Journal of Botanic Gardens Conservation International

BGjournalVolume 3 • Number 1 • January 2006

The International Agenda – five years on Forthcoming APPLIED CONSERVATION Meetings

March 20 – 31, 2006 CURITIBA, BRAZIL

8th Ordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity

Issues for in-depth consideration are island biodiversity, biological diversity of dry and sub- 2nd ANNUAL humid lands, the Global Initiative, access and benefit-sharing and communication, TRAINING PROGRAM AND INTERNSHIP education and public awareness. For more information, visit the http://www.biodiv.org/doc/ meeting.aspx?mtg=COP-08 PRESENTED BY: DENVER BOTANIC GARDENS, CENTER FOR PLANT CONSERVATION

June 19 - 25, 2006 SANTO DOMINGO, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC and UNITED STATES BOTANIC GARDEN

IX Congress of the Latin American Botanical Society (IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Botánica) Contribuyendo al conocimiento global de la flora  nativa latinoamericana (Contributing to the global knowledge of the native flora of Latin America)

The objectives of this Congress are to spread JUNE 6-10, 2006: JUNE 12-16, 2006: JUNE 6 – AUGUST 5, 2006: information about the flora of Latin America and bring CPC APPLIED PLANT PLANT CONSERVATION IN NINE-WEEK PAID together the botanical community to develop plans for the conservation and sustainable use of its flora. CONSERVATION TRAINING BOTANIC GARDENS SUMMER INTERNSHIP Seminar registration is due Application deadline is For further information, please contact Sonia April 21, 2006. March 1, 2006. Lagos-Witte, President Asociación Latinoamericano Admission is competitive. de Botánica - ALB and Coordinator, IX Congreso Latinoamericano de Botánica, Jardín Botánico  Nacional, Apartado Postal 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Tel: +1 809 385 2611/2612, Fax: +1 809 385 0446, E-mail: [email protected], Internet: http://www.botanica-alb.org Academic credit available by University of Denver.

For registration and applications, visit www.appliedplantconservation.org June 28 – July 1, 2006 SAN FRANCISCO, U.S.A. Held at Denver Botanic Gardens • 1005 York St., Denver, CO 80206 2006 APGA National Conference Sustainability: Walking the Talk

This conference is being hosted by the Arboretum of UC Santa Cruz, Conservatory of Flowers, Filoli Center, San Francisco and the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley. For further information, visit the AABGA website: http://aabga.org/

August 22 - 26, 2006 September 18 – 22, 2006 May 22 – 25, 2007 EGER, HUNGARY PRUHONICE, CZECH REPUBLIC BANGKOK, THAILAND

1st European Congress of Conservation Biology Fourth European Botanic Gardens Congress 1st International Biodiversity Congress Working Together for Livelihood Security, Food This meeting is being organised by the European For further information please contact Petr Security and Ecological Security for Life on Earth Section of the Society for Conservation Biology to Hanzelka, Prague Botanical Garden, Nadvorni promote the development and use of science for 134, 171 00 Prague 7 – Troja, The Czech Republic. For details, contact, E-mail: Ram Bhandari the conservation of European and Tel: +420 234 148 111, Fax: +420 233 542 629, [email protected] or [email protected] ecosystems, and to make sure that conservation E-mail: [email protected]. policy is firmly underpinned by the best available scientific evidence. For further information, please September 5 – 7, 2007 contact: http://www.eccb2006.org/ September 25 – 28, 2006 CLUJ-NAPOCA, ROMANIA UMAN, UKRAINE 5th Planta Europa Conference on the conservation September 10 – 14, 2006 International Scientific Conference ISC 2006 of wild in Europe OXFORD, U.K. Ancient parks and botanical gardens – scientific Working together for Plants centres, biodiversity conservation and protection of 6th International Congress on Education in Botanic the historical and cultural heritage Provisional dates. Pre-registration from May 2006. Gardens Conference website to follow: The Nature of Success: Success for Nature This conference celebrates the 210-anniversary of http://www.plantaeuropa.org/ the foundation the National dendrological park This meeting is being hosted by the University of “Sofiyivka”. For further information please contact Oxford Botanic Gardens and organised by BGCI, the Conference Secretariat: Miss Galina Vernyuk, the University of Oxford Botanic Gardens and the ISC 2006, National Dendrological Park “Sofiyivka”, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. For information, Kievska Street 12/a, Uman, Cherkassy Region, contact the Education Department, BGCI, Ukraine, 20300. Tel: +38 04744 38204, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Fax: +38 04744 37294, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953, E-mail: [email protected], Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956, Internet: http://www.sofiyivka.org.ua E-mail: [email protected], Internet: www.bgci.org/educationcongress. Contents

02 Editorial Editors: Etelka Leadlay and Sara Oldfield Co-editors: Suzanne Sharrock 03 The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation Cover Photo: Anagallis monelli (Blue Pimpernel) Cape and the 2010 Targets for botanic gardens St Vincent, Algarve Portugal (Photo: Timothy Walker) Design: John Morgan, Seascape 05 European botanic gardens and the International Agenda for E-mail: [email protected] Botanic Gardens in Conservation Submissions for the next issue should reach the editor before 20th March, 2006. We would be very grateful for text on diskette or via e-mail, as well as a hard copy. 08 The development of a strategic plan for a regional network of Please send photographs as original slides or prints unless scanned to a very high resolution (300 botanic gardens for conservation: the North American pixels/inch and 100mm in width); digital images need to experience be of a high resolution for printing. If you would like further information, please request Notes for authors. SANBI: institutional response to implementing the International BGjournal is published by Botanic Gardens Conservation 11 International (BGCI). It is published twice a year and is Agenda sent to all BGCI members. Membership is open to all interested individuals, institutions and organisations that support the aims of BGCI (see page 32 for Membership 14 The conservation of threatened plants by Cuban botanic application form) gardens: achieving the objectives of the International Agenda as Further details available from: • Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso a contribution towards the GSPC House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953, Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.org 16 The role of botanic gardens in the conservation of crop wild • BGCI-Russia, c/o Main Botanical Gardens, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow 127276, Russia. relatives Tel: +7 (095) 219 6160 / 5377, Fax: +7 (095) 218 0525, E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.ru • BGCI (U.S.) Inc., c/o Dan Shepherd, Director, 20 Botanic gardens in the age of restoration: supporting Target 8 1000 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, New York of the GSPC 11225-1099, U.S.A. Tel: +1 718 623 7200, Fax: +1 718 857 2430, E-mail: [email protected] www.bgci.org/us Developing an Invasive Plant Policy at a botanic garden: • BGCI-Netherlands, c/o Utrecht University Botanic 22 Gardens, P.O. Box 80162, NL-3508 TD, Netherlands. lessons learned Tel: +31 30 253 2876, Fax: +31 30 253 5177, E-mail: [email protected], www.bi.uu.nl/botgard 25 Training and capacity building for conservation in : • BGCI-Canarias, c/o Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo, Apartado de Correos 14, Tafira Alta 35017, implementing Target 15 of the GSPC Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain. Tel: +34 928 21 95 80/82/83, Fax: +34 928 21 95 81, E-mail: [email protected] 28 International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation: • BGCI – China and South , c/o Registry, Registration update Singapore Botanic Gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569. E-mail: Bian.Tan @bgci.org, [email protected], www.bgci.org/china • BGCI-Colombia , c/o Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, 30 Book Notices Jose Celestino Mutis, Av. No. 61-13 – A.A. 59887, Santa Fe de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Tel: +57 630 0949, Fax: +57 630 5075, E-mail: [email protected], 32 Registration Form for the International Agenda for Botanic www.humboldt.org.co/jardinesdecolombia/ Gardens in Conservation html/la_red.htm • BGCI-Deutschland, c/o Botanischer Gärten der Universität Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 171, 53115 Bonn, How to join Botanic Gardens Conservation International Germany. Tel: +49 2 2873 9055, Fax: +49 2 28731690, E-mail: [email protected]

BGCI is a worldwide membership organization established in 1987. Its mission is to build a global network for plant conservation. BGCI is an independent organization registered in the United Kingdom as a charity (Charity Reg No 1098834) and a company limited by guarantee, No 4673175. BGCI is a tax-exempt (501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the USA and in Russia. 16 24

Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Boards or staff of BGCI or of its members

BGjournal replaces BGCNews and is published twice a year. BGjournal has been given a new name as the news section of BGCNews and Roots (Botanic Gardens Conservation International Education Review) is now contained in Cuttings which is published quarterly. There are 31 issues of BGCNews published twice yearly from 1987-2003. 11

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 01 Editorial

Botanic gardens are a powerful force for At a political level, the value of the identification and monitoring, training biodiversity conservation. Individually International Agenda is recognised. The and capacity building and public and collectively gardens are addressing Convention on Biological Diversity education and awareness are being the range of activities needed to help (CBD) acknowledges the International adequately addressed. Others are not ensure the survival of threatened plant Agenda as the botanic garden currently being addressed to the same species around the world. The community’s contribution to the Global extent either because they have not International Agenda for Botanic Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). been considered priorities to the same Gardens in Conservation published in The 2010 Targets for botanic gardens degree or they are being addressed by 2000 remains the framework document (see page 4) provide an explicit link partner organizations. Similar broad summarising the issues that botanic between the two. Papers in this issue areas of focus in implementation are gardens are well-placed to tackle and demonstrate how the International likely to be highlighted internationally as highlighting actions that can be taken. Agenda and GSPC are mutually BGCI makes available its online This issue of BGjournal looks at the reinforcing. Responsibility for the monitoring tool for the International impact, successes and relevance of the implementation of the GSPC is Agenda currently being developed by International Agenda five years on. primarily governmental as a the BGCI (US) office. commitment to the CBD. A very encouraging aspect of the Implementation of the International Ultimately the impact of the International Agenda is its global Agenda is of course voluntary but can International Agenda will be what acceptance by the botanic garden demonstrate to politicians the counts. As the 2010 date for the GSPC community. By the end of 2005, five considered response of a botanic targets and the related 2010 Targets for years since its development, 443 garden to global concerns and policies botanic gardens draws closer we need organisations had registered their whether or not the country has signed to demonstrate and highlight our commitment to use the International up to the CBD. successes in plant conservation and Agenda as a framework for developing sustainable development. The institutional policies and programmes At a practical level, analysis of the forthcoming CBD COP in Brazil in April for plant conservation. The range of extent to which and ways in which the 2006 will be one opportunity to do this countries in which the International International Agenda is being and BGCI will be using the opportunity Agenda is being implemented by at implemented can help to determine to highlight the work of Latin American least one organisation continues to where more support, resources or new botanic gardens as an example of what increase and now stands at 82 partnerships might be needed either by can be achieved. The 3rd Global countries. In some of these countries, in an individual garden or botanic garden Botanic Gardens Congress in Wuhan, Europe, North America, and network. Clearly some of the China, which will be held from 16-20 South there is already a strong recommendations of the International April 2007 will provide an excellent plant conservation movement to which Agenda are being widely implemented opportunity for all botanic gardens to the work of botanic gardens can and the targets that have subsequently review their progress with the contribute. In other parts of the world, been developed should be relatively International Agenda and conservation one organisation signing the easy to reach. The article on the South impact. Congress news will be posted International Agenda may be a African National Botanic Gardens on the website – please take a look and significant forward step in the response to implementing the join us there! development of plant conservation International Agenda highlights that awareness and action. aspects such as ex situ conservation, Sara Oldfield

02 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) Author: Etelka Leadlay

The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation and the 2010 Targets for botanic gardens

The International Agenda for Botanic achieve 16 outcome-orientated targets References Gardens in Conservation provides a by 2010 based on five sub-objectives framework for the development of (CBD, 2003*). The International ➡ *CBD, 2003. Global Strategy for botanic garden policies and Agenda was published before the Plant Conservation (GSPC) programmes for conservation (Wyse Global Strategy for Plant Conservation Secretariat of the Convention on Jackson and Sutherland, 2000*). The (GSPC) and the structure is different. Biological Diversity [http://www. International Agenda was drawn up However, the activities of the biodiv.org/programmes/cross- with input from the botanic garden International Agenda contribute to all cutting/plant/default.asp, accessed community worldwide and has proved GSPC five sub-objectives and 16 November, 2005] Reference to be a major influence in shaping the targets. Botanic gardens can thus play throughout this issue of BGjournal. direction of botanic gardens. an important role in supporting the GSPC when they sign up to the ➡ Galbraith, D., 2003. IABGC Although each botanic garden is very International Agenda. Analysis Worksheet for Individual different and it would be impossible for Institutions. Royal Botanical every garden to achieve all the tasks Within the framework of the Gardens, Hamilton, Canada and recommendations outlined in the International Agenda a series of 20 [unpublished]. International Agenda, it gives guidance targets for botanic gardens worldwide on how each botanic garden can have been developed and agreed as a ➡ Jebb, M., 2005. Developing a develop its own role in conservation contribution to meeting the GSPC PlantNetwork response to Target 8 that is appropriate to its resources and targets by 2010 (see Box over: 2010 of the GSPC. BGjournal 2(2): 8. relevant to local, regional and Targets for botanic gardens and posted international environmental issues. on the BGCI website). These 2010 ➡ *Wyse Jackson, P.S. and The activities (211) have been compiled Targets for botanic gardens were Sutherland, L.A., 2000. International into a spreadsheet which helps developed at the 2nd World Botanic Agenda for Botanic Gardens in individual institutions judge whether Gardens Congress in 2004. These Conservation. Botanic Gardens they are engaged in a particular targets also provide guidance for Conservation International, London, recommendation, might do so in the developing national and regional U.K. Reference throughout this future or are not doing it now nor targets for botanic garden networks – issue of BGjournal. contemplating such action in the future as for example in the U.K. (Jebb, 2005) (Galbraith, 2003). This is shown in and in the North American region (see Etelka Leadlay SANBI’s institutional response to the page 8) and Europe (see page 5). Head of Research and International Agenda (see page 11). Membership Services This spreadsheet has been developed This issue of BGjournal shows how Botanic Gardens Conservation into an interactive tool by BGCI (U.S.) botanic gardens are working according International and will be posted on the website to the framework provide by the Descanso House, 199 Kew Road shortly. International Agenda and at the same Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. time implementing the targets of the Telephone: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 The Global Strategy for Plant GSPC through the botanic garden Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 Conservation (GSPC) sets out a targets. E-mail: [email protected] challenge for governments and the Internet: www.bgci.org wider biodiversity community to

BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 03-04 03 2010 Targets for botanic gardens**

