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POCKET GOPHERS and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819

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POCKET GOPHERS and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Ronald M. Case Professor of Wildlife Biology Department of Forestry, Fisheries POCKET GOPHERS and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Bruce A. Jasch Research Assistant Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0819 Fig. 1. Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius Damage Prevention and Repellents Trapping Control Methods Synthetic predator odors are all of Various specialized gopher kill traps. questionable benefit. Common spring or pan trap Exclusion Toxicants (sizes No. 0 and No. 1). Generally not practical. Baits: Shooting Small mesh wire fence may provide Strychnine alkaloid. Not practical. protection for ornamental trees and Zinc phosphide. shrubs or flower beds. Other Chlorophacinone. Plastic netting protects seedlings. Buried irrigation pipe or electrical cables Diphacinone. Cultural Methods can be protected with cylindrical pipe Fumigants: having an outside diameter of at least Damage resistant varieties of alfalfa. Carbon monoxide from engine 2.9 inches (7.4 cm). Crop rotation. exhaust. Surrounding a buried cable with 6 to 8 Grain buffer strips. Others are not considered very inches (15 to 20 cm) of coarse gravel Control of tap-rooted forbs. effective, but some are used: (1 inch [2.5 cm] in diameter) may Aluminum phosphide. Flood irrigation. provide some protection. Gas cartridges. Plant naturally resistant varieties of seedlings. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE — 1994 Cooperative Extension Division Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Nebraska - Lincoln United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Animal Damage Control B-17 Great Plains Agricultural Council Wildlife Committee Incisors always exposed sensory mechanism guiding gophers’ Geomys have two grooves on each backward movements. The tail is also upper incisor and large forefeet and important in thermoregulation, acting claws. Plains pocket gophers (Geomys as a radiator. bursarius) vary in length from almost 7 1/2 to 14 inches (18 to 36 cm). Their Pocket gophers are medium-sized fur is typically brown but may vary to rodents ranging from about 5 to nearly black. Desert pocket gophers (Geomys 14 inches (13 to 36 cm) long (head and arenarius) are always brown and vary body). Adult males are larger than from nearly 8 3/4 to 11 inches (22 to 28 adult females. Their fur is very fine, cm) long. Texas pocket gophers soft, and highly variable in color. (Geomys personatus) are also brown and Opening of fur-lined Colors range from nearly black to pale cheek pouch are from slightly larger than 8 3/4 to brown to almost white. The great vari- nearly 13 inches (22 to 34 cm) long. Fig. 2. Pocket gopher characteristics. ability in size and color of pocket Southeastern pocket gophers (Geomys gophers is attributed to their low dis- pinetis) are of various shades of brown, Identification persal rate and thus limited gene flow, depending on soil color, and are from resulting in adaptation to local condi- 9 to 13 1/4 inches (23 to 34 cm) long. Pocket gophers (Fig. 1) are fossorial tions. (burrowing) rodents, so named be- Pappogeomys have a single groove on Thirty-four species of pocket gophers, cause they have fur-lined pouches out- each upper incisor and, like Geomys, represented by five genera, occupy the side of the mouth, one on each side of have large forefeet with large claws. western hemisphere. In the United the face (Fig. 2). These pockets, which Yellow-faced pocket gophers States there are 13 species and three are capable of being turned inside out, (Pappogeomys castanops) vary in length genera. The major features differentiat- are used for carrying food. Pocket go- from slightly more than 5 1/2 to just ing these genera are the size of their phers are powerfully built in the fore- less than 7 1/2 inches (14 to 19 cm). forefeet, claws, and front surfaces of quarters and have a short neck; the Their fur color varies from pale yellow their chisel-like incisors (Fig. 3). head is fairly small and flattened. The to dark reddish brown. The under- forepaws are large-clawed and the lips Thomomys have smooth-faced incisors parts vary from whitish to bright yel- close behind their large incisors, all and small forefeet with small claws. lowish buff. Some hairs on the back marvelous adaptations to their under- Northern pocket gophers (Thomomys and top of the head are dark-tipped. ground existence. talpoides) are typically from 6 1/2 to 10 Gophers have small external ears and inches (17 to 25 cm) long. Their fur is Range small eyes. As sight and sound are variable in color but is often yellowish severely limited, gophers are highly brown with pale underparts. Botta’s Pocket gophers are found only in the dependent on the sense of touch. The (or valley) pocket gophers (Thomomys Western