PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles OPEN ACCESS online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication

Evaluating threats and of South African

Samuel O. Bamigboye

26 August 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 11 | Pages: 16614–16619 DOI: 10.11609/jot.5728.12.11.16614-16619

For Focus, Scope, Aims, Policies, and Guidelines visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-0 For Artcle Submission Guidelines, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/submissions#onlineSubmissions For Policies against Scientfc Misconduct, visit htps://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/about/editorialPolicies#custom-2 For reprints, contact

The opinions expressed by the authors do not refect the views of the Journal of Threatened Taxa, Wildlife Informaton Liaison Development Society, Zoo Outreach Organizaton, or any of the partners. The journal, the publisher, the host, and the part- Publisher & Host ners are not responsible for the accuracy of the politcal boundaries shown in the maps by the authors.

Member

Threatened Taxa Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16614–16619 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) PLATINUM OPEN ACCESS DOI: htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.5728.12.11.16614-16619

#5728 | Received 23 January 2020 | Final received 31 July 2020 | Finally accepted 06 August 2020

S h o r Evaluatng threats and conservaton status of South African Aloe t C o Samuel O. Bamigboye m m Botany Department, School of Mathematcal and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, 0950, . u [email protected] n i c a t Abstract: South Africa is one of the biodiversity hotspots for Aloe in i preventng soil erosion (Smith & Van Wyk 2009). o Africa. This makes it important to evaluate the conservaton status Some of this genus are traded commercially n and threats to this genus. The South African Natonal Biodiversity Insttute (SANBI) Red List was employed to evaluate these two as cosmetcs (Grace et al. 2015) and medicine (Bjorå et factors. Results revealed that 44% of all species in this genus are of al. 2015). This has led Aloe to become threatened, with conservaton concern with the majority of them facing threats. This study recommends that more atenton such as strengthening the the majority of species in this genus being included in protecton of these species and controlling the threats identfed in this the Conventon on Internatonal Trade in Endangered study should be given to species in this genus in terms of conservaton Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (Grace 2011). management to reduce their risk of extncton. This implies that conservaton of the species in this Keywords: , biodiversity loss, extncton risk, hotspot, genus should be given a high priority, especially in areas threatened species. that are hotspots of this genus (Klopper & Smith 2013). This study evaluated the conservaton status and threats of Aloe in South Africa to determine which The genus Aloe belongs to the Asphodelaceae family species in this genus are threatened, and to determine (Cousins & Witkowski 2012). Biodiversity hotspots for factors responsible for their risk of extncton. Unlike this genus in Africa are located in Ethiopia, Madagascar some previous studies that mentoned the overall and (Grace 2009), which coincide with conservaton status of the genus Aloe (e.g., Grace et al. Africa’s main biodiversity hotspots (Daru et al. 2013). 2009; Cousins & Witkowski 2012), this study showed the are important to any ecosystems where they conservaton status and threats each species of Aloe is are found (Cousins & Witkowski 2012). Their facing using the South African Natonal Red List, and also is a source of food for many insects (Nicolson & Nepi quantfed in percentages species in this genus under 2005; Botes et al. 2009a,b) and avians (Symes et al. diferent Red List categories and threat categories. 2008; Forbes et al. 2009). They also modulate harsh environmental conditons, which facilitate colonizaton Methods of the environment by other taxa (Wabuyele & This study used the SANBI Red List 2017 version Kyalo 2008). Their mat-like root that is dense assist in to evaluate threats and conservaton status of South

Editor: Martn Potgieter, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, South Africa. Date of publicaton: 26 August 2020 (online & print)

Citaton: Bamigboye, S.O. (2020). Evaluatng threats and conservaton status of South African Aloe. Journal of Threatened Taxa 12(11): 16614–16619. htps://doi. org/10.11609/jot.5728.12.11.16614-16619

Copyright: © Bamigboye 2020. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: None.

Competng interests: The author declares no competng interests.