(a) Understanding and documenting plant (viii) 60 per cent of threatened plant species in (d) Promoting education and awareness diversity: accessible ex situ collections, preferably in the country about plant diversity: of origin, and 10 per cent of them included in recovery (i) A widely accessible working list of known plant and restoration programmes; (xiv) The importance of plant diversity and the need species, as a step towards a complete world flora; for its conservation incorporated into 8) 50 per cent of threatened plants included in communication, educational and public -awareness 1) The herbaria of botanic gardens and their accessible botanic garden ex situ conservation programmes; living collections contribute to and support collections, including cultivated and genebank the development of a working list of known material, preferably in the country of origin; 17) Every botanic garden to have a plant species, by developing local, national communication, education and public and regional checklists, floras and Sub-target: 75 per cent of critically endangered awareness programme that 1) communicates monographs as appropriate; species (CR) included in ex situ conservation the importance of plant diversity and collections by 2010, preferably in the country of ecosystem services in sustainable livelihoods (ii) A preliminary assessment of the conservation origin; and 2) promotes the need for action. status of all known plant species, at national, regional and international levels; 9) Botanic gardens support and participate in 18) Botanic gardens to develop their capacity for recovery and restoration programmes for 5 per communication, education and public 2) Botanic gardens contribute to, support, cent of the world’s threatened plant species; awareness through training or employing undertake and review national, regional and appropriately qualified education staff and/or international threatened plant assessments (ix) 70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops and collaboration with others that can provide to ensure that a preliminary evaluation is other major socio-economically valuable plant species this expertise. available in every country; conserved, and associated indigenous and local knowledge maintained; (iii) Development of models with protocols for plant (e) Building capacity for the conservation of conservation and sustainable use, based on 10) Botanic gardens in every country support, plant diversity: research and practical experience; promote and contribute to the integrated conservation and management of medicinal (xv) The number of trained people working with 3) Botanic gardens develop and disseminate plants, wild relatives of crops and other major appropriate facilities in plant conservation increased, models, protocols and case studies for socio-economically valuable plants, and according to national needs, to achieve the targets priority plants, their ecosystems and cultural maintenance of associated indigenous and local of this Strategy; landscapes, within their area of expertise knowledge; and interest, as relevant to achieve the 19) Appropriate resources and facilities targets of the International Agenda for (x) Management plans in place for at least 100 major developed to enable botanic gardens in Botanic Gardens in Conservation; alien species that threaten plants, plant communities every country of the world to achieve the and associated habitats and ecosystems; targets of the International Agenda and the Sub-target: Botanic gardens develop, adopt and GSPC; implement best practice in the implementation 11) All botanic gardens carry out invasive species of the policies and guidelines of the Convention risk assessments of their collections and Sub-target: Double the number of trained on Biological Diversity and relevant national management practices; botanic garden staff working in conservation, laws and regulations in relation to access and research and education; benefit sharing; 12) Botanic gardens contribute to best practice for control programmes for at least 100 major Sub-target: Botanic gardens develop invasive species that threaten plants, plant programmes to deliver training and capacity (b) Conserving plant diversity: communities and associated habitats and building in plant conservation; ecosystems; (iv) At least 10 per cent of each of the world’s (xvi) Networks for plant conservation activities ecological regions effectively conserved; established or strengthened at national, regional and (c) Using plant diversity sustainably: international levels; 4) Botanic gardens support and contribute to national, regional and international (xi) No species of wild flora endangered by international 20) Botanic gardens and their networks conservation policies, planning and trade; strengthened to achieve the targets of the management of ecological regions, through International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in documentation, research and advocacy; 13) Botanic gardens in each country participate in Conservation and the Global Strategy for the national and international implementation of Plant Conservation; (v) Protection of 50 per cent of the most important CITES, through research, education and areas for plant diversity assured; awareness, development of good practices, Sub-target: At least 750 botanic gardens training and plant rescue; participate in the implementation of the 5) Botanic gardens support and contribute to International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in the identification and conservation of the 14) Botanic gardens promote sustainable practices Conservation; most important areas for plant diversity and in international trade of wild flora through the development of policies, planning and research, training, education and awareness; Sub-target: All botanic garden networks management through documentation, participate in the Global Partnership for Plant research and advocacy; (xii) 30 per cent of plant-based products derived from Conservation; sources that are sustainably managed; (vi) At least 30 per cent of production lands managed Sub-target: All botanic gardens participate in consistent with the conservation of plant diversity; 15) All botanic gardens develop and implement a relevant national, regional and international policy to use plant-based products derived only conservation and education networks and 6) Botanic gardens contribute to the from sustainable sources and promote partnerships. development and application of protocols awareness of the need for sustainable use of and practices that support and promote the plant resources; ** The GSPC target to which each 2010 target most sustainable management and conservation closely relates is provided below (in italics) for easy of plant diversity in production lands; (xiii) The decline of plant resources, and associated reference and see text for further details. indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and Approved by the 2nd meeting of the International (vii) 60 per cent of the world’s threatened species practices that support sustainable livelihoods, local food Advisory Council (IAC) of BGCI held at the Institute conserved in situ; security and health care, halted; of Botany, Vienna, Austria on 17th July, 2005.

7) Botanic gardens in every country support, 16) Botanic gardens contribute to local, national, promote and contribute to the integrated regional and international programmes that seek conservation and management of threatened to reverse the decline of plant resources and species and populations in situ, working with associated indigenous and local knowledge, protected area managers and communities innovations and practices, through their at local, regional and national levels; research, education and conservation activities;

04 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) Author: Suzanne Sharrock

European botanic gardens and the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation

Left: Members of the BGCI/IABG GSPC, botanic gardens began to European examine how actions already being Botanic Gardens carried out in the framework of the Consortium at International Agenda, actually meeting in contributed to the achievement of the Luxembourg, targets of the GSPC. At the World December, 2005 Botanic Gardens Congress in (Photo: BGCI) Barcelona in 2004, a set of targets for botanic gardens, to be achieved by 2010 were developed in order to explicitly link the actions recommended in the International Agenda with the targets of the GSPC (Wyse Jackson, 2004). Following a period of consultation, these targets were agreed Introduction Gardens in Conservation, and through by the world botanic garden this, contribute to the achievement of community (2010 Targets for botanic A large number of biodiversity-related global, regional and national plant gardens (see page 4). The targets strategies and agendas operate at conservation targets. This paper provide a mechanism to monitor the international, regional and national level provides some preliminary results of achievement of the policies and within the European Union. European this review process, and demonstrates practices of the International Agenda botanic gardens therefore have to that European botanic gardens are and to quantify the contribution of define their role and relevance in contributing in many and varied ways botanic gardens to the targets of the relation to plant conservation in the to biodiversity conservation in Europe GSPC. The international botanic context of a complicated policy through the implementation of the garden targets also provide the basis framework. In response to international International Agenda. biodiversity strategies and action plans, Left: Aceras botanic garden networks in some International targets anthropophorum, regions are in the process of a German Red developing region-specific botanic The International Agenda was List plant, on garden targets – as for example the published in 2000, providing a global display in Bonn North American strategy reported in framework for the actions of botanic Botanic Garden, this issue. European botanic gardens gardens in relation to the conservation Germany (Photo: however, in the face of a plethora of and sustainable use of plant resources. BGCI) regional and international strategies, In 2002, the Global Strategy for Plant have decided not to attempt to develop Conservation (GSPC) was adopted by further EU-specific botanic garden the 187 Parties to the Convention on targets, but instead are reviewing the Biological Diversity (CBD), including a actions that are already underway in set of 16 outcome-oriented targets for botanic gardens which are outlined in plant conservation to be achieved by the International Agenda for Botanic 2010. Following the adoption of the

BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 05-07 05 Right: In situ for the development of regional and conservation national botanic gardens targets – as area of natural for example in the North American oak forest in the region (see page 8) and the U.K. (Jebb, Balkan Botanic 2005). Garden, Greece showing a native orchid species in situ, Serapias vomeracea (Photo: BGCI) target, the European Commission relevant targets could be grouped under Right: undertook a year-long consultation the targets of the GSPC and in this way Dianthus process on its biodiversity strategy and a matrix was developed, including the gratiano- the identification of priorities towards GSPC, International Agenda for botanic politanus, a meeting the 2010 commitments. This gardens, EPCS, Malahide and Killarney German Red process was finalised at a conference in Declaration targets. Within this matrix, List plant, on Malahide, Ireland in 2004 where a European botanic gardens are now display in Bonn number of priority objectives were starting to identify specific actions, on- Botanic Garden, identified, with specific targets for each going or planned, which will contribute Germany objective to ensure clarity of what has to the achievement of European and (Photo: BGCI) European biodiversity targets to be achieved by 2010. These targets international plant conservation targets. are outlined in the Message from In 2000, botanic gardens in Europe Malahide. The European research Even at this early stage in the exercise, adopted the Action Plan for Botanic community was engaged in this process it is clear the European botanic gardens Gardens in the European Union (Cheney through the European Platform for are contributing to all the GSPC targets. et al., 2000). This sets out more than 30 Biodiversity Research Strategy (EPBRS) It is also clear that the International objectives on science and horticulture, and in particular through a meeting held Agenda still provides a relevant conservation of biodiversity, education, in Killarney in May 2004 (EU presidency framework for botanic gardens in training and awareness, networking, co- 2004 Website, 2004). The Killarney conservation, helping to guide and operation and capacity building. Similar meeting also adopted a declaration and define appropriate actions to help to the International Agenda, the Action recommendations on biodiversity achieve the various plant conservation Plan does not include specific outcome- research which were subsequently targets. Some examples of how oriented targets, but rather provides a endorsed at Malahide. European botanic gardens are framework for action to achieve such contributing to GSPC targets are targets. provided in Table 1. Strategies and Action Plans relevant to the work of European Botanic Gardens* With the development of the GSPC and • International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in A full report on the contribution of a focus on plants across the Conservation European Botanic Gardens to conservation community, Planta Europa • Global Strategy for Plant Conservation biodiversity conservation will be • Action Plan for Botanic Gardens in the (a network of organisations working for European Union prepared and presented at the Fourth plant conservation in Europe), together • European Plant Conservation Strategy European Botanic Gardens Conference • Message from Malahide with the Council of Europe (an inter- • Killarney Declaration in the Czech Republic in September governmental organisation) developed 2006. the European Plant Conservation *See text for further information Strategy (EPCS) (CBD, 2002). In 2002, References the EPCS was recognised by the Convention on Biological Diversity as a European botanic gardens and ➡ Cheney, J. Navarrete Navarro, J. & contribution to the GSPC with the 42 plant conservation targets Wyse Jackson, P. (comp & eds) 2000. targets of the EPCS being arranged Action Plan for Botanic Garden in the under five objectives, corresponding to In 2004-5, European botanic gardens, in European Union. Scripta Botanica the five objectives of the GSPC. the framework of the European Botanic BelgicaVol 19. Ministry of SME and Gardens Consortium, initiated a process Agriculture and National Botanic Within Europe, the EPCS is also seen as of understanding and recording in a Garden of Belgium, Meise, Belgium. contributing to the Pan European meaningful way, their contribution to the ➡ CBD, 2002. European Plant Biological and Landscape Diversity achievement of European, as well as Conservation Strategy (EPCS). Strategy (PEBLS) (ECNC, 2001). Within global biodiversity targets. As a starting Secretariat of the Convention on the framework of this strategy, in 2001 point, the wide range of biodiversity Biological Diversity. the European Union set a target to “halt targets were analysed and those http://www.plantaeuropa.org/html/pl the decline of biodiversity by 2010”. relevant to the work of botanic gardens ant_conservation_strategy.htm, Following the setting of this headline identified. It became clear that all accessed November, 2005].

06 BGjournal • Vol 2 (2) International GSPC Target Botanic garden activity Agenda activity Int. Agenda (A) Understanding and documenting plant diversity activity

(1) A widely accessible working list of known plant species, The National Botanic Garden of Belgium publishes a regularly updated flora of Belgium. 2.3 (vii) as a step towards a complete world flora. The garden is also databasing nomenclatural type specimens of central Africa and is a partner in Species 2000 project.

(2) A preliminary assessment of the conservation status of The botanic garden of the University of Vienna has compiled a list of Austrian plant taxa 2.3 (v) all known plant species, at national, regional and deserving conservation action as basis for the development of seed collection priorities. international levels. (3) Development of models with protocols for plant Models, protocols and case studies for priority plants, their ecosystems and cultural 2.7 (v) conservation and sustainable use, based on research and landscapes are developed by Portuguese botanic gardens. practical experience. In vitro conservation protocols are being developed for endangered species in Latvia.

(B) Conserving plant diversity

4) At least 10 per cent of each of the world's ecological Portuguese botanic gardens are contributing to national and regional conservation, through 2.5 (i) regions effectively conserved the development of planning and management programmes for different ecological regions. 5) Protection of 50 per cent of the most important areas The botanic garden of Siauliai University, Lithuania carried out field research to support the 2.3 (viii) for plant diversity assured proposal of an Important Plant Area (IPA) for the protection of an alkaline fen habitat. (6) At least 30 per cent of production lands managed Botanic gardens in Portugal participate in the development of manuals of good agricultural 2.8.2 (i) consistent with the conservation of plant diversity. practices. (7) 60 per cent of the world's threatened species The Balkan Botanic Garden in Greece manages an in situ conservation area of natural oak 2.5 (5) conserved in situ. forest. This includes restricted access and delimitation of microhabitats of different orchid species in the conservation area.

(8) 60 per cent of threatened plant species in accessible Several botanical gardens in Austria have ex situ conservation programmes for rare and 2.6 (ii) ex situ collections, preferably in the country of origin, and endangered Austrian plant species, mostly in an ecosystem context. In addition, there are 2.6 (iv) 10 per cent of them included in recovery and restoration important collections of non-Austrian plants of high conservation value. programmes. As protocols for the cultivation of most of these taxa exist, and these ex situ collections in most cases are well defined genetically, they are well suited for use in in situ restoration.

(9) 70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops and other The National Botanic Garden of Belgium holds a seed bank of wild Phaseolineae 2.8.1 (iii) major socio-economically valuable plant species recognised as base collection by IPGRI. NBG has extracted ethnobotanical knowledge conserved, and associated indigenous and local from the herbarium specimens of Central Africa belonging to two families (Cucurbitaceae, knowledge maintained. Leguminosae) as a prototype. (10) Management plans in place for at least 100 major A list of invasive plants species in the Czech Republic has been prepared by Botanic 2.5 (v) alien species that threaten plants, plant communities and Gardens of the Czech Republic. associated habitats and ecosystems.

