Cyclooxygenase Inhibitory Activity of Aloe Species

Cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity of Aloe species

KL Lindsey1*, AK Jäger1 and AM Viljoen2

1 Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Botany and Zoology, University of Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa 2 Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road, Park Town 2193, South Africa * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]

Received 7 February 2001, accepted in revised form 26 July 2001

Aloes are used in traditional medicine for arthritis and type showed high values of inhibition. The flavanone to treat skin irritations. These indications could point to producing species (A. pratensis, A. humilis and A. pre- the plants having anti-inflammatory activity. Methanolic toriensis) also exhibited high values. These high values extracts of dried leaves of 53 Aloe species were tested are similar to those recorded for aloes which accumu- in the cyclooxygenase-1 assay. Cyclooxygenase is one late anthrones and chromones (A. wickensii). The two of the key enzymes in the biosynthesis of main anthrone chemotypes in Aloe are represented by prostaglandins that are implicated in inflammatory homonataloin- and aloin accumulating species. No sig- processes. The selected species are representative of nificant differences could be observed between species all chemotypes identified for the genus. The grass-like accumulating aloin (A. ferox) when compared to the and scandent aloes accumulate flavonoids in co-occur- homonataloin-producing species (A. mitriformis). It is rence with the anthrone isomers aloin A and B (A. interesting to note that species with similar exudate boylei). This group is considered to be basal in Aloe and profiles (A. mitriformis and A. comptonii) showed simi- with the exception of A. ciliaris, members of this chemo- lar values of inhibition.

Introduction

Aloes are reputed to have been used therapeutically since types of healing, but it is now recognised that wound healing Roman times (Reynolds and Dweck 1999). Aloe vera (L.) is a complex process and that many of the constituent Burm. f. and various other species are known to have been processes may be addressed in different ways by different used as purgatives, and for skin healing since the fourth aloe gel components (Reynolds and Dweck 1999). Penneys century BC (Hutchings et al. 1996). The different properties (1981) found that A. vera gel and extract inhibited oxidation have been ascribed to the inner, colourless, leaf gel and to of arachidonic acid in vitro. In an investigation of the effect of the exudate from the outer layers (Reynolds and Dweck A. vera on burn wounds it was found that PGF2α levels