16614 J TT Status of South African Aloe Bamigboye

African Aloe. The following percentages were calculated: not threatened, but can be fagged and given priority in the species that are highly threatened, threatened terms of conservaton, and thus be referred to as species and of conservaton concern (Critcally Endangered, of conservaton concern (Victor & Keith 2004). Species Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Rare, and of conservaton concern in this study that are not Data Defcient); Aloe species that fall under diferent threatened should be monitored to determine if they categories of threats (Habitat destructon, individual’s have become threatened (Table 1). For instance Data collecton, invasive species occurrence, fre occurrence, defcient taxa could possibly be threatened (Moraswi et overgrazing, and insect atack); species endemic and non- al. 2019). This is why further eforts is required to obtain endemic to South Africa; threatened endemic species; sufcient informaton about them in order to determine and endemic species that are of conservaton concern if they are threatened or not. and diferent categories of threats (habitat destructon, individual’s collecton, invasive species occurrence, fre Threats to South African endemic and non-endemic occurrence, overgrazing, and insect atack) to endemic Aloe species species. Percentages of taxa in the genus Aloe in South Africa facing diferent types of threats are as follows: Results and Discussion 41.6% are threatened by habitat destructon, 16.8% Endemic and non-endemic species of the genus Aloe in are threatened due to individual’s collecton, 14.4% South Africa threatened by occurrence of invasive species, 5.6% A total of 125 taxa belonging to the genus Aloe were are threatened because of fre occurrences, 11.2% are listed in the South African Natonal Red List; 61.6% of threatened by overgrazing, 0.8% threatened due to species in the genus Aloe found in the South African insect atack, while there are no threats found for 42.4% Natonal Red List are endemic, while 38.4% are non- of the taxa. Aloe species are generally threatened by endemic. Species endemism is an important factor to be habitat destructon and collecton by people (Klooper considered in conservaton because the loss of endemic et al. 2009), a situaton also refected in this study. The species is of high signifcant impact in biodiversity collecton by people are majorly due to medicinal uses loss in any geographic areas that they occur (Moraswi and hortcultural uses which might be afectng the wild et al. 2019). A populaton survey of endemic taxa populaton of these taxa (Grace 2011). Enforcement of should be encouraged to determine their populaton regulaton restrictng the collectons of these taxa should size, density, and distributon in order to reveal their be more encouraged. It must be noted that a thorough current populaton trend. This informaton will inform assessment of those species for which their threats are appropriate conservaton measures, which are adaptve unknown can signifcantly change the results patern in to local conditons. the threat categories as presented above.

Highly threatened, threatened, and species of Threats to endemic species of South African Aloe conservaton concern in South African Aloe The results of the percentages of endemic species The various threat status categories of South of South African Aloe facing diferent kind of threats African Aloe are: 52.8% (Least Concern), 10.4% are as follows: 57% are afected by habitat destructon, (Rare), 2.4% (Data Defcient), 3.2% (Data Defcient, 23.4% afected by Individual’s collecton, 17% are taxonomically problematc), 10.4% (Near Threatened), afected by invasive species, 9% by fre occurrence, 13% 11.2% (Vulnerable), 4% (Endangered), 5.6% (Critcally by overgrazing, while there are no threats found for Endangered), 44% are of conservaton concern (Critcally 26% of the endemic species. Habitat destructon and Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, collecton by people stll stood out among the threats to Rare, and Data Defcient). Species that are highly endemic South African Aloe species. It is recommended threatened are referred to as Critcally Endangered that species for whom their threats are not known (Williams et al. 2013) because they are at the brink of (Table 1) be further assessed. Thus, it is possible that extncton. Aloe species in this study that falls into this a reassessment of these species can alter the results category (Table 1) should be given quick conservaton presented above. interventon such as preventng further collecton by people, minimizing habitat loss, and improving on Conservaton status of endemic species in South their regeneraton potentals to prevent complete African Aloe extrpaton of their populatons. Some plant species are The results of the percentages of endemic Aloe

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16614–16619 16615 J TT Status of South African Aloe Bamigboye

Table 1. List of Aloe species in South Africa, their SANBI Red List Status, their endemism status and their threats on SANBI Red List.