(C) Using plant diversity sustainably . . (11) No species of wild flora endangered by international The botanic garden Warsaw, Poland organised a special International Conference on 2.8.4 (iii) trade. CITES use by botanical gardens and has edited 3 guide books about CITES. (12) 30 per cent of plant-based products derived from Portuguese botanic gardens have developed best practices for the conservation and 2.8.1 (ii) sources that are sustainably managed. sustainable use of cervina, , Thymbra capitata.. (13) The decline of plant resources, and associated By its collaboration with the Kisantu garden (Congo) the National Botanic Garden of 2.8.1 (ii) indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and Belgium contributes to the production of indigenous plant resources as a basis of food practices that support sustainable livelihoods, local food and medicine. security and health care, halted

(D) Promoting education and awareness about plant diversity

(14) The importance of plant diversity and the need for its Botanic gardens in Slovenia organise lectures, workshops and numerous other activities 2.10 conservation incorporated into communication, for the general public. This also includes guided tours of the gardens in order to present educational and public -awareness programmes. conservation efforts for some of the endemic and threatened plants. Special work sheets on the latter have been prepared for school children.

(E) Building capacity for the conservation of plant diversity

(15) The number of trained people working with appropriate Slovenian biology students are trained in practical work and conservation activities in the 2.9 (iv) facilities in plant conservation increased, according to botanic gardens. national needs, to achieve the targets of this Strategy (16) Networks for plant conservation activities established or The Association of Baltic Botanic Gardens has prepared an overview of threatened and rare 2.19.1 (i) strengthened at national, regional and international levels. species of native vascular plants in ex situ collections of Botanic Gardens of the Association.

Table 1. Examples of botanic garden contributions to GSPC targets and relevant International Agenda activity

➡ ECNC (European Centre for Nature [www.eu2004.ie/templates/document Suzanne Sharrock Conservation), 2001. Pan European _file.asp?id=17810, accessed Director, Public Awareness and Biological and Landscape Diversity November, 2005]. Understanding Strategy. ➡ Jebb, M., 2005. Developing a BGCI [http://www.strategyguide.org/index. PlantNetwork response to Target 8 Descanso House, 199 Kew Road html, accessed November, 2005]. of the GSPC. BGjournal 2(2): 8. Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. ➡ EU presidency 2004 Website, 2004. ➡ Wyse Jackson, P.S., 2004. Developing Telephone: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Message from Malahide. Halting the international targets for botanic Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 decline of biodiversity - priority gardens in conservation: a consultation E-mail: [email protected] objectives and targets for 2010. document. BGjournal 1(1): 4-6.

BGjournal • Vol 2 (2) 07 Authors: David Galbraith and Kathryn Kennedy

The development of a strategic plan for a regional network of botanic gardens for conservation: the North American experience

The launch of the International Agenda biodiversity action plan for botanical (BGCI), and the Canadian Botanical for Botanic Gardens in Conservation at gardens and arboreta in Canada was Conservation Network (CBCN) into the the World Botanic Gardens Congress published in 2001 (Galbraith, 2001), a idea of cooperating on an organised in Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.A. in follow-up to workshop proceedings approach to plant conservation 2000 presented botanic gardens published in 1997 following the first projects and on related initiatives such worldwide with an important challenge. national network meeting of the as education for conservation and The numerous recommendations for Canadian Botanical Conservation biodiversity themes. The four individual gardens and for networks Network (Galbraith, 1997). Shortly organisations agreed to formal within the International Agenda after, work began on producing the cooperation with the signing of a presents a complex landscape for North American Botanic Garden Memorandum of Understanding at individuals and institutions that want to Strategy for Conservation, which was Tower Hill Botanical Garden in contribute, or are contributing to endorsed by major cooperating botanic Massachusetts in the summer of 2003 conservation. One approach to such a garden groups in June, 2004. The (Jasaitis and Line, 2003). This Below: global challenge is for networks of purpose of this article is to outline the partnership consists of organisations of Participants of botanic gardens to provide local development of the strategy for North varying strengths and capacities. Each North American context and synthesis that can support American botanic gardens which of the individual organisations is Meeting at the individual institutions in planning their harmonises with the Global Strategy for committed to conservation activities, 2nd World own programmes (International Agenda Plant Conservation (GSPC), the and brings with it its own perspective Botanic Gardens Section 2.19). We are happy to note International Agenda, and the Plant and initiatives. Congress, there are now many national and Conservation Alliance’s National Barcelona, regional biodiversity action plans for Framework for Progress (PCA, 1995). The APGA is a large continent-wide Spain in April, botanic gardens, including the northern professional association with members 2004 region of North America. A national Although North America north of the in the U.S.A., Canada, Mexico and the Rio Grande is not known as one of the . With over 600 institutional richest global hotspots of biodiversity, and 2000 professional members, APGA the natural plant diversity within seeks to strengthen the abilities of its Canada and the United States is members in all areas of their significant none the less. When the professional work, including great botanical richness of Mexico and conservation. The US programme for the Caribbean are included, the BGCI (BGCI - US) (75 US, 11 Canadian conservation and sustainable use of and 15 Mexican institutional members) plant diversity in North America are focuses its efforts on public policy, indeed important global objectives. education and public awareness of the importance of plants and their need for The process conservation. BGCI unites a global network of botanic gardens for In 2002, discussions began among the conservation, education and American Public Garden Association development goals. The CPC is a not- (APGA, formerly AABGA), the Center for-profit organisation that includes 33 for Plant Conservation (CPC), Botanic botanic gardens in the U.S.A. in Gardens Conservation International support of both in situ and ex situ

08 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 08-10 conservation. The network includes a Left: MOU national collection of endangered signing plants of the U.S.A. held ex situ by the ceremony participating gardens. The CBCN has between the 20 institutional members. It has American Public supported national and local plant Garden conservation and education Association programmes in cooperation with BGCI, (APGA), Environment Canada and other the Canadian partners since 1995. Botanical Conservation The process of developing a formal Network North American Strategy for botanical (CBCN), the gardens in conservation began with U.S. Center workshops held in Barcelona, Spain for Plant immediately prior to the 2nd World Conservation Botanic Gardens Congress in April, (CPC) and 2004. A one-day workshop was held to BGCI, June, consider global targets for the botanic conservation. The collaborative effort By setting these outcome-oriented and 2003 (l-r: Peter garden community that would also helped North America partners measurable targets, which range from Raven (Missouri harmonise with the 16 targets of the identify where their work relative to the local to international in scope, botanic Botanical GSPC (to be achieved by the year global strategy is well underway, where gardens in Canada, the United States, Garden), 2010) (Wyse Jackson, 2004). The gaps may exist, and for which global and Mexico will significantly contribute David Galbraith targets (2010 Targets for botanic targets North American botanical to the ultimate goal of halting the (CBCN), Kathryn gardens) have since been approved gardens have a primary role and where current and continuing loss of plant Kennedy (CPC), with amendments by the International their role is secondary but still diversity.” Eliot Payne Advisory Committee (IAC) to BGCI in essential. The feed-back on the draft (CPC), Mary Vienna in July, 2005. They are posted targets included energetic The North American Strategy bears a Pat Matheson on the BGCI website and included in commentaries and scepticism from structural resemblance to the GSPC (APGA), this issue (see page 4). some quarters. Of particular and the 2010 Targets for botanic Patricia Jasaitis importance was concern over the gardens. It consists of broad (BGCI-US), Follow-up workshops held the next day relevance of targets to individual objectives to which the work of many Christopher encouraged the development of institutions and the fact that the target- institutions contribute. No single Dunn (APGA) regional targets. Most of the setting exercise was taking place institution should feel bound to participants in the North American without any explicit framework for contribute to every one of the targets. regional workshop were from American resources to support implementation. The targets of the North American or Canadian botanical gardens. It was Recognising that the spirit of the Strategy are grouped into six broad recognised that it was also desirable to consultation exercise was always to categories or themes: have the participation of the botanical promote collaboration and keep in garden community of Mexico and of mind the need for others to participate, A. Understanding and documenting the Caribbean in this process, both of by June 2005, a revised set of targets plant diversity which have previously developed were agreed by all four organisations B. Conserving plant diversity action plans. within the Canada-US MOU, under the C. Using plant diversity sustainably title of the North American Botanic D. Promoting public education and The resulting draft set of targets for the Garden Strategy for Plant Conservation. awareness about plant diversity North American botanical gardens E. Building capacity for conservation of community was then subjected to The Strategy plant diversity nearly a year of consultations with F. Supporting the North American individual institutions and networks in The North American Strategy was Strategy North America. The four cooperating publicly introduced at the 2005 annual networks (APGA, CPC, BGCI and conference of the APGA in Chicago, The development of the strategy itself CBCN) each reviewed the draft Illinois, U.S.A (Anonymous, 2005). The is important, but it is the responsibility document, and circulated it among context and intended uses of the of the individual gardens and partner their members for comments. The draft targets within the North American associations to develop practical, document was also reviewed by the Strategy are introduced within the hands-on implementation planning and Association of Mexican Botanic document itself: actions. Each participating organisation Gardens (Asociación Mexicana de is working toward its own Jardines Botánicos AMJB). “This document will help demonstrate implementation of the strategy. For the collective impact that botanic example, the Association of Mexican The process was clearly useful in gardens in North America have on the Botanic Gardens are presently helping gardens think about their protection and conservation of native preparing a set of Mexican aims for the current and potential roles in plants and plant communities. North American Strategy.

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 09 Right: Working Acknowledgements session of the partnership Thanks to Steve Clemants, Christopher organisations Dunn, Maite Lascurain, Laurel McIvor, held at Montreal Dan Shepherd, Dan Stark and the Botanical Garden many individuals who have contributed in November, to the development of both the North 2005. (l-r, Dan American partnership and also the Stark (APGA), North American Botanic Garden Christopher Strategy for Plant Conservation. Dunn (APGA), Kathryn Kennedy References (CPC), Michel Labrecque ➡ Anonymous. 2005. North American (CBCN) under a Botanic Garden Strategy for Plant portrait of Fr. Conservation. Draft Document. Marie-Victorin, ➡ Galbraith, D.A. (ed.) 1997. founder of Partnerships for Plants: Proceedings Montreal of CBCN’s 1996 Workshop. Botanical [http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/publicati Garden, Laurel ons/workshops/p4p/proceedings.ht McIvor (CBCN), The Canadian Botanical Conservation and next steps in its realisation. ml accessed October, 2005]. Sean Graham Network, with support from BGCI and The North American Strategy is an ➡ Galbraith, D.A. (ed.) 2001. (CBCN) and Dan the Investing in Nature: A Partnership example of a voluntary regional Biodiversity Action Plan for Shepherd (BGCI- for Plants in Canada project, is approach to encouraging plant Botanical Gardens and Arboreta in US) (Photo: preparing an update to its 2001 conservation programmes. Canada. Royal Botanical Gardens. David Galbraith) Biodiversity Action Plan for Botanical Participation by a wide cross-section http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/publicati Gardens and Arboreta in Canada of the broader plant and biodiversity ons/action2001/canactplan2001.pdf (Galbraith, 2001) that will harmonise conservation community is critical to accessed October, 2005]. the planned actions in Canada with the the success of this or any other ➡ Jasaitis, P. and Line, C. 2003. North American Strategy, the GSPC, strategy. As the goal for any such Partnerships for plants in North and the International Agenda. exercise is to promote and organise America. BGCNews 4(1):31-32. on-the-ground plant conservation ➡ PCA, 1995. National Framework for In 2006, the Center for Plant efforts and generate success, the Progress. Conservation is undertaking a strategic development of strategic targets is only [http://www.nps.gov/plants/strategy. plan update as well, which will address the beginning of the process, and a htm accessed, October, 2005]. the contributions of their U.S. botanic means, not an end. Ultimately our ➡ Wyse Jackson, P., 2004. Developing garden network to the targets of the success will be judged by the international targets for botanic North American Strategy as well as the effectiveness with which strategic gardens in conservation: a organisation’s role in international plant documents like the International consultation document. BGjournal conservation work. Agenda and the North American 1(1): 4-6. Strategy can be used to stimulate the The process of implementing the North provision of new resources to support David Galbraith American Strategy is now underway. In our mutual goals, and to help us as a Executive Director Right: The mid-November 2005, the Montreal community recognise and celebrate Canadian Botanical Conservation second day of Botanical Garden hosted a two-day our many successes and challenges in Network the North meeting held with support from BGCI conserving the diversity of plant life in P.O. Box 399, Hamilton American under the Investing in Nature our region and around the world. Ontario L8N 3H8, Canada Strategy meeting programme. On the first day the four E-mail: dr_d_a_galbraith@ held at Montreal partner organisations, APGA, BGCI, hotmail.com Botanical Garden CBCN and CPC, discussed the in November, operation of their partnership and next Kathryn Kennedy 2005 steps under the 2003 MOU. On the President and Executive Director (l-r, Sigfredo second day a broader range of Center for Plant Conservation Escalante participants (Association of Mexican Center for Plant Conservation Rebolledo Botanic Gardens, the Association of P.O. Box 299, St. Louis (AMJB), Maite Zoological Horticulture, the Flora of Missouri 63166-0299, U.S.A. Lascurain North America Association, the Plant E-mail: [email protected] (AMJB), Brian Conservation Alliance, NaturServe, the Johnson (BGCI- IUCN-SSC and the Wildlife US). (Photo: Conservation Society) were invited to David Galbraith) discuss the North American Strategy

10 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) Author: Christopher Willis

SANBI: institutional response to implementing the International Agenda

South Africa’s network of eight national botanical gardens, spread across five provinces of the country, are managed Left: Rescue of by the parastatal South African the succulent National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) castanea (Willis, 2005). Established through the () National Environmental Management: from a granite Biodiversity Act of 2004, SANBI has a mine by much broader biodiversity mandate horticultural compared with that of the previous staff of SANBI’s organisation from which it evolved, the Pretoria National National Botanical Institute (NBI) whose Botanical Garden sole focus was on plants. The NBI itself (Photo: Linette was formed in 1989 through the Ferreira) amalgamation of the Botanical indigenous plants, and compliance and entrances. In addition, as part of a Research Institute (established 1903) with the internationally accepted 5-year institutional review of SANBI, and the National Botanic Gardens definition of botanic gardens as the progress by each national botanical (established 1913). Amidst the changes ‘institutions holding documented garden in the implementation of the experienced over the past 15 years collections of living plants for the International Agenda was internally that have been associated with revised purposes of scientific research, reviewed in October/November 2004. institutional visions, strategic plans, conservation, display and education’ This review used a spreadsheet national mandates, responsibilities, (Wyse Jackson, 1999). created by David Galbraith of the Royal government and public expectations, Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Canada, legislation, international conventions The globally adopted International and endorsed by BGCI. The intention and frameworks, such as the Agenda and widely publicised GSPC of the spreadsheet is to enable Convention on Biological Diversity have prompted botanic gardens individual institutions to judge whether (CBD), the Global Strategy for Plant worldwide to reconsider the value, they are engaged in a particular Conservation (GSPC) and the conservation role and significance of recommendation (“Doing”), might do International Agenda for Botanic their living collections. SANBI formally so in the future (“Considering”) or are Gardens in Conservation, SANBI’s registered its commitment towards not doing it now nor contemplating eight national botanical gardens have implementing the International Agenda such action in the future (“Not Doing”) had to continuously adjust to different in 2001, both as an institution and as (Galbraith, 2003). circumstances, expectations and eight individual national botanical responsibilities. The basis of the gardens. As part of SANBI’s Results from this review, submitted to gardens’ activities through the years, commitment to implementing the BGCI, indicate that South Africa’s eight and the core thread that has run International Agenda and raising public national botanical gardens are, on through the history of the national awareness, a dedicated poster average, implementing 53% of the 211 botanical gardens and associated encouraging public support for each activities listed in the International institutional changes, is their focus on garden’s plant conservation Agenda, considering implementing the cultivation, propagation and programme was developed in 2003 for 26% and not doing 21% of the conservation of South Africa’s display at the gardens’ visitor centres activities. Kirstenbosch National

BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 11-13 11 Right: Starting related to the GSPC’s 16 goal-oriented young…..the targets. Although not all the GSPC’s sponsored targets are included in the Strategy, Kirstenbosch SANBI has made an attempt to Bus has develop realistic but challenging exposed targets for its national botanical thousands of gardens over the next five years, up to visitors, both 2010. Targets within this Plant young and old, Conservation Strategy must still be to the adapted to take into consideration the Kirstenbosch 2010 Targets for botanic gardens (see National page 4). Botanical Garden (Photo: With 2,300 Red Listed plant species in SANBI) South Africa, the challenges facing South Africa’s NBGs are immense, and they have been forced to prioritise their efforts to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of the country’s indigenous flora. Integration of ex situ and in situ conservation efforts must be a priority for NBGs holding conservation collections over the next five years.