1999). Although the preponderant amount of research on decreased in aloe-treated wounds, while PGE2 levels the genus Aloe has concentrated on Aloe vera, South Africa increased compared to controls (Heggers et al. 1979). harbours ca. 160 species of Aloe of which many are used in Cappaso et al. (1983) found that aloin stimulated traditional healing. In South Africa, a decoction of A. ferox prostaglandin synthesis. An aqueous extract from aloe gel leaves or roots is used in traditional medicine for arthritis and containing sterols and ‘anthraglycosides’ inhibited the pro- eczema and leaf sap of several species such as A. duction of prostaglandin E2 from arachidonic acid in vitro arborescens and A. greatheadii is applied externally to treat (Vazques et al. 1996). A glycoprotein component of the gel, skin irritations, bruises and burns (Van Wyk et al. 1997). Aloctin A, was shown to inhibit prostaglandin E2 production, These indications could point to the plants having anti- but over a relatively long incubation period compared to inflammatory activity. Cyclooxygenase is one of the key acetylsalicylic acid (Ohuchi et al. 1984). Salicylic acid, which enzymes in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins that are impli- acts as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory by inhibiting the cated in inflammatory processes. Inhibition of cyclooxyge- production of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid through nase and hence of the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, has been demonstrated in may lead to relief from these ailments. A. vera (Robson et al. 1982). Emodin, aloe-emodin and aloin A great deal of research has been conducted into the use can be broken down by the Kolbe reaction to form salicy- of aloes for the treatment of inflammation and wound heal- lates (Klein and Penneys 1988). ing. The treatment of inflammation is the key effect for most While it seems evident that some of the beneficial effects 48 Lindsey, Jäger and Viljoen of aloe is via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis it is still samples containing inactivated enzyme to which 14C-arachi- unclear which compounds are responsible for the effects. donic acid was added, were kept on ice. Four microlitres of We therefore wanted to test a large number of African aloes a 0.2mg ml-1 carrier solution of unlabelled prostaglandins to ascertain whether certain species have potential for fur- (PGE2:PGF2 1:1 v/v) were added. ther development of wound healing products. The species The prostaglandins were separated from the unmetabolised selected for testing of cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitory activity arachidonic acid by column chromatography. Silica gel in are representative of all chemotypes identified for the genus. eluent 1 (hexane:dioxane: acetic acid 350:50:1v/v) was packed to a height of 3cm in Pasteur pipettes. One millilitre Materials and Methods of eluent 1 was added to the samples and this mixture was applied to the columns. The arachidonic acid was eluted Leaves of each of the selected species were obtained from from the column with 4ml of eluent 1 and discarded. the National Botanical Institute (Pretoria) and dried. One Labelled prostaglandins were eluted with 3ml of eluent 2 gram of ground leaf material from each of the species was (ethyl acetate:methanol 85:15v/v). Four millilitres of scintilla- extracted with methanol. Extracts were resuspended to a tion fluid were added to each vial and the radioactivity meas- concentration of 4mg ml-1 in ethanol and anti-inflammatory ured using a Beckman LS6000LL scintillation counter. activity determined using the cyclooxygenase-1 assay as Percentage inhibition of test solutions was calculated by described by Jäger et al. (1996). Cyclooxygenase was pre- comparing the amount of radioactivity present in the sample pared from sheep seminal vesicle microsomal fractions. to that in the solvent blank. In order to determine the validi- Cyclooxygenase enzyme solution and co-factor solution (L- ty of the assay-system an ethanolic indomethacin standard adrenaline and reduced glutathione, 0.3mg ml-1 each in solution was assayed each time samples were tested in the 0.1M Tris buffer, pH 8.2) were mixed in a ratio of 1:5 and assay. Assays were performed in duplicate. incubated on ice for 15 minutes. Sixty microlitres of this enzyme/co-factor solution was added to 20μl of sample Results and Discussion (2.5μl of ethanolic extract + 17.5μl water). Twenty microlitres of 14C-arachidonic acid (30μM, 17Ci mol-1) was added and The results of the screening for cyclooxygenase-1 inhibito- the assay mixture incubated for 8 minutes at 37°C. The ry activity and a summary of the exudate chemistry are reaction was terminated by adding 10μl 2N HCl. Background given in Table 1. Figure 1 shows representative HPLC pro-

Figure 1: Representative chromatograms of Aloe species tested for anti-inflammatory activity. Peak number correspond to compounds in Table 1 South African Journal of Botany 2002, 68: 47–50 49

