher is adapted to fossorial life with large foreclaws, a heavy skull, strong jaw muscles, and relatively inconspicuous ears and eyes. It is similar in general appearance to the formerly synonymous G. bursarius, which has a sparsely- haired tail and relatively short pelage that can vary substantially in color from buff to black 5. However, G. lutescens is somewhat smaller and lighter in pelage color than G.
    [Show full text]
  • Universidad Veracruzana
    UNIVERSIDAD VERACRUZANA Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Orizaba-Córdoba “IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE L AS TÉCNICAS DE BARRIDO Y OPEN-HOLE PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA E F E C T I V I D A D BIOLÓGICA DE UN ANTICOAGULANTE EN EL CONTROL DE T UZAS EN EL CULTIVO DE CAÑA DE AZÚCAR, E N EL INGENIO CENTRAL MOTZORON GO, S.A. DE C.V.” T ESIS Que para obt ener el Grado de: MAESTRO EN MANE JO Y EXPLOTACIÓN DE LOS AGROS ISTEMAS DE LA CAÑA DE AZÚCAR P r e s e n t a : ING. AGR. RAFAEL A NTONIO VERDEJO LARA Peñuela, Mun icipio de Amatlán de los Reyes, Ver. Septiembre, 2013 INDICE ÍNDICE DE CUADROS iv ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS v RESUMEN vi ABSTRACT viii 1. INTRODUCCIÓN 1 2. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 3 2.1. Generalidades de la Familia Geomyidae 3 2.2. Principales Géneros 6 2.2.1. Género Thomomys 6 2.2.2. Género Geomys (Rafinesque, 1817) 7 2.2.3. Género Orthogeomys (Merriam, 1895) 7 2.2.4. Género Zygogeomys 8 2.2.5. Género Pappogeomys 8 2.2.6. Género Cratogeomys 9 2.3. Clasificación taxonómica de Orthogeomys hispidus 9 2.4. Historia Natural de Orthogeomys hispidus 10 2.4.1. Descripción de la especie 10 2.4.2. Distribución 13 2.4.3. Reproducción 13 2.4.4. Supervivencia y mortalidad 16 2.4.5. Población 17 2.4.6. Comportamiento 17 2.4.7. Uso de hábitat 18 2.4.8. Dieta y hábitos alimentarios 18 2.5. Las tuzas como plagas 19 2.6.
    [Show full text]
  • Controlling Pocket Gophers
    Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service NREM-9001 Controlling Pocket Gophers Terrence G. Bidwell Extension Range Management Specialist Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Fact Sheets are also available on our website at: Pocket gophers are stocky, short-legged, medium-sized http://osufacts.okstate.edu rodents with bodies well-adapted for digging. They have broad heads with small eyes and ears; exposed yellowish, chisel- like, incisor teeth; a short, sparsley-haired tail; and front toes with long, stout claws used in digging. They get their name six inches high are at the ends of short lateral tunnels branching from the deep, fur-lined external cheek pouches, in which off the main runway. The surface opening, through which soil food, mostly tubers and roots, is carried. Coloration varies in is pushed from the tunnel, is finally plugged by soil pushed individuals and in species from yellowish-tan to browns and into it from below, leaving a small circular depression on one blacks. Spotted and albino individuals are fairly common. side of the mound. Generally, the entire lateral is then filled Two species of pocket gophers are found in Oklahoma. to the main tunnel. They are the plains pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius), which The placement of these mounds often gives a clue to the ranges over most of Oklahoma, and the Mexican pocket gopher position of the main tunnel, which usually does not lie directly (Cratogeomys castanops), which is found in the Oklahoma under any mound. One pocket gopher may make as many as Panhandle. 200 soil mounds per year. The most active mound building Gophers should not be confused with moles although they time is during the spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Assessment for Idaho Pocket Gopher (Thomomys Idahoensis ) in Wyoming
    SPECIES ASSESSMENT FOR IDAHO POCKET GOPHER (THOMOMYS IDAHOENSIS ) IN WYOMING prepared by 1 2 DR. GARY P. BEAUVAIS AND DARBY N. DARK -SMILEY 1 Director, Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Dept. 3381, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; 307-766-3023; [email protected] 2 Wyoming Natural Diversity Database, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave, Dept. 3381, Laramie, Wyoming 82071; 307-766-3023 prepared for United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management Wyoming State Office Cheyenne, Wyoming June 2005 Beauvais and Dark-Smiley – Thomomys idahoensis June 2005 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 3 NATURAL HISTORY ........................................................................................................................... 4 Morphological Description ...................................................................................................... 4 Taxonomy and Distribution ..................................................................................................... 5 Taxonomy .......................................................................................................................................5 Distribution .....................................................................................................................................6 Habitat Requirements............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Analysis and Use of Methodologies for the Study of the Diets of Long-Eared Owls from Three Environments in North Central Oregon
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1985 The analysis and use of methodologies for the study of the diets of long-eared owls from three environments in north central Oregon John M. Barss Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Biology Commons, Nutrition Commons, and the Ornithology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Barss, John M., "The analysis and use of methodologies for the study of the diets of long-eared owls from three environments in north central Oregon" (1985). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3437. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5320 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF John M. Barss for the Master of Science in Biology presented May 15, 1985. Title: The Analysis and Use of Methodologies for the Study of the Diets of Long-eared Owls From Three Environments in North-central Oregon. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Richard B. Forbes Robert O. Tinnin Part I of this study presents a procedure for standardization of pellet analysis methodologies which improves estimation of prey biomass and determines the number of pellets needed to estimate prey diversity indices. The procedure was developed to provide a simple, easily replicated methodology for the study of pellets which also retains maximal data recorded from pellet analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Taxa for Which MIL Has Images