The monitoring and evaluation of the situ conservation, identification and conservation role of each national monitoring, information exchange, botanical garden in South Africa is one training and capacity building, public of the Key Performance Indicators in education and awareness, impact SANBI’s Corporate Strategic Plan assessment and mitigation, technical (SANBI, 2005). The development of and scientific co-operation, cultural appropriate partnerships (at local, heritage, and networking/relationships national and international levels) and with other sectors. support for their conservation programmes a sine qua non. SANBI Various listed activities (such as does indeed have a much broader and contribution towards the preparation of very challenging mandate beyond the the National Biodiversity Strategy and NBGs to monitor and report regularly Action Plan) are in fact being to the Minister of the Department of implemented by other sections of Environmental Affairs and Tourism on Above: Botanical Garden (NBG), as SANBI’s SANBI, such as the Research the conservation status of all listed Didymaotus flagship garden with the largest Directorate and Biodiversity Policy and threatened and protected species (both lapidiformis horticultural staff complement, nursery Planning Directorate, and not plant and animal) in South Africa. (Mesembryanth infrastructure and volunteer support, is specifically by the Gardens Directorate, emaceae), one currently implementing 70% of the which manages the national botanical South Africa’s NBGs are involved in a of the flagship listed International Agenda activities gardens. There is regular collaboration variety of plant conservation projects. threatened and considering implementing 20%. between sections of the Institute on Each project involves various partners plants selected Whilst the degree of implementation of various projects, and SANBI produces and funding sources. Examples of for cultivation activities differed between gardens, an internal conservation newsletter, these projects include involvement with by the Karoo those areas of activities that were The Conservation Leaflet, which the Millennium Seed Bank Project Desert National generally not being implemented by attempts to showcase conservation funded by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Botanical South Africa’s NBGs included programmes and activities within the Kew and the National Lottery (U.K.), Garden (Photo: biotechnology, aspects of sustainable organisation. This provides an the Threatened Species Programme Christopher development and sustainable use of important communication and (currently producing a new Red List for Willis) biodiversity, national strategies on the information medium in an organisation South African plants as well as conservation of biodiversity, access to that is geographically widespread. supporting various student research genetic resources and benefit sharing, projects and provincial conservation research, and technology transfer. South Africa’s national botanical efforts) and the associated CREW gardens have recently developed a (Custodians of Rare and Endangered Areas that are generally being Plant Conservation Strategy to guide Wildflowers) Project, projects on adequately addressed by the national their plant conservation efforts. specific threatened plant taxa (such as botanical gardens include those of ex Included in this Strategy are targets cycads, Gerbera aurantiaca and Aloe

12 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) activities with appropriate animal and References Left: ecosystem conservation activities, and Community the promotion of greater public ➡ Galbraith, D., 2003. IABGC Analysis members of the awareness of the national botanical Worksheet for Individual Institutions. Harmony Flats gardens’ conservation efforts. Priority Royal Botanical Gardens, Hamilton, Working Group over the next couple of years will be, Canada [unpublished]. monitoring amongst others, to (a) develop an ➡ SANBI, 2005. SANBI Corporate populations of efficient information system on the Strategic Plan 2005-2009 threatened NBGs’ plant collections, and (b) http://www.nbi.ac.za/aboutsanbi. fynbos plants on develop effective monitoring and htm, accessed November, 2005 the Cape Flats, evaluation systems for plant ➡ Willis, C., 2005. National Botanical Western Cape conservation efforts within SANBI. Gardens: embassies of South (Photo: SANBI) Africa’s biodiversity and culture. As stated in the IA, it would be BGjournal 2(2): 9-12. albida) as well as the development of impossible for every botanic garden to ➡ Wyse Jackson, P., 1999. demonstration gardens that highlight achieve all the key tasks and Experimentation on a large scale – not only threatened indigenous South recommendations outlined in the and analysis of the holdings and African plants but also those South Agenda. The Agenda also rightly states resources of botanic gardens. African plant taxa that have become that the successful implementation of BGCNews 3(3): 27-30. invasive weeds in other parts of the the International Agenda will be ➡ Wyse Jackson, P., 2004. Developing world (such as Carpobrotus edulis, dependent on each botanic garden international targets for botanic watsonias and various grasses). The carefully considering and formulating its gardens in conservation: a CREW project is an exciting own response to the Agenda. SANBI consultation document BGjournal component of the Threatened Species does not profess to have all the 1(1): 4-6. Programme that focuses on involving answers, nor is it implementing all 211 of Below: CREW civil society volunteers in the the listed activities. By making plant Christopher Willis volunteers play monitoring and conservation of conservation activities ‘core’ business South African National Biodiversity an important threatened plant populations. In and through developing strategic Institute role in the collaboration with the local and partnerships and challenging but realistic Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 monitoring of provincial conservation authorities, targets (bearing in mind constraints in South Africa threatened various NBGs are also involved in the terms of resources and capacity), Tel: +27 (0)12 843 5226 indigenous rescue of indigenous plants from sites significant progress and contributions Fax: +27 (0)12 843 5354 plants in the scheduled for development, restoration can be made by institutions in halting E-mail: [email protected] Western Cape, of various natural areas, as well as the loss of plant species and their Internet: www.sanbi.org; South Africa providing repositories for confiscated associated genetic diversity. www.sabonet.org.za (Photo: SANBI) plant material.

NBGs are also working closely with SANBI’s Environmental Education Directorate in supporting outreach greening programmes in disadvantaged schools and local municipalities. These projects, funded by the National Lottery and the government’s Expanded Public Works Programme, provide opportunities for job creation and skills transfer to unemployed people within South Africa.

Many opportunities for the development of strategic and co- operative partnerships still exist for SANBI, such as collaboration and support of local municipalities in the implementation of their Integrated Development Plans, contribution towards restoration and rehabilitation projects, closer integration and co- operation between SANBI’s operational units involved in conservation projects, the integration of plant conservation

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 13 Author: Angela Leiva

The conservation of threatened plants by Cuban botanic gardens: achieving the objectives of the International Agenda as a contribution towards the GSPC

Top right: In 1998, the Conservation Action Plan working with other sectors and priority conservation activities. Observing a new for Botanic Gardens of the Caribbean organisations both nationally and The staff have worked closely with adult individual Islands (Burbidge and Wyse Jackson) internationally (Section 2.19), raising IUCN/SSC’s Conservation Breeding of Coccothrinax was published; the result of a series of public awareness about the work of the Specialist Group (IUCN/SSC CBSG) in crinita found in meetings of representatives of garden (Section 2.10) and implementing their Conservation Assessment and the wild (Photo: Caribbean botanic gardens organised the training and capacity building Management Programmes (CAMPs) A. Palmarola). by BGCI. The text of this Action Plan section of the International Agenda (IUCN, 2004). In 2003, the IUCN/SSC was closely related to the text of the (Section 2.9). Cuban Plant Specialist Group was Top left: A field Convention on Biological Diversity created specifically to continue to work meeting of the (CBD) itself, to highlight botanic garden This work contributes to the on the assessment of the Cuban flora scientific staff conservation action within the CBD. achievement of the Targets of the using the IUCN Red List Categories working in the Later, the International Agenda for GSPC which are added to the text and Criteria (IUCN, 2001): Coccothrinax Botanic Gardens in Conservation was below. crinita´s published to outline the practice and A conservation assessment of the conservation priorities for botanic gardens in Understanding and species most in need of conservation project with the conservation and the 2010 Targets for documenting plant diversity has been undertaken in the following authorities, botanic gardens (see page 4) were areas: forest guards developed to help measure the Target 1 GSPC and technicians achievements of the International The Cuban botanic garden network has • 164 taxa were assessed for IUCN of the locality Agenda as a contribution to the Global used its facilities and expertise to Red Data Categories in two Camp that are already Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC). support the development of a working Workshops sponsored by the working in the in list of known plant species. During the National Botanic Garden, Havana situ conservation is the largest insular territory of past four years, staff from three botanic and IUCN/SSC CBSG of the very the Caribbean. Its varied soils and the gardens have contributed to four • the conservation status of 150 threatened palm topography have led to the high volumes of the new Cuban Flora which species were re-evaluated with the (Photo: A. endemism of its flora and the varied covers 25 families (Greuter et al., 2004). collaboration of the IUCN-SSC Palmarola) vegetation. In the last four years (2001- This is the result of collaboration Global Tree Specialist Group/Fauna 2004) the Cuban Network of Botanic between the National Botanic Garden, & Flora International (Lazcano Lara Gardens (Red Nacional de Jardines Havana, the Berlin-Dahlem Botanic et al., 2005). Botánicos de Cuba) has implemented a Garden and Museum, Germany, the • field work was undertaken to assess national project financed by the Ministry Institut für Spezielle Botanik der the conservation status of seven of Science, Technology and Universität Jena, Germany and the palms by Las Tunas and the National Environment to ensure the conservation Institute of Ecology and Systematics, Botanic Garden with support from of their rich flora. Cuba, with Prof. Dr. Werner Greuter, as the Global Campaign. the main Editor of the Flora. • a national workshop on the The Cuban botanic garden network (12 conservation status of cacti was gardens) provides an excellent example Target 2 GSPC sponsored by the National Botanic of the practice of conservation as Botanic garden staff have long been Garden with the support of BP described in the International Agenda active in the assessment and Conservation Programme (González- particularly Sections 2.3-2.6. It also conservation of the unique flora of Torres et al., 2005). clearly illustrates the importance of Cuba. This is essential for developing

14 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 14-15 This work led to the recent publication A total of 83 endemic and threatened programme. Each garden also of the Red List of Cuban Vascular taxa have been cultivated for the first developed specific education Flora, with the collaboration of the time in Cuban botanic gardens. The programmes for the threatened species Atlantic Botanic Garden of Gijón, most important collections are , in the locality and the target groups Spain, accounting for 1414 categorised boxwoods and species from the involved. This work supports Target 14 taxa (20% vascular flora), and from serpentine vegetation of Villa Clara and for promoting education and awareness them, 997 are threatened (14% total Nipe. about plant diversity. vascular flora) (Berazaín Iturralde et al., 2005). A genetic field bank of western References Zamiaceae: Microcycas calocoma (156 Conserving plant diversity individuals), Zamia amblyphyllidia (26), ➡ Akeroyd, J. and Wyse Jackson, P. Zamia integrifolia (177), Zamia ottonis (eds) 1995. A handbook for botanic Target 7 GSPC (40) and Zamia pygmaea (35) has been gardens on the reintroduction of The garden network has also established in the National Botanic plants to the wild. BGCI, London. collaborated in identifying the flora of Garden. ➡ Berazaín Iturralde, R., Areces five protected areas: Berazaín, F.A., Lazcano Lara, J.C. All possible genetic diversity was and González Torres, L.R., 2005. Red • Orchid flora of Pinar del Río gathered in the collection processes, List of Cuban Vascular Flora. province (316 taxa) as well as the correct documentation Jardín Botánico Atlántico, Gijón. • Orchid flora of the mountains of plants. ➡ Burbidge, B. & Wyse Jackson, P. Cienfuegos province (89 taxa) (eds) 1998. Conservation Action Plan • flora of the Banao mountains in Species recovery plans have been for Botanic Gardens of the Sancti Spiritus province (254 taxa) produced for 18 threatened species: Caribbean Islands. BGCI, London. • Flora and vegetation of La Isleta of Acacia cupeyensis, Acacia roigi, ➡ Greuter, W. et al., 2005. Flora de la Las Tunas province (300 taxa Annona elliptica, Annona havanensis, República de Cuba. Koeltz Scientific vascular plants in seven vegetation Ayenia cajalbanensis, Broughtonia Books, Koenigstein. types) cubensis, Broughtonia ortgesiana, [http://www.bgbm.org/BioDivInf/ • Flora and vegetation of Monte Coccothrinax crinita subsp crinita, Projects/Floraofcuba/] Cabaniguán in Las Tunas province , Catesbaea ➡ González-Torres, L.R., Palmarola, A., (287 taxa vascular plants in 10 gamboana, Euphorbia cubense, Ginoria Rodríguez, A., 2005. Memorias del vegetation types) koehneana, Harpalyce macrocarpa, Taller de Cactus Cubanos. Jardín Maytenus buxifolia subsp cajalbanense, Botánico Nacional, Universidad de This work included a survey of Plinia rubrinervis, Rondeletia gamboana, La Habana. Feijóo, Villa Clara. threatened palms (38 taxa) in the Spathelia brittoni and Trichilia pungens. ➡ IUCN, 2001. 2001 IUCN Red List national system of protected areas and For each species, all the recommended Categories and Criteria version 3.1 the monitoring of 19 species in issues of species recovery programmes IUCN Species Survival Commission. different ecosystems. were taken into account, as identified in IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. BGCI’s A handbook for botanic gardens [http://www.redlist.org/info/categories The garden network collaborates with on the reintroduction of plants to the _criteria.html, accessed, 2005] national authorities managing the wild (Akeroyd and Wyse Jackson, 1995) ➡ Lazcano Lara, J.C., Berazaín protected area system in Cuba in and repeated in the Annex 6 of the Iturralde, R., Leiva Sánchez, A.T. and supplying this information. International Agenda. Oldfield, S., 2005. Memorias del Collaboration with all sectors both Primer Taller para la Categorización locally and nationally is a key This work will contribute to Targets 8 de Arboles Cubanos. Jardín recommendation of the International and 9 of the 2010 Targets for botanic Botánico Nacional, Ciudad de La Agenda for coordinating plant gardens: ‘50 per cent of threatened Habana. conservation initiatives. plants included in accessible botanic ➡ IUCN, 2004. New Cuba Plant garden ex situ conservation collections, Specialist Group [http://www.iucn. Target 8 GSPC including cultivated and genebank org/themes/ssc/news/ebulletin2003/ Ex situ conservation of wild plants is a material, preferably in the country of ebulletinaug03.htm, accessed central and unique role of botanic origin’ and ‘Botanic gardens support November, 2005]. gardens and contributes to Target 8 of and participate in recovery and the GSPC ‘60 per cent of threatened restoration programmes for 5 per cent of Angela Leiva plants in accessible ex situ collections . the world’s threatened plant species;’. National Botanic Garden . preferably in the country of origin;’. Carretera del Rocío Gardens have the necessary botanical Promoting education and Km 3.5 Calabazar, Boyeros and horticultural knowledge to awareness about plant diversity Habana, Cuba undertake species recovery plans and Tel: +53 7 57 8249; 54 4096/97/99 in situ conservation through the use of Target 14 GSPC Fax: +53 7 54 4184 their collections. The education staff members of the E-mail: [email protected] Cuban botanic gardens held four Internet: http://www.uh.cu/centros workshops to develop the general /jbn/