Species SANBI Red List status Endemism status Threats Aloe aculeata Pole-Evans Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe afnis A.Berger Least Concern Not endemic Habitat destructon Mill. Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe albida (Stapf) Reynolds Near Threatened Not endemic Habitat destructon Aloe alooides (Bolus) Druten Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe ammophila Reynolds Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe angelica Pole-Evans Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe arborescens Mill. Least Concern Not endemic No threat Reynolds Near Threatened Endemic No threat Aloe barbara-jeppeae T.A.McCoy & Lavranos Near Threatened Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe bergeriana (Dinter) Boatwr. & J.C.Manning Data Defcient Not endemic Habitat destructon Aloe bowiea Schult. & J.H.Schult. Critcally Endangered Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe braamvanwykii Gideon F.Sm. & Figueiredo Endangered Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe branddraaiensis Groenew. Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Habitat destructon, invasive Mill. var. brevifolia Vulnerable Endemic presence, individual’s collecton Data Defcient taxonomically Aloe brevifolia Mill. var. depressa (Haw.) Baker Endemic Habitat destructon problematc Aloe broomii Schönland var. broomii Least Concern Not Endemic No threat Aloe broomii Schönland var. tarkaensis Reynolds Rare Endemic No threat Individual’s collecton, habitat Aloe buhrii Lavranos Vulnerable Endemic destructon Aloe castanea Schönland Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe chabaudii Schönland var. chabaudii Least Concern Not endemic No threat Individual’s collecton, Aloe challisii Van Jaarsv. & A.E.van Wyk Vulnerable Endemic invasive presence Aloe chlorantha Lavranos Vulnerable Endemic Insect atack Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe chortolirioides A.Berger var. chortolirioides Vulnerable Not endemic presence, fre occurrences, Aloe chortolirioides A.Berger var. woolliana (Pole-Evans) Habitat destructon, fre Least Concern Endemic Glen & D.S.Hardy occurrences Aloe clavifora Burch. Least Concern Not endemic No threat Individuals collecton, habitat Aloe comosa Marloth & A.Berger Least Concern Endemic destructon Aloe condyae Van Jaarsv. & P.Nel Vulnerable Endemic Invasive presence Habitat destructon, Aloe cooperi Baker Least Concern Not endemic overgrazing, invasive presence Individual’s collecton, Aloe craibii Gideon F.Sm. Critcally Endangered Endemic fre occurrences, invasive presence, habitat destructon Aloe cryptopoda Baker Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe dabenorisana Van Jaarsv. Rare Endemic Individual’s collecton Aloe deweti Reynolds Least Concern Not endemic No threat Habitat destructon, Aloe dominella Reynolds Near Threatened Endemic overgrazing, fre occurrences, invasive presence Aloe dyeri Schönland Least Concern Not endemic No threat Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe ecklonis Salm-Dyck Least Concern Not endemic presence A.Berger var. excelsa Least Concern Not endemic No threat Individual’s collecton, Aloe falcata Baker Least Concern Not endemic overgrazing Individual’s collecton, habitat Mill. Least Concern Not endemic destructon, overgrazing Aloe fosteri Pillans Least Concern Endemic No threat

16616 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16614–16619 J TT Status of South African Aloe Bamigboye

Species SANBI Red List status Endemism status Threats Data Defcient taxonomically Habitat destructon, Aloe fouriei D.S.Hardy & Glen Endemic problematc overgrazing Aloe framesii L.Bolus Near Threatened Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe gariepensis Pillans Least Concern Not endemic No threat Habitat destructon, Aloe gerstneri Reynolds Vulnerable Endemic Overgrazing Aloe glauca Mill. Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe globuligemma Pole-Evans Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe gracilifora Groenew. Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe grandidentata Salm-Dyck Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe greatheadii Schönland var. davyana (Schönland) Least Concern Not endemic No threat Glen & D.S.Hardy Aloe greatheadii Schönland var. greatheadii Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe greenii Baker Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe hahnii Gideon F.Sm. & R.R.Klopper Near Threatened Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe hardyi H.F.Glen Rare Endemic No threat Aloe hereroensis Engl. var. hereroensis Least Concern Not endemic No threat Habitat destructon, Aloe humilis (L.) Mill. Least Concern Endemic individual’s collecton Habitat destructon, Aloe inconspicua Plowes Endangered Endemic overgrazing Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe integra Reynolds Vulnerable Not endemic presence, fre occurrences Aloe jeppeae Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe kamnelii Van Jaarsv. Rare Endemic No threat Aloe karasbergensis Pillans Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe knersvlakensis S.J.Marais Rare Endemic No threat Habitat destructon, fre Aloe kniphofoides Baker Vulnerable Endemic occurrences Individual’s collecton, habitat Aloe komaggasensis Kritzinger & Van Jaarsv. Vulnerable Endemic destructon, overgrazing Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe komatensis Reynolds Endangered Not endemic presence Aloe kouebokkeveldensis Van Jaarsv. & A.B.Low Rare Endemic No threat Individual’s collecton, habitat Aloe krapohliana Marloth Data Defcient Endemic destructon, overgrazing Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe letyae Reynolds Endangered Endemic occurrence, overgrazing, fre occurrences Habitat destructon, Aloe linearifolia A.Berger Near Threatened Endemic overgrazing Aloe lineata (Aiton) Haw. var. lineata Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe lineata (Aiton) Haw. var. muirii (Marloth) Reynolds Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe litoralis Baker Least Concern Not endemic No threat Individual’s collecton, habitat Aloe longistyla Baker Data Defcient Endemic destructon, overgrazing Aloe lutescens Groenew. Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe maculata All. Least Concern Not endemic No threat A.Berger subsp. marlothii Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe marlothii A.Berger subsp. orientalis Glen & Least Concern Not endemic No threat D.S.Hardy Aloe melanacantha A.Berger Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe meyeri Van Jaarsv. Rare Not endemic No threat Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe micracantha Haw. Near Threatened Endemic presence Aloe microstgma Salm-Dyck Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe minima Baker Least Concern Not endemic Habitat destructon Habitat destructon, Invasive Aloe modesta Reynolds Vulnerable Endemic presence