    LIST OF 27 ORDERS, 163 FAMILIES, 887 GENERA, AND 2064 SPECIES IN MAMMAL IMAGES LIBRARY 31 JULY 2021 AFROSORICIDA (9 genera, 12 species) CHRYSOCHLORIDAE - golden moles 1. Amblysomus hottentotus - Hottentot Golden Mole 2. Chrysospalax villosus - Rough-haired Golden Mole 3. Eremitalpa granti - Grant’s Golden Mole TENRECIDAE - tenrecs 1. Echinops telfairi - Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec 2. Hemicentetes semispinosus - Lowland Streaked Tenrec 3. Microgale cf. longicaudata - Lesser Long-tailed Shrew Tenrec 4. Microgale cowani - Cowan’s Shrew Tenrec 5. Microgale mergulus - Web-footed Tenrec 6. Nesogale cf. talazaci - Talazac’s Shrew Tenrec 7. Nesogale dobsoni - Dobson’s Shrew Tenrec 8. Setifer setosus - Greater Hedgehog Tenrec 9. Tenrec ecaudatus - Tailless Tenrec ARTIODACTYLA (127 genera, 308 species) ANTILOCAPRIDAE - pronghorns Antilocapra americana - Pronghorn BALAENIDAE - bowheads and right whales 1. Balaena mysticetus – Bowhead Whale 2. Eubalaena australis - Southern Right Whale 3. Eubalaena glacialis – North Atlantic Right Whale 4. Eubalaena japonica - North Pacific Right Whale BALAENOPTERIDAE -rorqual whales 1. Balaenoptera acutorostrata – Common Minke Whale 2. Balaenoptera borealis - Sei Whale 3. Balaenoptera brydei – Bryde’s Whale 4. Balaenoptera musculus - Blue Whale 5. Balaenoptera physalus - Fin Whale 6. Balaenoptera ricei - Rice’s Whale 7. Eschrichtius robustus - Gray Whale 8. Megaptera novaeangliae - Humpback Whale BOVIDAE (54 genera) - cattle, sheep, goats, and antelopes 1. Addax nasomaculatus - Addax 2. Aepyceros melampus - Common Impala 3. Aepyceros petersi - Black-faced Impala 4. Alcelaphus caama - Red Hartebeest 5. Alcelaphus cokii - Kongoni (Coke’s Hartebeest) 6. Alcelaphus lelwel - Lelwel Hartebeest 7. Alcelaphus swaynei - Swayne’s Hartebeest 8. Ammelaphus australis - Southern Lesser Kudu 9. Ammelaphus imberbis - Northern Lesser Kudu 10. Ammodorcas clarkei - Dibatag 11. Ammotragus lervia - Aoudad (Barbary Sheep) 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Raptors of the Hanford Site and Nearby Areas of Southcentral Washington
    Raptors of the Hanford Site and Nearby Areas of Southcentral Washington <. *." . Prepared for the ~e~kmentof Energy and Rockwell Hanford Operations under Contract DE-AC06-76RLO 1830 Pacific Northwest Laboratory Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy bv Battelle Memorial Institute NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the Department of Energy, nor any of their employe, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, maker any warranty, express ar implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, cornpletenas or usefulness of myinformation, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privateiy owned rights. The views, opinions and conctusions contained in this report arc those of the contractor and do not necessarily represent those of the United Statn Government or the United States Department of Energy. PACIFIC NORTHWEST LABORATORY operated by BATTELLE for the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Under Contract Of-ACW76Rt0 7830 hinted in tha United Strta of Amcrka Availah frm WiTatYlnkat tnlwauw krvin uniacd Lacs I3egmmcrR cd c- 5235 Port Royd Wed Syxir%(idd, Virginia a51 wee: hint& Copy S';Wefirhc $3.00 NTlS *Paps M%ngRice 081-025 taw OWHo IcYl 051479 %.a O?&tm rrtm 763-125 W6J l&tse $7.25 151-175 $&(XI '1r6-wo woo m-225 W2s 226-ZU, Rw, 251-275 51075 P6.300 $11.00 RAPTORS OF THE HANFORD SITE AND NEARBY AREAS OF SOUTHCENTRAL WASHINGTON R. E. Fitzner W. H. Rickard L. L. Cadwell L.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 75, No. 72/Thursday, April 15
    19592 Federal Register / Vol. 75, No. 72 / Thursday, April 15, 2010 / Proposed Rules 48 States occur at high elevations in the for the species concurrent with the Authority Rocky, North Cascade, and Sierra listing. The authority for this action is the On October 21, 2003, we published a Nevada mountains (Aubry et al. 2007, p. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as 90-day finding that the petition to list 2153). Wolverines have recently been amended (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). positively documented in the Sierra the North American wolverine in the Nevada range in California and the contiguous United States did not Dated: March 30, 2010. southern Rocky Mountains of Colorado present substantial scientific and Daniel M. Ashe, for the first time since the early 20th commercial information indicating that Deputy Director, U.S. Fish and Wildlife century. listing as threatened or endangered may Service. Wolverines are opportunistic feeders be warranted (68 FR 60112). We did not [FR Doc. 2010–8698 Filed 4–14–10; 8:45 am] and consume a variety of foods determine whether the contiguous U.S. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P depending on availability. They population of the North American primarily scavenge carrion, but also wolverine constituted a DPS (or other prey on small animals and birds, and eat listable entity), because sufficient DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR fruits, berries, and insects (Hornocker information was not available at the and Hash 1981, p. 1290; Hash 1987, p. time. Fish and Wildlife Service 579; Banci 1994, pp. 111–113). On September 29, 2006, as a result of Wolverines have delayed onset of a complaint filed by Defenders of 50 CFR Part 17 reproduction in females and small litter Wildlife and others alleging we used the [Docket No.