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 15 Author: Suzanne Sharrock

The role of botanic gardens in the conservation of crop wild relatives

Right: Allium sp. they contain over 6 million plant An example of a accessions and an estimated 80,000 CWR that is also plant species (Wyse Jackson, 1999). grown for Many botanic gardens are playing an ornamental active role in both the in situ and ex situ purposes conservation of crop wild relatives. (Photo: BGCI) Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) focuses on the conservation of wild plant species. As a partner in a GEF-funded project on the in situ conservation of crop wild relatives, BGCI is already contributing to their conservation. Through its extensive network of botanic garden partners, BGCI also aims to promote the long-term conservation of valuable CWR germplasm.

CWR in botanic garden collections

Socio-economically important plant species include food, fodder and forage crops, medicinal plants, spices, Introduction the Conservation and Sustainable ornamental and forestry species, as Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources well as plants used for industrial Crop wild relatives (CWR) include taxa for Food and Agriculture (FAO, 1996). purposes, such as oils and fibres. that are closely related to species of The conservation of crop wild relatives Many of these species, especially direct socio-economic importance as is an important component of the medicinal and ornamental plants, are well as the ancestors of modern crops. implementation of the International widely grown in botanic gardens and Genes from CWR make a direct Agenda for Botanic Gardens in form an important part of the ex situ contribution to increasing the quantity Conservation (Section 2.8) and conservation collections of such and quality of our food supply and the contributes to several targets of the gardens. The role that botanic gardens species themselves form a vital part of Global Strategy for Plant Conservation are playing in the conservation of wild both natural and agricultural (Targets 8, 9 and 13). relatives of major food crops however ecosystems. Promoting the is less clear. This paper provides the conservation of wild crop relatives Botanic gardens play a major role in the results of an initial investigation into the constitutes one of the 20 agreed conservation of plant genetic resources. conservation of wild relatives of food activities of the Food and Agriculture There are over 2,500 botanic gardens in crops by botanic gardens. Organization’s Global Plan of Action for existence worldwide and collectively

16 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 16-19 For this survey, only those crops complementary, in that a number of threatened species can be identified in included in Annex 1 of the International genera with large numbers of species botanic garden collections out of a Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for recorded in botanic garden collections, total of 593, whereas using the 2004 Food and Agriculture were considered have few species recorded in the data (based on changed IUCN Red (CGRFA, 2001)(Table 1). The Treaty, SINGER database. Taking the Listing criteria), this falls to only three which came into force in June 2004, examples listed above, it can be sent species out of 65. This reflects the aims to ensure that plant genetic that SINGER includes only 5 species of relatively limited capture of data on the resources for food and agriculture, Artocarpus, 46 species of Lathyrus and global conservation status of plant which are vital for human survival, are 33 Brassica complex species. In other species post 1997. IUCN is currently conserved and sustainably used and cases, many more species are addressing the need to increase the that benefits from their use are recorded in SINGER than in BGCI’s rate of Plant Red Listing and BGCI is equitably and fairly distributed. The database. For example BGCI records becoming increasingly involved in this Treaty represents a multilateral system only 85 species of Ipomoea, while activity. It will be important to prioritise of facilitated access and benefit SINGER has 340 and records for Vigna useful plant species for Red Listing as sharing for the crops and forages most are 12 and 88 species respectively. recognised by IUCN and other partners important for food security. The crops in the Global Partnership for Plant listed in Annex 1 are those considered It can be seen from Table 1 that botanic Conservation (GPPC) (GPPC, 2005). not only to be of highest value for food garden collections hold a total of 1,283 security but are also those for which species of selected crop plants – this Other roles of botanic gardens there is a high degree of compares with 1,453 species listed in in the conservation of CWR interdependence among countries with SINGER – a database that contains respect to their genetic diversity. only crop data. Given that the BGCI Botanic garden collections can be a PlantSearch database presently holds useful source of plants that are of local In order to carry out the survey, two records for only 600 or so gardens, out importance, even if not listed as rare main databases were consulted: of the over 2,400 gardens that exist in and threatened. It can be seen from BGCI’s PlantSearch database the world, it is clear that botanic Table 1 that 9 botanic gardens have (http://www.bgci.org/conservation/plant gardens are an important source of yams included in special collections. _search.html) and the SINGER crop wild relative germplasm. These include species such as D. (System-wide Information Network for dumetorum, D. hispida and D. Genetic Resources) database Rare and threatened CWR pentaphylla, species that are used in maintained by the International Plant times of famine. Other yam species Genetics Resource Institute (IPGRI) The direct link between the BGCI found in botanic garden collections (http://singer.grinfo.net/). PlantSearch database and the IUCN include D. floribunda and D. balcanica Red Lists from 1997 (Walter and Gillett, (a European species) that are useful CWR species in botanic garden 1998) and 2004 (IUCN, 2004), allowed sources of the steroid diosgenin – a collections an analysis to be made of how many source material for oral contraceptives. rare and threatened CWR species are A survey was carried out to identify the included in botanic garden collections. A number of botanic gardens around number of species per food crop As shown in Table 1, according to the the world are involved in extensive recorded in botanic garden 1997 data, a total of 73 rare and research and conservation on crop collections using BGCI’s PlantSearch database. This database currently Left: Artichoke includes 130,000 taxa from over 600 wild relative botanic gardens worldwide. growing in situ in Sicily, Italy The survey revealed that species of all (Photo: BGCI) 50 genera are present in botanic garden collections, and in some cases large numbers of species are recorded. For example, 107 species of breadfruit (Artocarpus), 82 species of Lathyrus and 122 species of the Brassica complex, are listed in the database (Table 1).

A comparison was made with the number of species recorded in the SINGER (System-wide Information Network for Genetic Resources) database for the same set of species (Table 1). It can be seen that in many cases the two databases are

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 17 Top right: Sections of 3 species of breadfruit: from left: Artocarpus camansi (spiny, many seeds), middle, seeded and seedless forms of A. altilis and right, seeded A. mariannensis. at the Breadfruit species. These include for example, • Jardín Agrobotánico - Institute, National the Fairchild Botanical Garden in Universidad Nacional de la Tropical Botanical Florida, U.S.A. which maintains an Plata, Buenos Aires, Garden, Hawaii extensive collection of mango Argentina - research and (Photo: Jim germplasm. As well as conserving breeding on maize using its Wiseman, mango diversity, Fairchild works to wild relatives Breadfruit raise public awareness about this Institute, NTBG) diversity through its annual mango Conclusions festival and is working on the Right: commercial development of the crop. It is clear that botanic gardens Breadfruit are playing an important role in (Artocarpus Other examples of botanic gardens the conservation of a wide altilis) at the with special crop-based programmes range of CWR. This includes Breadfruit include: not only the conservation of Institute, National diversity, but also research Tropical Botanical • The National Tropical Botanic and breeding to provide new Garden, Hawaii Garden, Hawaii, U.S.A. – breadfruit crops and raising public (Photo: Jim collection (Artocarpus) awareness about the Wiseman, • Wuhan Botanic Garden, China – kiwi importance of CWR. Botanic Breadfruit conservation (Actinidia) (62 of 66 gardens are also important players in ➡ Mabberley, D.J., 1997. The plant- Institute, NTBG) species are in China) – conservation the overall task of conserving CWR book. 2nd ed. CUP, Cambridge, and breeding through the horticultural and taxonomic U.K. • Jardín Botánico de Chacras de expertise they can provide and in many ➡ Walter, K.S. and Gillett, H.J. (eds.) Coria, Mendoza, Argentina - wild cases as repositories of indigenous 1998. 1997 IUCN Red List of Below: Kiwi or populations of tomatoes and knowledge – especially about the threatened plants. Compiled by the Chinese potatoes, Solanum ruiz-lealii, crops and their relatives that grow in World Conservation Monitoring Goooseberry Solanum kurtzianum the locality of the garden. Centre. IUCN - The World vines (Actinidia) • Proyecto Jardín Botánico de la Conservation Union, Gland, at Wuhan Ciudad Universitaria, Argentina – References Switzerland & Cambridge, U.K. Botanical collections of Phaseolus vulgaris var. ➡ Wyse Jackson, P.S., 1999. Gardens, China vulgaris and its wild relative P. ➡ FAO, 1996. Global Plan of Action for Experimentation on a Large Scale- (Photo: BGCI) vulgaris var. aborigineus the Conservation and Sustainable An Analysis of the Holdings and Utilisation of Plant Genetic Resources of Botanic Gardens. Resources for Food and Agriculture. BGCNews 3(3):27-30. [http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FaoIn fo/Agricult/AGP/AGPS/GpaEN/gpat Suzanne Sharrock oc.htm accessed November, 2005]. Director, Public Awareness and ➡ Commission on Genetic Resources Understanding for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA), BGCI 2001. International Treaty on Plant Descanso House, 199 Kew Road Genetic Resources for Food and Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. Agriculture http://www.fao.org/ag/ Telephone: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 cgrfa/itpgr.htm Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 ➡ GPPC, 2005. Plants2010. E-mail: [email protected] [http://www.plants2010.org/, accessed, November, 2005] ➡ IUCN, 2004. 2004 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species http://www.redlist.org/

18 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) Table 1. CWR in botanic garden collections (PlantSearch) and the SINGER database based on the crops included in Annex 1 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture compared with the number of species in each genera given in the Plant Book (Mabberley, 1997) (see text for further information). (Brassica genera include Brassica, Armoracia, Barbarea, Camelina, Crambe, Diplotaxis, Eruca, Isatis, Lepidium, Raphanobrassica, Raphanua, Rorippa and Sinapis)

Number of rare and Number Number of species of threatened species gardens Number of with gardens special collections Crop Genus 1997 Mabberley, PlantSearch SINGER IUCN, 2004 IUCN 1997 and (Walter Gillett, 1998) PlantSearch/ IUCN 2004 PlantSearch/ IUCN 1997

Breadfurit Artocarpus 50 107 5 5 5 1 1 5 Asparagus Asparagus 140 86 2 1 13 0 6 2 Oat Avena 25 14 19 0 3 0 0 2 Beet Beta 13 5 10 0 5 0 2 1 Brassica 13 genera 370 122 33 2 118 0 31 7 Pigeon Pea Cajanus 37 2 19 0 2 0 0 0 Chickpea Cicer 40 16 43 0 6 0 2 1 Citrus Citrus 16 18 21 1 3 0 0 20 Coconut Cocos 1 9 1 0 0 0 0 3 Major aroids Colocasia 8 11 2 0 0 0 0 3 Xanthosoma 57 25 3 2 1 0 0 Carrot Daucus 22 7 1 0 3 0 0 0 Yams Dioscorea 850 60 72 4 68 0 4 9 Finger millet Eleusine 9 4 6 0 0 0 0 0 Strawberry Fragaria 12 16 1 0 1 0 0 4 Sunflower Helianthus 50 36 18 0 18 0 1 1 Barley Hordeum 20 17 26 0 2 0 0 1 Sweet potato Ipomoea 650 85 340 1 45 0 0 0 Grass pea lathyrus 160 82 46 0 24 0 2 2 Lentil Lens 4 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 Apple Malus 55 62 20 3 5 1 3 48 Cassava Manihot 98 15 104 0 69 0 1 2 Bannana Musa 35 51 22 0 3 0 1 13 Rice Oryza 18 5 27 0 3 0 0 0 Pearl Millet Pennisetum 130 23 32 0 5 0 0 0 Beans Phaseolus 36 28 53 3 2 0 1 0 Pea Pisum 2 2 4 0 0 0 0 1 Rye Secale 3 6 4 0 5 0 1 1 Potato Solanum 1700 190 250 43 129 1 9 1 Eggplant Solanum 1 Sorghum Sorghum 24 15 19 0 2 0 0 0 Triticale Triticosecale 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wheat Triticum 4 23 17 0 3 0 2 3 Agropyron 15 9 17 0 9 0 0 Elymus 150 36 43 0 11 0 0 Faba Bean/vetch Vicia 140 77 75 0 23 0 5 0 Cowpea et al. Vigna 150 12 88 0 4 0 0 0 Maize Zea 4 5 4 0 3 0 1 0 Total 5098 1283 1453 65 593 3 73 131