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16614–16619 16617 J TT Status of South African Aloe Bamigboye

Species SANBI Red List status Endemism status Threats Aloe monotropa I.Verd. Vulnerable Endemic Individual’s collecton Aloe mudenensis Reynolds Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe myriacantha (Haw.) Schult. & J.H.Schult. Least Concern Not endemic Invasive occurrences Aloe neilcrouchii R.R.Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. Endangered Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe neilcrouchii R.R.Klopper & Gideon F.Sm. Critcally Endangered Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe nubigena Groenew. Rare Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe parvibracteata Schönland Least Concern Not endemic No threat Schönland Vulnerable Not endemic Overgrazing Habitat destructon, Aloe peglerae Schönland Critcally Endangered Endemic individual’s collecton L. Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe petricola Pole-Evans Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe petrophila Pillans Rare Endemic No threat Aloe pictfolia D.S.Hardy Rare Endemic No threat Haw. Least Concern Endemic No threat Habitat destructon, Aloe pratensis Baker Least Concern Not endemic individual’s collecton Aloe pretoriensis Pole-Evans Least Concern Not endemic Habitat destructon Individual’s collecton and Aloe prinslooi I.Verd. & D.S.Hardy Near Threatened Endemic invasive presence Habitat destructon, Aloe pruinosa Reynolds Vulnerable Endemic individual’s collecton, invasive occurrence Aloe reitzii Reynolds var. reitzii Near Threatened Endemic No threat Aloe reitzii Reynolds var. vernalis D.S.Hardy Critcally Endangered Endemic Individual’s collecton Aloe reynoldsii Lety Rare Endemic Individual’s collecton Baker Least Concern Not endemic No threat Habitat destructon, Aloe saundersiae (Reynolds) Reynolds Critcally Endangered Endemic overgrazing, fre occurrences Aloe sharoniae N.R.Crouch & Gideon F.Sm. Least Concern Not endemic Habitat destructon Habitat destructon, Invasive Aloe simii Pole-Evans Critcally Endangered Endemic presence Aloe soutpansbergensis I.Verd. Rare Endemic Individual’s collecton Baker Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe spectabilis Reynolds Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe spicata L.f. Least Concern Not endemic No threat Haw. Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe succotrina Lam. Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe sufulta Reynolds Least Concern Not Endemic No threat Aloe suprafoliata Pole-Evans Least Concern Not Endemic No threat Aloe thompsoniae Groenew. Rare Endemic No threat Habitat destructon, invasive Aloe thorncrofii Pole-Evans Near Threatened Endemic presence Habitat destructon, Baker Near Threatened Endemic individual’s collecton Aloe vanbalenii Pillans Least Concern Not endemic No threat Aloe vanrooyenii Gideon F.Sm. & N.R.Crouch Least Concern Endemic No threat Aloe verecunda Pole-Evans Least Concern Endemic Habitat destructon Aloe vogtsii Reynolds Near Threatened Endemic Habitat destructon Habitat destructon, fre Data Defcient taxonomically Aloe vossii Reynolds Endemic occurrences, Invasive problematc presence Data Defcient taxonomically Aloe vryheidensis Groenew. Endemic Habitat destructon problematc Aloe zebrina Baker Least Concern Not endemic No threat