Table 1: The presence of leaf exudate compounds in Aloe species files of the leaf exudate compounds for some of the species tested for the inhibition of cyclooxygenase studied. The grass-like aloes (Aloe boylei, Figure 1b) and scandent Species %1 Leaf exudate compounds aloes (Aloe commixta, Figure 1d) accumulate flavonoids, and A. arborescens (1) 96 1, 3, 16, 18 in the case of the latter group the flavones are in co-occur- A. arborescens (2) 67 1, 3, 16, 18 rence with the anthrone isomers aloin A and B. The grass-like A. arborescens (3) 76 1, 3, 16, 18 aloes and the scandent aloes are considered basal in Aloe A. barberae2 68 A. boylei 91 12 (Viljoen et al. 1998) and with the exception of A. ciliaris, A. broomii 89 1, 10, 13, 14, 18, 27 members of this chemotype showed high values of inhibition. A. bulbilifera2 96 The flavanone producing species (A. pratensis, A. humilis A. capitata var. gneissicola 83 2, 18 and A. pretoriensis) also exhibited high values. These values A. castanea 82 1, 18, 19 are similar to those recorded for aloes which accumulate A. ciliaris 34 12 A. commixta 93 1, 12, 18 anthrones and chromones. The two main anthrone chemo- A. comptonii 83 1, 11, 17, 20 types in Aloe are represented by homonataloin and aloin A. conifera 48 1, 8, 20 accumulating species (Viljoen 1999). No noteworthy differ- 2 A. deyeri 85 ences could be observed between species accumulating A. dichotoma2 25 A. dinteri2 38 aloin (A. arborescens, Figure 1a, A. broomii, Figure 1c) when A. divaricata 7 2, 18 compared to the homonataloin producing species (A. mitri- A. dumatorum2 75 formis, Figure 1g, and A. wickensii, Figure 1i). Based on a A. eminens2 018 single chemical marker, microstigmin (compound 10 in A. esculenta 90 2, 5, 15, 21, 23 Figure 1) Viljoen (1999) unites A. broomii and A. microstigma A. excelsa 25 1, 2, 8, 16, 18 A. ferox 80 1, 8, 13, 18, 22 in the same chemotype. Aloe microstigma however shows A. globuligemma2 96 very low levels of inhibition (ca. 30%) while A. broomii A. harlana 73 2, 18, 22, 24 exhibits much higher levels of inhibition (89%). Inspection of A. hemmingii 92 1, 6, 18, 22 their HPLC chromatograms however show that although A. humilis 94 25 A. jacksonii2 23 1 microstigmin is accumulated in both species the chro- A. juvenna2 86 matograms are very different with respect to the chromone A. karasbergensis2 31 constituents. Hutter et al. (1996) demonstrated the anti- A. kedongensis 82 1, 2, 3, 26 inflammatory action of an isolated chromone from Aloe vera. A. marlothii 30 1, 8, 16, 18 More specifically, the anti-inflammatory action was demon- A. microstigma2 (1) 25 1, 2, 10, 13 A. microstigma2 (2) 36 1, 2, 10, 13 strated for the chromone containing the cinnamoyl ester. A. mitriformis 94 1, 8, 11, 17, 20 Cinnamoyl chromones are accumulated in Aloe broomii (27 A. morijensis 16 9 in Figure 1c), A. comptonii and A. mitriformis (11 and 17 in A. occidentale 79 1, 8, 12, 18 Figure 1g). All three of these species showed very high lev- A. parvula2 93 A. pendens2 64 els of inhibition. It is interesting to note that species with sim- A. plicatilis 92 9 ilar exudate profiles such as A. mitriformis and A. comptonii A. pluridens2 94 (Viljoen and Van Wyk 1999) show similar values of inhibition. A. pratensis 79 25 In contrast, the species which accumulate identical exudate A. pretoriensis 83 25 phenolics (A. plicatilis and A. morijensis only accumulate pli- A. ramossissima2 67 A. schelpei 5 6, 18, 24 cataloside) exhibit very different values of cyclooxygenase A. secundiflora 77 3, 16, 18 inhibition. It remains unclear however which group of chemi- A. sessiliflora 92 1, 18, 19 cal compounds (chromones, anthrones, phenyl pyrones, 2 A. speciosa 76 20 flavonoids, naphthalene compounds) are contributing to the A. succotrina2 46 1, 26 A. suprafoliata (1) 90 1, 8, 20 observed anti-inflammatory activity. The other component of A. suprafoliata (2) 63 1, 8, 20 any aloe leaf is the inner gel which is composed of polysac- A. suzannae 81 12, 25 charides. The gel of various species have been analysed by A. teniour 89 1, 12, 18 NMR analysis and the results indicate that the gel composi- 2 A. vaombe 35 tion varies between species (Diehl 2000). A. vaotsanda 91 1, 16, 25 A. verdoorniae2 76 The contribution of exudate phenolics alone to the A. viridiflora 79 1, 8, 20 observed cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitory activity requires fur- A. wickensii (1) 97 1, 4, 7, 20, 28 ther investigation as species devoid of chromones, A. wickensii (2) 89 1, 4, 7, 20, 28 anthrones and flavonoids, which are generally detected in 1 Percentage inhibition of cyclooxygenase Aloe, also exhibited activity. It would be interesting to deter- 2 Species contain, in addition to compounds 1–26 various com- mine which compounds in the leaf exudate and/or gel con- pounds which have not been identified and only ha,ve a restricted tribute to the anti-inflammatory activity in this medicinally occurrence in Aloe. important genus. 1 = aloesin, 2 = 7-hydroxyaloesin, 3 = aloenin, 4 = homonataloside B, 5 = 10-hydroxyaloin B, 6 = 8-O-methyl-7-hydroxyaloin, 7 = 3’-O- coumaroylaloesin, 8 = aloeresin A, 9 = plicataloside, 10 = microstigmin, 11 = aloeresin E, 12 = isovitexin, 13 = 5-hydroxyaloin B, 14 = broomii chromone I, 15 = 10-hydroxyaloin-6’-monoacetate, 16 = aloeresin D, 17 = aloeresin F, 18 = aloin A & B, 19 = 6-O-coumaroylaloesin, 20 = homonataloin A & B, 21 = deacetyllittoraloin, 22 = aloinoside A & B, 23 = littoraloin, 24 = microdontin A & B, 25 = flavanones, 26 = nataloin A & B, 27 = broomii chroíone II, 28 = 3’6’-di-O-coumaroylaloesin 50 Lindsey, Jäger and Viljoen