Hemisphere. They range from vibrissae (whiskers) on their face are bottae) are extremely variable in size Panama in the south to Alberta in the very sensitive to touch and assist and color. Botta’s pocket gophers are 5 north. With the exception of the south- pocket gophers while traveling about inches to about 13 1/2 inches (13 to 34 eastern pocket gopher, they occur in their dark tunnels. The tail is cm) long. Their color varies from throughout the western two-thirds of sparsely haired and also serves as a almost white to black. the United States. Thomomys Geomys Pappogeomys Fig. 3. These three genera of pocket gophers can be differentiated by relative size of forefeet and front surfaces of upper incisors. B-18 Plains pocket gophers (Geomys where soil moisture is sufficient to bursarius, Fig. 4a) are found in the cen- maintain the integrity of the burrow. A tral plains from Canada south through less visible requirement is that atmo- Texas and Louisiana. Botta’s (or val- spheric and exhaled gases must diffuse ley) pocket gophers (Thomomys bottae, through the soil to and from the Fig. 4a) are found in most of the south- gopher’s tunnel. Thus light-textured, ern half of the western United States. porous soils with good drainage allow for good gas exchange between the Northern pocket gophers (Thomomys tunnel and the atmosphere. Soils that talpoides, Fig. 4b) range throughout have a very high clay content or those most of the states in the northern half that are continuously wet diffuse gases of the western United States. Yellow- poorly and are unsuitable for gophers. faced pocket gophers (Pappogeomys castanops, Fig. 4b) occur from Mexico, Pocket gophers sometimes occupy Fig. 4a. Range of the plains pocket gopher along the western edge of Texas, east- fairly rocky habitats, although those (Geomys bursarius) (dark) and Botta’s pocket ern New Mexico, southeastern Colo- habitats generally do not have more gopher (Thomomys bottae) (light) in North America. rado, southwestern Kansas, and into than 10% rocks in the top 8 inches (20 the panhandle of Oklahoma. cm) of soil. Pocket gophers appear to burrow around rocks greater than 1 Southeastern pocket gophers (Geomys inch (2.5 cm) in diameter, but smaller pinetis, Fig. 4c) are found in northern rocks are frequently pushed to the and central Florida, southern Georgia, surface. and southeastern Alabama. Southern pocket gophers (Thomomys umbrinus, Soil depth is also important in amelio- Fig. 4c) range primarily in Central rating temperatures. Soils less than 4 America, but occur in extreme south- inches (10 cm) deep probably are too western New Mexico and southeastern warm during summers. Shallow tun- Arizona. Desert pocket gophers nels may also limit the presence of (Geomys arenarius) occur only in south- gophers during cold temperatures, western New Mexico and the extreme especially if an insulating layer of western edge of Texas. Mazama snow is absent. pocket gophers (Thomomys mazama,), Typically, only one species of pocket mountain pocket gophers (Thomomys gopher is found in each locality. Soil monticola ), and Camas pocket gophers factors are important in limiting the (Thomomys bulbivorus) have more lim- distributions of pocket gophers. The Fig. 4b. Range of the northern pocket gopher ited distributions in the extreme west- (Thomomys talpoides) (dark) and yellow-faced larger gophers are restricted to sandy ern United States. pocket gopher (Pappogeomys castanops) (light) in and silty soils east of the Rockies. North America. Smaller gophers of the genus Habitat Thomomys have a broader tolerance to various soils. A wide variety of habitats are occu- pied by pocket gophers. They occur Food Habits from low coastal areas to elevations in excess of 12,000 feet (3,600 m). Pocket Pocket gophers feed on plants in three gophers similarly are found in a wide ways: 1) they feed on roots that they variety of soil types and conditions. encounter when digging; 2) they may They reach their greatest densities on go to the surface, venturing only a friable, light-textured soils with good body length or so from their tunnel herbage production, especially when opening to feed on aboveground that vegetation has large, fleshy roots, vegetation; and 3) they pull vegetation bulbs, tubers, or other underground into their tunnel from below. Pocket storage structures. gophers eat forbs, grasses, shrubs, and The importance of soil depth and tex- trees. They are strict herbivores, and ture to the presence or absence of any animal material in their diet appears to result from incidental Fig. 4c. Range of the southeastern pocket gopher gophers is both obvious and cryptic. (Geomys pinetis) (dark) and southern pocket Shallow soils may be subject to cave- ingestion. gopher (Thomomys umbrinus) (light) in North ins and thus will not maintain a tunnel. Alfalfa and dandelions are apparently America. Tunnels are deeper in very sandy soils some of the most preferred and nutri- B-19 tious foods for pocket gophers.
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