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 19 Author: Kingsley Dixon

Botanic gardens in the age of restoration: supporting Target 8 of the GSPC

and participate in recovery and For global mining houses the challenge restoration programmes for 5 per cent remains - providing effective, on-site of the world’s threatened plant post-mined restoration which match species;’ (see page 4). corporate environmental goals. For many mining operations there is a Natural resource companies (e.g. conspicuous absence of ecologically minerals, coal, stone, sand, gravel, oil, rigorous and sustainable restoration, gas, timber) worldwide struggle to underpinned by scientifically robust match the pace of landscape completion criteria that guarantee alterations with the generation of restored ecosystems remain resilient robust, science-based restoration and and species comparative. Mining ecosystem reinstatement. This is no companies more than ever, need to more apparent than in biodiverse embrace science-based ecological ecosystems of Western Australia, such restoration particularly if they operate as the global biodiversity hotspot of in biodiverse wildlands. Above and top: Is there a role for botanic gardens to south western Australia, or the Argyle Diamond use their horticultural and scientific resource ‘hot-spot’ in the Pilbara For biodiverse ecosystems there is Mines (Rio capacity to partner with the mining region of Western Australia where the often little or limited knowledge of Tinto) are the industry for capacity building impact of the mining sector on restoration ecological principles. biggest producer restoration science? In this article I landscape-level changes and species Although restoration ecology is now a of natural explore how Kings Park and Botanic losses is significant. And with $53 core discipline taught at many levels diamond Garden (KPBG) linked and partnered billion earmarked in the next 5 years and there are restoration ecologists the in the world. with the mining and natural resource for resources development in Western world over, it is still only decades old Research by sector to support restoration research Australia the task of matching science as a discipline. The science for Kings Park which is difficult to fund from other with ecosystem restoration is daunting. effective and sustainable restoration scientists sources – ultimately leading to public ecology is now one of the fastest resulted in the good benefits in restoration and A recent analysis of one company’s growing areas in the natural sciences. first conservation of biodiversity. mining restoration in biodiverse The world conference on ecological restoration of heathland communities in the south restoration (under the auspices of the spinifex (Triodia This work combines the skills of the west of Australia indicated that at Society for Ecological Restoration spp.) at the botanic garden for integrated most, only 17% of the pre-mined International) held in Spain (September, minesite (Photo: conservation (Section 2.6) and in species diversity was being reinstated. 2005) was testament to the KPBG) particular research (Section 2.7) as part For large scale impacts such as in the extraordinary diversity and breadth of of the International Agenda for Botanic Pilbara region of Western Australia, research being undertaken in the Gardens in Conservation. Restoration now one of the world’s leading areas restoration sciences (SER, 2005). programmes support Target 8 of the for the production of iron ore, dominant Global Strategy for Plant Conservation understorey species such as the Is there a role for botanic gardens in (GSPC). Further, there is a specific ubiquitous spinifex grasses (Triodia aligning their science programmes with target for restoration programmes in species) are rarely if ever being the demands and needs of global botanic gardens which highlights this effectively reinstated in post-mined mining restoration ecology? KPBG role: Target 9: ‘Botanic gardens support sites. developed a partnership with the

20 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 20-21 mineral sands (titanium) extraction A critical factor in deriving a successful Left: Restoration industry in 1984 when the company research partnership is the principle of being was attempting to restore the hidden ‘adaptive management’. Essentially undertaken by beard heath (Leucopogon obtectus, ‘learning by doing’, adaptive KPBG on Airlie Ericaceae) a rare species threatened by management provides a mechanism Island off the their mining operation. The research where industry endusers enlist northwest coast programme spanning a decade, scientists to work on a restoration of Australia for resulted in an improved understanding issue. By installing experiments where Apache Energy of the genetic diversity, seed biology, the outcomes are then tested by who run an oil specialised ericoid mycorrhiza and role minesite operators, the results are then Only through partnerships with facility on the of fire in the recruitment of the rare returned to the scientists. Scientists scientists, particularly those in botanic island. The species. Importantly the programme then adapt and modify the next series gardens where the focus in research is pernicious weed, developed into larger research of experiments on the basis of the new practical solutions to global and local buffel grass programmes involving restoration ‘field knowledge’. Adaptive conservation issues, will the mining (Cenchrus ecology of Ericaceae across many management challenges scientists to industry achieve environmental ciliaris) was other companies in the mining industry fast-track research and interact with outcomes to match the expectations of successfully in Australia. Significant and lasting field operators to achieve field capable the communities in which they operate. controlled using benefits of the programme included and practical solutions. selective improved methods for topsoil handling References herbicides and to optimise mycorrhiza and species The mining sector can provide benefits reintroducing recovery. With mining industry support to develop and enrich research ➡ SER, 2005. Society for Ecological native species there was capacity for KPBG scientists programmes in botanic gardens. Restoration. [http://www.ser.org, (Photo: KPBG) to establish conservation principles However the association requires a accessed November, 2005]. and management for rare and mature appreciation by industry that threatened Ericaceous species in non- scientific solutions to complex Kingsley Dixon mining situations. biodiverse restoration issues require Director, Science dedicated and often substantial Kings Park and Botanic Garden Today KPBG has established restoration funding within realistic timeframes. West Perth, Western Australia ecological programmes with the mining Equally, it behoves botanic gardens 6005, Australia sector resulting in a broad raft of scientists to fairly represent to industry Tel: +61 (0)8 9480 3600 research competencies in the the critical and necessary science to Fax: +61 (0)8 9322 5064 conservation and restoration sciences. deliver effective restoration outcomes. E-mail: [email protected] Core disciplines that have continued to evolve and develop in partnership with the mining sector include – provenance Smoking for Restoration delineation for seed collection programmes; propagation science Support by the mining sector was critical in the early including tissue culture of recalcitrant research programmes by KPBG that established species; mycorrhiza science particularly smoke as a key agent in germination of Australian in restoration of orchids; seed science native species. Ultimately the research led to the and technology including dormancy discovery in 2004 by a team from the botanic garden alleviation, optimisation of broadcast and local universities of the key chemical agent in seeding technology and principles for smoke responsible for eliciting germination. Global seed-banking. Benefits of these agrochemical company Dupont is now evaluating the associations with industry have benefits of the discovery for improving seed extended to developing scientific performance in agricultural species. capabilities for managing the conservation estate. For example, Smoke application to seeds of the Above: KPBG’s considerable restoration skills Western Australian fringed lily Smoke can be with industry was part of the logic in (Thysanotus multiflorus). Smoke applied in a 1998 in bringing under their deposited during a bushfire number of ways management and control one of the stimulates germination of a wide to stimulate more significant urban bushland variety of native species. By seed reserves at Bold Park. Significant applying contact adhesive (adhesive germination for portions of this 437 ha reserve were in paper) to the soil surface after a mining an advanced stage of degradation due fire, the single layer of adhering soil restoration to loss of native species cover and contains sufficient germination weed encroachment. Using the seminal stimulant to germinate seed. science developed with the mining Without (left) and with (right) sector, KPBG scientists have adapted (Photo: KPBG) outcomes to suit the unique issues facing urbanised conservation reserves.

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 21 Author: Kayri Havens

Developing an Invasive Plant Policy at a botanic garden: lessons learned

This work supports the International • Native (indigenous) – a species that Agenda for Botanic Gardens in was present in North America prior Conservation which addresses the to European settlement or has problem of invasive alien plants arrived since through natural means (Sections 2.9 and 2.11 and GSPC of dispersal. Target 10. This specific concern of • Non-native (exotic, alien, introduced) botanic gardens is highlighted in the – a species that was brought to 2010 Targets for botanic gardens which North America by humans, either requires that ‘All botanic gardens carry deliberately or accidentally. Above and top, With the publication of the Global out invasive species risk assessments • Naturalised – a non-native species, page 23: Strategy for Plant Conservation of their collections and management or native species from another Aquilegia (GSPC), the profile of plant practices’ (Target 11) and ‘Botanic region of the country, that has caucasica conservation and the role of gardens in gardens contribute to best practice for become established in disturbed (page. 23) and achieving conservation targets have control programmes for at least 100 areas and/or native communities. Campanula been raised. Many botanic gardens major invasive species that threaten • Weedy – a species that readily latifolia (above) and arboreta have adopted plants, plant communities and spreads, especially in disturbed were collected in conservation as part of their mission associated habitats and ecosystems’ areas, but generally does not pose a the Republic of and are evaluating their practices (Target 12) (see page 4). threat to the integrity of native plant Georgia, passed through this prism. For gardens that communities. weed risk are developing or maintaining Building a team and setting • Invasive – a species, usually non- assessment and collections from geographically diverse parameters native, that is able to establish itself have been added regions, the potential of introducing an within existing native plant to the collection invasive species has become a major In developing our team, we found it communities and is posing a threat (Photos by concern. Like many gardens, the beneficial to bring all the to the integrity of the community. Boyce Chicago Botanic Garden’s horticultural “stakeholders” to the discussion. This Tankersley) collection includes species appropriate allowed the policy we developed to be We focused on plants that are known for our climate from around the world. accepted by everyone. The process to be invading, or likely to become To build the collection, the Garden has involved members of the senior staff invasive in the Chicago area and participated in exploration trips to (important for conflict resolution) and defined our region of concern as the 22 countries in Asia and Europe, as well representatives from the horticulture, county areas used in our local flora, as other parts of the United States, to collections, conservation science and Plants of the Chicago Region (Swink bring back new plants with horticultural ornamental plant research and Wilhelm, 1994). merit. Because imported species may departments. become invasive (escape cultivation Making a list and checking it and have a negative environmental In developing our policy, we found it twice impact), the Garden has developed useful to explicitly define the species and implemented an invasive plant about which we were concerned. We began by reviewing several invasive policy. In this article, I present some For our policy, we use the following plant lists from the upper Midwest and suggestions for gardens developing definitions: through a series of discussions, and invasive plant policies based on our occasionally photo documentation for experience. proof, came to a consensus on a list of

22 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 22-24 orders. Our list serves as the first Chicago Botanic Garden plantings screen; no species or cultivar (unless it causing environmental problems for is a documented sterile cultivar) of an our community, thus strengthening our invasive species on our list is added to conservation mission without the collection. For taxa new to the compromising our horticultural display. Chicago region, the Garden performs a risk assessment (Figure 1) using a References slightly modified version of Widrlechner’s revision of the Reichard ➡ Koppen, W. 1936. Das and Hamilton (1997) model geographische system der climate. (Widrlechner, USDA-ARS, pers. Handbuch der Klimatologie. plant species that we believe are comm.). Any species new to the Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin. 1:1-40. invasive in our region. We review our United States undergoes in ground [http://www.geofictie.nl/ctkoppen.ht list annually, making additions and evaluation for at least four years after m, accessed November, 2005]. deletions as new information becomes reaching reproductive maturity in ➡ Reichard, S.H. and Hamilton, C.W., available. Most of the species on our addition to the risk assessment. 1997. Predicting invasions of list were not in our collection. For those woody plants introduced into North that were found on our grounds, one of Spreading the word America. Cons. Biol. 11: 193-203 three courses of action was assigned: ➡ Swink, F. and Wilhelm, G., 1994. remove, phase out, or evaluate. It is important that all garden staff Plants of the Chicago Region, 4th Species that we felt posed the greatest understand and follow our policy. We Edition. Indiana Academy of Left: threat have already been removed and have posted the policy on our website Science, Indianapolis, IN. Buckthorns replaced. Species that pose a lesser and sent information about invasives to (Rhamnus invasive risk and form significant all departments. We have distributed For further reading cathartica. structural features in landscape are our invasive list to all instructors in our [pictured] and being phased out over the next five to education programs to ensure they Groves, R.H., Pannetta, F.D. and Virtue, R. frangula) are ten years. We will evaluate, through our don’t recommend an invasive species. J.G. (eds.), 2001. Weed Risk on the Garden’s plant evaluation programme, any taxa The invasive team reviews catalogues Assessment. CSIRO Publishing, “Remove where invasiveness is suspected, but for plant sales and the gift shop, Collingwood, VIC, Australia Immediately” the risk posed by each cultivar is not including materials used in list. Both are known. In total, less than 0.3% of taxa dried flower arrangements. illegal to plant in our collection are being removed, and We have also discontinued deliberately in replacement offers the opportunity to our Index Seminum Illinois. expand our collection. programme, recognising that Continuing our native plants may efforts will be Preventing new invasions become invasive elsewhere. required to prevent It was important that our policy also It can be both challenging recolonisation addressed assessing the risk of new and rewarding to develop a of both species introductions. Plants enter our botanic garden invasive in minimally- collection through plant exploration policy. We are confident that managed areas trips, from commercial sources and we have substantially of our grounds from Index Semina (seed exchange) minimised the risk of any (Photo: Chicago Botanic Garden)

Bottom left: Elderberry (Sambucus ebulus) failed our plant Kayri Havens, evaluation due Medard & Elizabeth Welch Director to prolific Institute for Plant Conservation spread by Chicago Botanic Garden rhizomes; 1000 Lake Cook Road shows Glencoe, Illinois 60022, U.S.A. excavated Tel: +1 847/835-8378 rhizomes Fax: +1 847/835-6975 E-mail: produced by [email protected] three individuals Internet: http://www.chicago in one growing botanic.org/research/conservation season (Photo: Mark Rudy)

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 23 Figure 1. Decision tree from Reichard and Hamilton (1997). Our modifications, based largely on those of Mark Widrlechner, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa (pers. comm.), include:

• If a species requires further analysis and is not from a region with a similar climate (based on Koppen Climate Classification (Koppen, 1936), then accept. • If a species requires further analysis and has fleshy bird-dispersed fruits, then reject. • If a species is rejected from the right side of the tree and does not have fleshy bird- dispersed fruits, then requires further analysis.

Does the species invade elsewhere, outside of North America? No Yes

Is it an interspecific hybrid Is it in a family or genus with with known seed sterlity? species that are already Yes strongly invasive in North Yes America? Reject No Does it spread quickly by No vegetive means? Is it native to parts of Noth Yes No America other than the Is it native to parts of Noth region of the proposed Further Analysis/ Accept America other than the introduction? monitoring needed region of the proposed introduction? No Yes

Yes No Reject Further Analysis/ monitoring needed

Does it spread quickly by In the juvenile period usually vegetive means? less than 5 years (trees), 3 years (shrubs and vines), No Yes or does it grow very rapidly in its first two years Accept Further Analysis/ monitoring needed No Yes

Does it reproduce quickly Does it reproduce quickly No vegetatively? vegetatively? Is it in a family or genus with species that are Yes No Yes already strongly invasive in Reject North America? Do the seeds reqiure Do the seeds reqiure pretreatment for pretreatment for Yes No germination? germination?

Further Analysis/ Accept Yes No Yes No monitoring needed Further Analysis/ Reject monitoring needed Is it in a family or genus with species that are already strongly invasive in North America?