Acknowledgements — The NBI (Pretoria) is acknowledged for Ohuchi K, Watanabe M, Takahashi E, Tsurufuji S, Imanishi K, allowing access to their Aloe collection. The University of Natal Suzuki I, Levine L (1984) Lectins modulate prostaglandin E2 pro- Research Fund is thanked for financial assistance. duction by rat peritoneal macrophages. Agents and Actions 15: 419–423 References Penneys NS (1981) Inhibition of arachidonic acid oxidation by vehi- cle components. Acta Dermato-Venerologica 62: 59–61 Cappaso F, Mascolo N, Autore G, Duraccio MR (1983) Effect of Reynolds T, Dweck AC (1999) Aloe vera leaf gel: a review update. indomethacin on aloin and 1,8 dioxi-anthraquinone-induced pro- Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 68: 3–37 duction of prostaglandins in rat isolated colon. Prostaglandins Robson MC, Heggers JP, Hagstrom WJ (1982) Myth, magic, witch- 26: 557–562 craft or fact? Aloe vera revisited. Journal of Burn Care and Diehl B (2000) IASC certification of Aloe vera by NMR spectroscopy. Rehabilitation 3: 157–162 International Aloe Science Council’s 19th Annual Scientific Vazques B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B (1996) Anti inflammato- Seminar. Dallas, Texas, USA ry activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel. Journal of Heggers JP, Loy G, Robson MC (1979) Histological demonstration Ethnopharmacology 55: 69–75 of prostaglandins and thromboxanes in burned tissue. Journal of Van Wyk B-E, Van Oudtshoorn B, Gericke N (1997) Medicinal Surgical Research 28: 110–117 Plants of South Africa. Briza Publications, Pretoria, South Africa. Hutchings A, Scott AH, Lewis G, Cunningham AB (1996) Zulu ISBN 1875093095 Medicinal Plants — An Inventory. University of Natal Press, Viljoen AM (1999) A chemotaxonomic study of phenolic leaf com- Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, ISBN 0869809237 pounds in the genus Aloe. PhD thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, Hutter JA, Salman M, Stavinoha WB, Satsangi N, Williams RF, Johannesburg, South Africa Streeper RT, Weintraub ST (1996) Anti-inflammatory C-glucosyl Viljoen AM, Van Wyk B-E (1999) The chemotaxonomic value of two chromone from Aloe barbadensis. Journal of Natural Products cinnamoyl chromones aloeresins E and F in Aloe. Taxon 48: 59: 541–543 747–754 Jäger AK, Hutchings A, Van Staden J (1996) Screening of Zulu Viljoen AM, Van Wyk B-E, Van Heerden FR (1998) The distribution medicinal plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors. Journal and chemotaxonomic significance of flavonoids in the genus of Ethnopharmacology 52: 95–100 Aloe. Plant Systematics and Evolution 211: 31–42 Klein AD, Penneys NS (1988) Aloe vera. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 18: 714–720

Edited by B-E van Wyk