    [Show full text]
  • Pocket Gophers Ronald M
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The aH ndbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for Damage 7-27-1994 Pocket Gophers Ronald M. Case University of Nebraska - Lincoln Bruce A. Jasch University of Nebraska - Lincoln Case, Ronald M. and Jasch, Bruce A., "Pocket Gophers" (1994). The Handbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Paper 13. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmhandbook/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The aH ndbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Ronald M. Case Professor of Wildlife Biology Department of Forestry, Fisheries POCKET GOPHERS and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Bruce A. Jasch Research Assistant Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Fig. 1. Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius Damage Prevention and Repellents Trapping Control Methods Synthetic predator odors are all of Various specialized gopher kill traps. questionable benefit. Common spring or pan trap Exclusion Toxicants (sizes No. 0 and No. 1). Generally not practical. Baits: Shooting Small mesh wire fence may provide Strychnine alkaloid. Not practical. protection for ornamental trees and Zinc phosphide. shrubs or flower beds. Other Chlorophacinone. Plastic netting protects seedlings. Buried irrigation pipe or electrical cables Diphacinone. Cultural Methods can be protected with cylindrical pipe Fumigants: having an outside diameter of at least Damage resistant varieties of alfalfa.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Thomomys Talpoides</I>
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 1994 A New Coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys talpoides) and a Comparison of Oocyst Survival in Hosts from Radon-Rich and Radon-Poor Soils P. G. Wilber University of New Mexico K. McBee Oklahoma State University D. J. Hafner New Mexico Museum of Natural History Donald W. Duszynski University of New Mexico, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Wilber, P. G.; McBee, K.; Hafner, D. J.; and Duszynski, Donald W., "A New Coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) in the Northern Pocket Gopher (Thomomys talpoides) and a Comparison of Oocyst Survival in Hosts from Radon-Rich and Radon-Poor Soils" (1994). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 191. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/191 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. journal of Wildlife Diseases, 30(3). 1994. pp. 359-364 C Wildlife Disease Association 1994 A NEW COCCIDIAN (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) IN THE NORTHERN POCKET GOPHER (THOMOMYS TALPOIDES) AND A COMPARISON OF OOCYST SURVIVAL IN HOSTS FROM RADON-RICH AND RADON-POOR SOILS P. G. Wilber, K. McBee,2 D. J. Hafner,3 and D.
    [Show full text]
  • Pocket Gophers
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The Handbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center Wildlife Damage for 7-27-1994 Pocket Gophers Ronald M. Case University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Bruce A. Jasch University of Nebraska - Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmhandbook Part of the Environmental Sciences Commons Case, Ronald M. and Jasch, Bruce A., "Pocket Gophers" (1994). The Handbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. 13. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdmhandbook/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Wildlife Damage Management, Internet Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Handbook: Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Ronald M. Case Professor of Wildlife Biology Department of Forestry, Fisheries POCKET GOPHERS and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Bruce A. Jasch Research Assistant Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Fig. 1. Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius Damage Prevention and Repellents Trapping Control Methods Synthetic predator odors are all of Various specialized gopher kill traps. questionable benefit. Common spring or pan trap Exclusion Toxicants (sizes No. 0 and No. 1). Generally not practical. Baits: Shooting Small mesh wire fence may provide Strychnine alkaloid. Not practical. protection for ornamental trees and Zinc phosphide. shrubs or flower beds. Other Chlorophacinone. Plastic netting protects seedlings. Buried irrigation pipe or electrical cables Diphacinone. Cultural Methods can be protected with cylindrical pipe Fumigants: having an outside diameter of at least Damage resistant varieties of alfalfa.
    [Show full text]