No Yes

Accept Further Analysis/ monitoring needed

24 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) Authors: Mark Richardson, Anle Tieu and Bian Tan

Training and capacity building for conservation in Asia: implementing Target 15 of the GSPC

conservation’ and ‘Double the number and fully explain its relevance. This Right: Visit to a of trained botanic garden staff working can sometimes result in the repetition sacred grove in in conservation, research and of information, but that can often assist the Western education’ (Target 19, see page 4). in ensuring that the information is Ghats during the understood. translocation Since the publication of the workshop held International Agenda botanic gardens The following three case studies are of at Pune, India have provided not only training but training courses that were run to (Photo: Tricia also the appropriate facilities for achieve a specific in-country outcome. Hogbin) promoting education and awareness about plant diversity and the recovery Case Study 1: Interpretation in and restoration of plant diversity. Chinese Botanic Gardens

A significant aspect of BGCI’s Investing Botanic gardens are visited by over The International Agenda for Botanic in Nature programme in the Asia region 200 million people a year which Gardens in Conservation explicitly has been the provision of training provides a good opportunity to raise states that ‘Botanic gardens have an programmes at an in-country and public awareness about the importance important role to play in building regional level to increase their capacity of plant diversity and the need for its capacity for the maintenance of for conservation. In doing so, we have conservation among their visitors. biodiversity’ (Section 2.9). This sought to provide training relevant to As a part of the Investing in Nature includes building the capacity of their identified priority areas, obtain good programme, BGCI funded exhibitions own staff, sharing skills with other regional and local support and provide to be hosted by different botanic gardens and developing training opportunities for participants to gardens in China, where visitor programmes for national and effectively network. The latter has numbers are rapidly growing as botanic international courses. happened both during the courses and gardens take on the public education often more importantly during the role. At the commencement of this The achievement of the targets of the breaks. In developing the training programme, a training workshop was Global Strategy for Plant Conservation programmes, BGCI has not only held at the Shanghai Botanic Gardens (GSPC) will require very considerable sought to involve the botanic garden in 2003 to assist botanic garden staff capacity building in both training and community but also other organizations to develop plans for their exhibitions. access to adequate facilities for plant and individuals that are doing work The exhibitions are intended to conservation. The 2010 Targets for relevant to the training. highlight the importance of China’s botanic gardens highlight the botanic gardens, Chinese plants importance of ‘Appropriate resources An important aspect of all training (economically, culturally and and facilities developed to enable workshops is that they must address a aesthetically), links between plants and botanic gardens in every country of the specific need in improving skills and a local communities in China and the world to achieve the targets of the measurable outcome. While the threats faced by plant diversity in International Agenda and the GSPC’ provision of information alone can be China by presenting the plant with two sub-targets: ‘Botanic gardens useful, it is still necessary to give conservation work undertaken by the develop programmes to deliver training participants guidelines on how to use garden. While this provided a good and capacity building in plant the information they are being given introduction to the subject of

BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 25-27 25 Left: BGCI classrooms for students, and to foster Investing in closer ties between the teachers and Nature Teacher botanic gardens staff, thereby paving training course the way for future garden-school in Bogor collaborations. These programmes Botanic Garden, have a multiplier effect in that the Indonesia teachers who are trained by garden (Photo: BGCI) staff will teach many classes during their career.

The course held in 2005 at the Bogor Botanic Gardens, Java, involved 43 biology teachers from 6 of the subdistricts in the immediate Bogor area. They included equal representation from private and government schools, and elementary and junior high schools. The informal nature of the course interpretation, it was recognised that be evaluated. As a result of the sessions and the environmental games further training would still be required workshop, there was also a noticeable in the gardens helped the teachers to ensure that the botanic gardens improvement in the exhibition network and interact with each other produced effective exhibitions. applications. The exhibitions produced and the staff of the garden and several after the workshop by the participants NGOs. The latter included organisations In response to this, another training featured more cohesive themes and such as Rimbawan Muda Indonesia, a workshop was organised at the Nanjing incorporated interactive activities which well-established organisation focusing Botanic Garden (Mem Sun Yat-Sen) in conveyed more effectively the plant on children’s environmental education, 2004. The objective of the workshop conservation message. For example who gave a session on children’s was to specifically equip the the Beijing Teaching Botanic Garden’s games, and Klub Indonesia Hijau, an participants to plan and develop an exhibition on Plants - the protector of organisation focusing on biodiversity interpretation display for their botanic the environment included hands-on conservation, who gave instruction on garden. It was intended to make and sensory activities demonstrating bird watching during the garden tour. participants aware that effective the environmental functions of plants The International Agenda encourages interpretation involves the such as noise reduction, humidity networking at all levels to achieve their understanding of the target audience, control and pollution control. An goals in maintaining plant diversity and themes and use of evaluation. evaluation of the exhibition conducted ensuring sustainable living (Section by the garden revealed that “80% of 2.19). The workshop was a good opportunity visitors could say that plants are for experience-sharing amongst ornamental, can be salt and alkaline Almost all of the teachers had botanic gardens staff and provided a resistant, conserve and purify water, previously visited the Bogor Botanic stimulus to encourage botanic gardens reduce noise and be used to monitor Gardens with their students, but the to apply for exhibition funding. changes in the environment”. great majority had no clear idea of the functions of botanic gardens and their The workshop was facilitated by staff Case Study 2: Teacher roles in conservation and education. from local gardens who shared their training in Indonesian Botanic The course not only imparted skills and experience. Ms Idy Wong Gardens information and facts to the teachers, and Sharon Chow, Kadoorie Farm and but gave them direct experience in Botanic Garden, Hong Kong led the Building on the important and how to show the gardens and lively and interactive training at the recognised education role for botanic collections to their students. workshop. Dr Jin Xiaobai (Bejing gardens, effective interpretation is Botanical Garden) and Ms Li Mei important as highlighted by the Similar teacher training courses held at (Nanjing Botanical Garden) provided success of pubic exhibitions. Equally another Indonesian garden, the case studies of interpretation projects important is training for school Cibodas Botanic Gardens, have greatly from their gardens. teachers who use botanic garden visits increased school participation in the in their teaching programmes. Pepeling Programme (children’s The thirty people from 18 Chinese environmental education) run by the botanic gardens who attended the The Investing in Nature programme in Cibodas Botanic Gardens staff. The workshop enjoyed the presentations, Indonesia has included several training first course at Cibodas was held in group activities and discussions. Most courses to assist school teachers to 2003. Before the Teacher Training participants felt that they learnt how a make effective use of botanic gardens Courses were conducted, 220 students botanic garden interpretative display in Indonesia. The aims of such courses from 22 schools participated in the could be produced with a minimal are to encourage teachers of nearby Pepeling Programme in 2002. In 2003, budget and how interpretation could schools to use the gardens as outdoor 470 students from 47 schools

26 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) participated in the same programme To complement this work, an especially In general, it was felt that they were, and in 2004, 1,280 students from 128 focused workshop entitled Plant but had benefited greatly from the schools participated in the same Translocation – enriching India’s flora addition of the Indian case studies. programme! Another tangible benefit by returning rare plants to nature was of this improved teacher-botanic held in Pune in September, 2005. The References garden relationship was the conducting purpose of the workshop was to of school outreach by staff of the provide support for those botanic ➡ Vallee, L., Hogbin, T., Monks, L. Cibodas Botanic Gardens in 2005. gardens planning to carry out plant Makinson, B., Matthes, M. and Three elementary schools in the translocations, enable them to make Rossetto, M., 2004. Guidelines for surrounding regencies were visited, best use of their research and the translocation of threatened and the schoolchildren were introduced horticultural facilities for effective plant plants in Australia 2nd Edn. to the importance of plants and restoration. Australian Network for Plant participated in planting trees in their Conservation, Canberra, Australia. school compounds. To focus the content of the workshop, a text prepared by the Australian Mark Richardson In a written survey at the end of the Network for Plant Conservation, Director, Asia and Middle East course, all the participants indicated Guidelines for the Translocation of Programme that they had benefited from the Threatened Plants in Australia (Vallee, BGCI course and desired continuation and 2004) was used. Three of the authors, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road follow-up meetings or courses in the Tricia Hogbin, Leonie Monks and Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. future. All expressed the need for more Maurizio Rossetto also agreed to be Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 cooperation between schools, presenters. In addition, several Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 teachers, botanic gardens and other presentations on Indian translocation E-mail: [email protected] stakeholders. They noted that two of projects were given. the biggest problems facing the Anle Tieu teachers are the lack of motivation and In addition to the presentations, the China Programme Coordinator support for environmental programmes workshop also included more intensive BGCI on the part of the government sessions looking at the translocation E-mail: [email protected] education departments and that plans for six species included in the Indonesian society has a deeply- small grants projects and proposed for Bian Tan ingrained culture of not caring for the translocation. These not only assisted South-East Asian Programme environment and having a minimal the development of the plans but also Coordinator awareness of the environment. highlighted the vast differences that BGCI exist between different projects. Singapore Botanic Gardens, Courses such as these run at the E-mail: [email protected] Bogor and Cibodas Botanic Gardens Twenty people from 15 different Indian c/o Registry are providing teachers with the skills organisations attended, representing Singapore Botanic Garden Above: BGCI and facilities for engaging students government botanic gardens, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569 Investing in who will become the future community botanic gardens, Singapore Nature environmental stewards and decision universities, forestry institutes and Tel: +65 4741165 Education makers regarding matters of the NGO’s. Participants commended the Fax: +65 4754295 workshop held environment and education in very focused nature of the workshop in Nanjing, China Indonesia. and its immediate usefulness in terms (Photo: BGCI) of the work they were doing or Case Study 3: Translocation by proposing. One of the species Indian Botanic Gardens identified for translocation was Dipterocarpus bourdillonii, a critcally In India, BGCI has, as a part of the endangered tree species growing in Investing in Nature programme, been southern India. Discussions held offering small grants to botanic gardens during the workshop not only assisted to assist them develop practical in reviewing the work that had been conservation activities as identified in done to date, but also identified the the International Agenda (Sections 2.4- opportunity for another of the 2.6). Applicants undertaking ex situ organisations that attended the conservation were also requested to workshop to provide financial support look at possible translocation for its implementation. (reintroduction) projects on threatened plants. This work supports the (GSPC The workshop also provided a good Target 8) which includes a target of ’10 opportunity to test whether guidelines per cent of them [threatened plant that had been primarily prepared for species] included in recovery and use in another country were readily restoration programmes’. applicable to the situation in India.

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 27 Author: Etelka Leadlay

International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation: Registration update

We are delighted to announce that response and contribution to the for Botanic Gardens on the since the 20th May, 2004, a further 153 achievement of the Global Strategy for Reintroduction of Plants to the Wild, organisations from 33 countries, have Plant Conservation (GSPC). many of which have been translated registered their commitment to use the into other languages. International Agenda for Botanic As proposed in the International Gardens in Conservation (International Agenda, BGCI will not only record In this way, the activities outlined in the Agenda) as a framework for developing those organisations which have International Agenda will implement the institutional policies and programmes registered their commitment to the 2010 Targets for Botanic Gardens and for plant conservation (see Box International Agenda but also their the GSPC. overleaf). We are pleased that this contributions to the achievement of includes organisations from nine GSPC as measured by the 2010 If you have not already registered, countries that are new to the list: Targets for botanic gardens (see please take the opportunity to Azerbaijan. , , Jordan, page 4). complete the registration form (at Kazakhstan, Senegal, Slovakia, the back of this issue of BGjournal) Switzerland and Tajikistan. This work can be supported by BGCI and send by mail or fax to: publications such as the Darwin The Secretary General, Botanic This brings the total of organisations Technical Manual for Botanic Gardens, Gardens Conservation International, which have registered to 443 from 82 Environmental Education in Botanic Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, countries (16 December 2005). This Gardens: Guidelines for developing Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW, U.K. figure will more than achieve BGCI’s individual strategies and A Handbook Fax: +44 0208332 5956. strategic objective and operational milestone for 2005 which was 400 gardens registered as participants in Number of signatories to the International Agenda in Conservation the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation and illustrates the increasing awareness of the 450 importance of botanic gardens for the 2002 2003 conservation of plants and sustainable 360 living. 2004 2005 270 The International Agenda has been widely welcomed by many conservation and botanic garden 180 organisations and institutions worldwide. This has included the 90 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) which has recognised the 0 International Agenda as representing 2002 2003 2004 2005 the botanic garden community’s

28 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 28-29 Organisations which have registered their participation in implementing the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation - 20th May, 2004 – 16th December, 2005.