16618 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16614–16619 J TT Status of South African Aloe Bamigboye taxa in South Africa on SANBI Red List threat status names, distributon and conservaton. Journal of Ethnobiology and categories are as follows: 32.4% (Least Concern), 5.2% Ethnomedicine 11: 82. htps://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-015-0060-0 Botes, C., S.D. Johnson & R.M. Cowling (2009a). The birds and the (Data Defcient taxonomically problematc), 2.6% (Data : Using selectve exclusion to identfy efectve of Defcient), 15.6% (Rare), 15.5% (Near Threatened), African tree aloes. Internatonal Journal of Plant Science 170 (2): 151–156. htps://doi.org/10.1086/595291 14.3% (Vulnerable), 5.2% (Endangered) and 9.1% Botes, C., P.D. Wragg & S.D. Johnson (2009b). New evidence for (Critcally Endangered); 28.6% of the endemic species -pollinaton systems in Aloe (Asphodelaceae: Aloideae), a in this genus are threatened (Critcally Endangered, predominantly bird-pollinated genus. South African Journal of Botany 75: 675–681. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2009.07.010 Endangered, Vulnerable); 62.3% of the endemic species Cousins, S.R. & E.T.F. Witkowski (2012). African Aloe Ecology: A Review. are of conservaton concern (Critcally Endangered, Journal of Arid Environments 85: 1–17. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j. Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Rare, and jaridenv.2012.03.022 Forbes, R.W., A.J.F.K. Craig, P.E. Hulley & D.M. Parker (2009). Data Defcient). Endemic plant species are more Seasonal variaton in the avian community associated with an Aloe vulnerable to extncton (Williams et al. 2013) because ferox (Asphodelaceae, Mill.) fowering event in the Eastern Cape, they are restricted to certain geographic regions and South Africa. In: Harebotle D.M., A.J.F.K. Craig, M.D. Anderson, H. Rakotomanana & M. Muchai (eds.). Proceedings of the 12th Pan- the total extrpaton of their populatons in that region African Ornithological Congress, 2008, Cape Town. automatcally result in total extncton of the species Grace, O.M. (2009). Systematcs and biocultural value of Aloe L. (Bamigboye 2019). This is also being clearly revealed (Asphodelaceae). PhD Thesis. University of Pretoria, 158pp. Grace, O.M. (2011). Current perspectves on the economic botany of in this study as all the Critcally Endangered Aloe the genus Aloe Xanthorrhoeaceae. South African Journal of Botany species in this study are endemic species, which further 98: 980–987. htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2011.07.002 Grace, O.M., M.S.J. Simmond, G.F. Smith & A.E. van Wyk (2009). supports the noton that a more proactve conservaton Documented utlity and biocultural value of Aloe L. (Asphodelaceae): interventon should be given to these species. a review. Economic Botany 63(2): 167–178. htps://doi.org/10.1007/ s12231-009-9082-7 Grace, O.M., S. Buerki, M.R. Symonds, F. Forest, A.E. van Wyk, G.F. Conclusion Smith, R.R. Klopper, C.S. Bjorå, S. Neale, S. Demissew, M.S.J. This study presents the current conservaton status, Simmonds & N. Rønsted (2015). Evolutonary history and endemic status and threats that each species of Aloe succulence as explanatons for medicinal use in aloes and the global popularity of . BMC Evolutonary Biology 15: 29. htps:// in South African Red List are facing. It also quantfes doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0291-7 the percentages of species in this genus that fall into Klopper R.R. & G.F. Smith (2013). Aloes of the world: When, where diferent SANBI Red List categories, threat categories, and who? Aloe 50 (1&2): 44–52. Moraswi I., S.O. Bamigboye & P.M. Tshisikhawe (2019). Conservaton and endemism categories. This study provides status and threats to species endemic to Soutpansberg informaton on the species of Aloe in South Africa that Mountain in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Internatonal Journal need more conservaton atenton. For instance the of Plant Biology. 10: 7978: 14–16. htps://doi.org/10.4081/ pb.2019.7978 Critcally in this study that are all Nicolson, S.W. & M. Nepi (2005). Dilute nectar in dry atmospheres: endemic species (Table 1) can be given higher priorites nectar secreton paterns in Aloe castanea (Asphodelaceae). for conservaton. Conservaton status of species changes Internatonal Journal of Plant Sciences 166(2): 227–233. htps://doi. org/10.1086/427616 over tme (Bamigboye et al. 2016). It is recommended Smith, G.F. & B. van Wyk (2009). Aloes in Southern Africa. Struik that South African Aloe should be further evaluated Nature, Cape Town. South African Natonal Biodiversity Insttute (SANBI) Natonal Red to see if they have become more threatened in recent List version for genus Aloe (2017). htp://redlist.sanbi.org/genus. tmes or not. A recent evaluaton will also reveal if the php?genus=2206. ones that are not threatened on SANBI Red List are now Symes, C.T., S.W. Nicholson & A.E. McKechnie (2008). Response of avian nectarivores to the fowering of Aloe marlothii: a nectar oasis threatened. during dry South African winters. Journal of Ornithology 149: 13–22. htps://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0206-5 References Wabuyele, E. & S. Kyalo (2008). Sustainable Use of East African Aloes: the Case of Commercial Aloes in Kenya. NDF Workshop Case Studies, WG3 e Succulents and Cycads, Case Study 1: Aloe spp. East Bamigboye, S.O. (2019). Conservaton status and threats to endemic and southern Africa, Mexico, 17pp. plant species of Griqualand West of South Africa. Journal of Williams, V.L., J.E. Victor & N.R. Crouch (2013). Red listed Plant Development 26: 117–121. htps://doi.org/10.33628/ medicinal of South Africa: status, trend and assessment jpd.2019.26.1.11 challenges. South African Journal of Botany 86: 23–35. htps://doi. Bamigboye, S.O., P.M. Tshisikhawe & P.J. Taylor (2016). Review of org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.01.006 extncton risk in African cycads. Phyton Internatonal Journal of Victor, J.E. & M. Keith (2004). The orange list: a safety net for Experimental Botany 85(1): 333–336. biodiversity in South Africa South African Journal of Science 100: Bjorå, C.S., E. Wabuyele, O.M. Grace, I. Nordal & L.E. Newton 139–141. (2015). The uses of Kenyan aloes: an analysis of implicatons for

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 August 2020 | 12(11): 16614–16619 16619 PLATINUM The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. OPEN ACCESS All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

August 2020 | Vol. 12 | No. 11 | Pages: 16407–16646 Date of Publicaton: 26 August 2020 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2020.12.11.16407-16646

Artcle Short Communicatons

Use of an embedded fruit by Nicobar Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis Open garbage dumps near protected areas in Utarakhand: an emerging threat umbrosus: II. Demographic infuences on choices of coconuts Cocos nucifera and to Asian Elephants in the Shivalik Elephant Reserve patern of forays to palm plantatons – Kanchan Puri, Ritesh Joshi & Vaibhav Singh, Pp. 16571–16575 – Sayantan Das, Rebekah C. David, Ashvita Anand, Saurav Harikumar, Rubina Rajan & Mewa Singh, Pp. 16407–16423 A preliminary checklist of spiders (Araneae: Arachnida) in Jambughoda Wildlife Sanctuary, Panchmahal District, Gujarat, India Communicatons – Reshma Solanki, Manju Siliwal & Dolly Kumar, Pp. 16576–16596

Habitat preference and current distributon of Chinese Pangolin (Manis Preliminary checklist of spider fauna (Araneae: Arachnida) of Chandranath Hill, pentadactyla L. 1758) in Dorokha Dungkhag, Samtse, southern Bhutan Goa, India – Dago Dorji, Jambay, Ju Lian Chong & Tshering Dorji, Pp. 16424–16433 – Rupali Pandit & Mangirish Dharwadkar, Pp. 16597–16606

A checklist of mammals with historical records from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya Buterfy (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) fauna of Jabalpur City, Madhya Pradesh, landscape, India India – Thangsuanlian Naulak & Sunita Pradhan, Pp. 16434–16459 – Jagat S. Flora, Ashish D. Tiple, Ashok Sengupta & Sonali V. Padwad, Pp. 16607– 16613 Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) distributon patern and feeding at Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary, India Evaluatng threats and conservaton status of South African Aloe – Nagarajan Baskaran, Ganesan Karthikeyan & Kamaraj Ramkumaran, Pp. 16460– – Samuel O. Bamigboye, Pp. 16614–16619 16468 Notes Suppression of ovarian actvity in a captve African Lion Panthera leo afer deslorelin treatment The frst record of Montagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus (Aves: Accipitridae) in – Daniela Paes de Almeida Ferreira Braga, Cristane Schilbach Pizzuto, Derek West Bengal, India Andrew Rosenfeld, Priscila Viau Furtado, Cláudio A. Oliveira, Sandra Helena Ramiro – Suman Prathar & Niloy Mandal, Pp. 16620–16621 Corrêa, Pedro Nacib Jorge-Neto & Marcelo Alcindo de Barros Vaz Guimarães, Pp. 16469–16477 An account of snake specimens in St. Joseph’s College Museum Kozhikode, India, with data on species diversity Spatal aggregaton and specifcity of incidents with wildlife make tea plantatons – V.J. Zacharias & Boby Jose, Pp. 16622–16627 in southern India potental bufers with protected areas – Tamanna Kalam, Tejesvini A. Putaveeraswamy, Rajeev K. Srivastava, Notes on the occurrence of a rare puferfsh, Chelonodontops leopardus Jean-Philippe Puyravaud & Priya Davidar, Pp. 16478–16493 (Day, 1878) (Tetraodontformes: Tetraodontdae), in the freshwaters of Payaswini River, Karnataka, India Innovatve way of human-elephant competton mitgaton – Priyankar Chakraborty, Subhrendu Sekhar Mishra & Krant Yardi, Pp. 16628– – Sanjit Kumar Saha, Pp. 16494–16501 16631

New locality records and call descripton of the Resplendent Shrub Frog New records of hoverfies of the genus Volucella Geofroy (Diptera: Syrphidae) Raorchestes resplendens (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Western from Pakistan along with a checklist of known species Ghats, India – Muhammad Asghar Hassan, Imran Bodlah, Anjum Shehzad & Noor Fatma, – Sandeep Das, K.P. Rajkumar, K.A. Sreejith, M. Royaltata & P.S. Easa, Pp. 16502– Pp. 16632–16635 16509 A new species of Dillenia (Angiosperms: Dilleniaceae) from the Eastern Ghats First record of a morphologically abnormal and highly metal-contaminated of Andhra Pradesh, India Spotback Skate Atlantoraja castelnaui (Rajiformes: Arhynchobatdae) from – J. Swamy, L. Rasingam, S. Nagaraju & Pooja R. Mane, Pp. 16636–16640 southeastern Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis, Márcio L.V. Barbosa-Filho, Lucia Helena S. de S. Pereira, Reinstatement of Pimpinella katrajensis R.S.Rao & Hemadri (Apiaceae), an Catarina A. Lopes, Sérgio C. Moreira, Rafael C.C. Rocha, Tatana D. Saint’Pierre, endemic species to Maharashtra with notes on its and distributon Paula Baldassin ­& Salvatore Siciliano, Pp. 16510–16520 – S.M. Deshpande, S.D. Kulkarni, R.B. More & K.V.C. Gosavi, Pp. 16641–16643

Buterfy diversity in an organic tea estate of Darjeeling Hills, eastern Himalaya, Puccinia duthiei Ellis & Tracy: a new host record on Chrysopogon velutnus from India India – Aditya Pradhan & Sarala Khaling, Pp. 16521–16530 – Suhas Kundlik Kamble, Pp. 16644–16646

Freshwater decapods (Crustacea: Decapoda) of Palair Reservoir, Telangana, India – Sudipta Mandal, Deepa Jaiswal, A. Narahari & C. Shiva Shankar, Pp. 16531–16547 Publisher & Host Diversity and distributon of fgs in Tripura with four new additonal records – Smita Debbarma, Biplab Banik, Biswajit Baishnab, B.K. Data & Koushik Majumdar, Pp. 16548–16570

Member

Threatened Taxa