Africa Kenya Kitale Nature Reserve, National Museums of Kenya Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones Multiplant International Medicinal Conservation Fundación Cultural Argentino Japonesa Senegal Jardin d’Expérimentation des Plantes Utiles Jardín Agrobotánico de Santa Catalina Uganda Entebbe Botanic Gardens Jardín Biológico de América Tooro Botanical Gardens Jardín Botánico “Carlos Thays” Asia Azerbaijan Central Botanical Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan Jardín Botánico “El Viejo Molino” India Bhagalpur University Botanical Garden Jardín Botánico “Gaspar Xuarez”, Universidad Católica de Córdoba Centre for Biodiversity & Biotechnology Jardín Botánico “Tierra del Sur” Jiwaji University Charak Garden Jardín Botánico de Chacras de Coria Maharaja Sayajirao University Botanic Gardens Jardín Botánico de Córdoba Sahyadri Medicinal Plant Garden Jardín Botánico de la Ciudad de Corrientes State Forest Research Institute, Itanagar Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Agronomía de Azul Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de Esperanza Japan Botanical Garden, Tohoku University Jardín Botánico de la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la U.N.S.E. Setsunan University Medicinal Plants Garden Jardín Botánico de la Fundación Miguel Lillo The University of Tokyo Botanical Gardens Jardín Botánico de la Patagonia Extra-andina Botanical Garden National Science Museum Jardín Botánico de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis Jordan Royal Botanic Garden Jardín Botánico EMETA Chamical Kazakhstan Zhezkazgan Botanic Garden Jardín Botánico Ezeiza Malaysia Penang Botanic Gardens Jardín Botánico Pillahuincó Philippines Siit Arboretum Botanical Garden Jardín de Aclimatación del Arido Patagónico Tajikistan Botanical Garden of State National University of Tajikistan Jardín de Cactus Catamarca Thailand Peninsular Botanic Garden - Thung Khai Museo de Ciencias Naturales “Augusto G Schulz” Australasia Australia Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens Brazil Bosque Rodrigues Alves Jardim Botânico da Amazânia and Oceania St.Kilda Botanical Garden Fundaçao Jardim Botânico de Pocos de Caldas Europe Denmark Arboretum, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Instituto Agronômico - Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento do France Jardin des Plantes - Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Jardim Botânico Jardin d’Oiseaux Tropicaux Jardim Botânico de Pipa L’Arboretum de Chevreloup - Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Jardim Botânico de Porto Alegre Ireland Kilmacurragh Arboretum Jardim Botânico de Sâo Paulo Italy Museo di Storia Naturale della Calabria ed Orto Botanico Jardim Botânico do IB, UNESP, Botucatu Poland Forest Inspectorate Kudypy Jardim Botânico do Recife Ogród Ro´slin Leczniczych Instytutu Ro´slin i Przetworów Zielarskich Jardim Botânico Municipal de Bauru S´laski Ogród Botaniczny Jardim Botânico Municipal de Paulínia “Adelelmo Piva Jr” Russian A.G. Genkel Botanical Garden of Perm State University Jardim Botânico Municipal Francisca Maria Garfunkel Rischbieter Federation Arboretum of All-Russia Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural & Museu de Biologia Mello Leitâo Forest Melioration Museu Paraense “Emílio Goeldi” Botanical Garden of A.M. Gorkiy Ural State University Parque Botânico do Cearâ Botanical Garden of B.M.Kozo-Polyansky Voronezh State University Chile Parque Botânico Omara Botanical Garden of Belgorod State University Costa Rica Jardín Etnobotánico Dominga Botanical Garden of Biology Institute, Komi Scientific Centre of Ural Cuba Jardín Botánico Nacional Branch of RAS Honduras Jardín Botánico y Centro de Investigación Lancetilla Botanical Garden of Kaliningrad State University Mexico Alta Cima Botanical Garden Botanical Garden of Omsk Agricultural University Jardín botánico “Dr Alferdo Barrera Marín” Botanical Garden of Rodniki Anti-Tuberculosis Health Centre Jardín Botánico “Ignacio Rodríguez de Alconedo” Botanical Garden of Rostov State University Jardín Botánico “Jerzy Rzedowski Rotter” Botanical Garden of Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal Jardín Botánico “Rey Netzahualcóyotl” and Spice Plants Jardín Botánico Campo Experimental “Todos Santos” Botanical Garden of Samara State University Jardin Botanico Conunitario Botanical Garden of Scientific Research Institute of Agricultural Problems Jardín Botánico de Acapulco of Hakasia Jardín Botánico Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanical Garden of Udmurtija State University Jardín Botánico Regional “Cassiano Conzatti” de CIIDIR-IPN-Oaxaca Botanical Garden of Volgograd State Pedagogical University Jardín Botánico Regional “El Soconusco” Dendrological Garden of North Scientific Research Institute of Forestry Jardín Botánico Regional de Cadereyta “Ing. Manuel González de Cosío” Dendrological park “Forest Steppe Experimental Plant Breeding Station” Jardín Botánico Regional Xiitbal nek’ Dendrological Park of Novosibirsk Experimental Forestry Jardín Etnobotánico ‘Francisco Peláez R’ Pyatigorsk Ecological Botanical Station Jardín Etnobátanico Museo de Medicina Tradicional y Herbolaria del INAH Sakhalin Botanical Garden of Far Eastern Branch of RAS Jardín Etnobotánico Tzapoteca V.N. Rzhavitin Botanical Garden of Mordovia State University Proyecto Jardín Botánico del Desierto Chihuahuense V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of Siberian Branch of RAS Northern Canada Biodôme de Montréal V.V. Skripchinskiy Stavropol Botanical Garden of Stavropol Science America Calgary Zoo and Botanical Gardens Research Institute of Agriculture Canadian Museum of Nature Volgograd Regional Botanical Garden Columbia Valley Botanical Gardens Zabaikalskiy Botanical Garden Harriet Irving Botanical Gardens Slovakia Arboretum Mlynany Slovak Academy of Sciences Jardin Roger-Van Den Hende Spain Jardín Botánico de Córdoba Jardins de Metís - Reford Gardens Real Jardín Botónico Juan Carlos I Milner Gardens and Woodland Switzerland Bern Botanical Garden Musée de la nature et des sciences Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la Ville de Genéve The Niagara Parks Commission - Botanical Gardens and School of Ukraine Botanical Garden of Ukrainian State Forestry University Horticulture Krivoy Rog Botanical Garden of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Toronto Zoo The State Dendrological Park “Alexandria” of National Academy of Université de Montréal Sciences of Ukraine University of British Columbia Botanical Garden United Bristol Zoo Gardens United States Adkins Arboretum Kingdom Chelsea Physic Garden of America Association of Zoological Horticulture, Inc. Glasgow Botanic Gardens Bernheim Arboretum and Research Forest Latin America Argentina Administración de Parques Nacionales Butterfly Pavilion and Insect Center and The Arboretum Guaycolec y Arboretum de la Facultad de Recursos Naturales Chicago Botanic Garden Caribbean Asociación Civil Los Algarrobos Heard Natural Science Museum Bosque Autóctono “El Espinal” Reiman Gardens - Iowa State University Zoological Society of San Diego

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 29 Book Notices

Juan Manuel López and David Bramwell, global carbon cycle, the changes in the carbon stocks through zero tillage 2005 use and management of forests, an methods (increases the soil organic El Medio Natural terrestre de Gran Canaria overview of the free market approach to matter) and arable agro-forestry Cabildo de Gran Canaria, Spain public goods to achieve an optimal use of (increases woody biomass) and reduction resources, the role of multilateral of direct and indirect energy use This attractive illustrated A4 booklet institutes such as The World Bank, other (commercial fertiliser, pumped irrigation describes the natural history of Gran options for electricity generation, and mechanical power) will reduce Canaria and its maintenance. It has been measuring, monitoring and verification of emissions. written by David Bramwell, Director of the carbon benefits from the implementation Botanic Garden Viera y Clavijero and of forest-based projects. The second Member of the Board of Directors, BGCI part on environmental services covers the Russell A. Mittermeier, Patricio Robles together with Juan Manuel López. It is a impact of land-cover on climate sources Gil, Michael Hoffman, John Pilgrim, useful public relations document which and sinks, the potential for agriculture to Thomas Brooks, Cristina Goettsch gives a clear message that the natural sequester carbon, proposal for defining Mittermeier, John Lamoreux, and Gustavo environment is an important resource for the process and assignment of forest- A.B. da Fonseca, 2005 the community which, in this case, is being carbon-sinks entitlements for indigenous Hotspots Revisited: Earth’s Biologically well-managed by the local government. people through land rights, the economic Richest and Most Threatened Terrestrial value of tropical forests, nature-based Ecoregions tourism, markets for ‘green’ products and Conservation International, Washington, Ian Swingland (ed) 2004 developing markets for forest- DC, U.S.A. ISBN: 9686397779 (English) Capturing Carbon and Conserving environmental services especially in ISBN: 9686397787 (Spanish) Biodiversity: the market approach making the markets work for the poor. Price: $65.00 (includes postage in Earthscan, London, UK. 250 pp. The final part on the Future Model continental USA) ISBN 1853839515 Price: £24.95 provides a legal analysis, examines the For further information please contact Contact: Earthscan, 8-12 Camden High efficacy of the existing legal frameworks Jill Lucena, Conservation International, Street, London NW1 0JH, U.K. to protect terrestrial ecosystems and 1919 M Street NW, Suite 600, Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558, discusses carbon and greenhouse-gas- Washington, DC 20036 U.S.A. Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998, trading markets. Tel: +1 (202) 912-1208, E-mail: [email protected], Fax: +1 (202) 912-1026, Internet: www.earthscan.co.uk Unfortunately, the Kyoto Protocol, at E-mail: [email protected], present, does not explicitly support Internet: http://www.conservation.org This book argues that the ‘flexibility biodiversity. Reforestation with mechanisms’ of the Kyoto Protocol (1997) monoculture plantations might result in This book presents the results of a four offer an opportunity to use a market more biodiversity loss in pasture lands or year re-analysis of the biodiversity approach to reduce emissions and in degraded lands which would lose the hotspots, which originally appeared in the sequester carbon as well as conserve potential for recreating the original original Hotspots book in 1999, and biodiversity and create sustainable ecosystem. Further, the Protocol provides updated information, and refines livelihoods. In this way the true value of includes afforestation and reforestation and reconfigures the hotspot boundaries. the biosphere and the services will be but not the protection of threatened Hotspots Revisited identifies 34 regions appreciated through the free market. The native forests which means forests in worldwide, increased from the original 25 known facts about carbon, climate, developing countries are more vulnerable in the 1999 study. A hotspot has to biodiversity and people are presented in to degradation and clearing. However, contain at least 1500 species of vascular an unbiased way by contributors from many carbon trading schemes have been plants as endemics and has to have lost biologists and climatologists to lawyers, set up and botanic gardens might be in a at lest 70% of its original vegetation. financial specialists, and corporate fund position to monitor carbon benefits and Hotspots have been added because the managers. All topics are discussed help broker land-use projects. Gardens threats have increased or there is new critically with careful thought to unintended could also be beneficiaries of emission- information on the flora and vegetation. consequences. and recommendations for trading programmes for projects such as The authors estimate that 150,000 further quantitative studies. This book has restoring native forests. species of vascular plants - half the been updated since it was first printed in world’s plants - are confined to hotspots. 2003 and it has an introduction which This book provides many useful insights discusses the most recent arguments into increasing carbon stocks or avoiding Identifying hotspots is only a beginning especially those concerning carbon sinks. carbon emissions for agricultural lands and Conservation International has It is divided into three parts. The first on and forests. For example, sustainable defined a planning process to establish carbon and climate change covers the management practices can increase ‘targets of conservation outcomes’ at the

30 BGCI • 2006 • BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) • 30-31 species, site and landscape levels. This Many of our most pressing conservation case for conservation is also strongly moves from the global to the local scale problems occur in areas of human made. Half the species of Peninsular where botanic gardens are involved in the deprivation. This book focuses on the Malaysia are considered to be Critically conservation assessment of species for role of politics in tackling these situations. Endangered. Three of these species are conservation planning. It contains ten case studies which of immediate concern as their forest highlight the kind of issues faced in ‘real habitats are threatened by agriculture and Conservation International also has an life’ situations, and how these can be recreational activities. The author re- informative website on the hotspot addressed. These studies have been affirms that in situ conservation is always regions which includes the numbers of carefully selected to describe a range of the best because it conserves the total endemic plant species and references. situations, with low- to middle-income community including the insect However, this folio-sized book has such countries, many aspects of poverty, a pollinators, soil micro-organisms and the spectacular illustrations that it would be a range of actors, and a range of levels of precise conditions of micro-climate that welcome addition to any botanic garden political influence. favour the plant. However, ex situ library to highlight our conservation conservation is also very necessary for challenge. This book illustrates that political Peninsular Malaysia’s Begonias. processes are often seen to cause Cultivation in botanic gardens will not problems, but rather than complain, we only provide an insurance mechanism for Artyom Parshin, 2005 should engage with these processes to the future of these plants but also draw Solovki Garden: Russia’s monastery, achieve both poverty alleviation and attention to their attractiveness and gulag and botanic garden on the edge of conservation. It also emphasises the urgent conservation needs. the Arctic Circle need to adopt a long-term perspective, Moscow, Russia 52pp. English version and to understand and work with £7.95 (including postage and packing) stakeholders at the community level. Jose Luis Vivero, Ensermu Kelbessa and from IBLF Solovki Garden Project, Sebsebe Demissew (comp.) 2005. 28 Stratford Villas, London NW1 9SG, U.K. It is valuable in stressing the importance of The Red List of Endemic Trees and E-mail [email protected]. considering politics for project success, a Shrubs of Ethiopia and Eritrea Russian version available subject which perhaps is sometimes Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, neglected. Therefore, it will be useful for U.K. 23 pp. ISBN 1 903703 18 0. Artyom Parshin, the deputy director of the anyone involved in conservation and/or For further information, please contact Peter the Great Apothecary Garden of development projects. However, readers Fauna & Flora International, Great Eastern Moscow State University has produced a are recommended to ensure they first have House, Tenison Road, Cambridge very attractive book describing the some understanding of the subject’s CB1 2TT, U.K. Makarievskaya Pustyn Botanic Garden on context and concepts, such as exposure Tel: +44 (0) 1223 571000, the Solovki archipelago in the White Sea to ideas like institutional analysis, or a Fax: +44 (0) 1223 461481, northwest of Arkhangelsk. Solovki is a general understanding of issues in E-mail: [email protected], World Heritage Site of natural and cultural conservation and development. Internet: www.fauna-flora.org, importance and the garden and its www.globaltrees.org historic features are being studied, restored and interpreted. This will include Ruth Kiew, 2005. The collection of information on tree the extension of plant collections, Begonias of Peninsular Malaysia. species of conservation concern is vital research on Solvoki’s natural environment Natural History Publications (Borneo) for planning conservation action, and education programmes on the need Sdn.Bhd. and Singapore Botanic Gardens especially in countries such as Ethiopia to preserve this unique environment. 308 pp. ISBN 983 812 086 3 and Eritrea which possess a rich This book is supported by the Prince of Price: US$53.00. assemblage of plants. This Red List is Wales International Business Leaders Natural History Publications (Borneo) one of the first in a planned series being Forum’s 12-year programme of support Sdn.Bhd., A913, 9th Floor, Phase 1, produced by the IUCN/SSC Global Tree for Russian culture; it was produced with Wisma Merdeka, PO Box 15566, 88864 Specialist Group. the help of a grant from the Norwegian Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Barents Secretariat and HRH The Prince Tel: +60 088 233098, of Wales, who visited the garden in 2003. Fax: +60 088 240768, E-mail: [email protected], Internet: www.nhpborneo.com Stephen Bass, Hannah Reid, David Begonias of Peninsular Malaysia is a Satterthwaite, and Paul Steele (eds), 2005. beautifully illustrated guide with colour Reducing poverty and sustaining the photographs, line drawings and paintings environment: The politics of local of all 52 native species of this important engagement. Earthscan, London. 318 pp. horticultural genus. Thirteen species and ISBN 987 1 844071 16 6 or 1 84407 116 one variety are described for the first time 2 (paperback) Price: £19.99 plus postage in the publication. Although the Begonias £3.50 U.K., £5.00 Europe, £7.50 North commonly cultivated in Malaysia are all America and rest of world. exotics, the illustrations indicate the Earthscan, 8-12 Camden High Street, horticultural potential of native species. London, NW1 0JH, U.K. Begonia jiewhoei, a newly described Tel: +44 (0)20 7387 8558, species and one of the most beautiful Fax: +44 (0)20 7387 8998, begonias with “velvety malachite-green, E-mail: [email protected], silver-spotted leaves”, is considered a Internet: www.earthscan.co.uk good candidate for hanging baskets. The

BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) 31 Please register your contributions to the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation

International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation Registration Form

Name of Institution

Formal Board Resolution or other form of approval Please Tick Type of Registration from relevant governing bodies (e.g. university authorities, local, regional or national government

Informal E.g. by Director/Senior staff.

BGCI would welcome copies of any formal resolution, motion or other form of endorsement.

Name of responsible person

Position

Address

Date of Email Registration

Declaration

This institution welcomes the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation as a global framework for the development of institutional policies and programmes in plant conservation for botanic gardens.

Without imposing any obligations or restrictions (legal or otherwise) on the policies or activities of this institution/organisation, we commit ourselves to working to achieve the objectives and targets of the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation.

Signed Date

Please sign and detach this registration form and send it to The Secretary General, Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW, U.K.

Thank you for registering with the International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation.

Please keep a duplicate copy of this form for your records.

32 BGjournal • Vol 3 (1) How to join Botanic Gardens Conservation International

The mission of BGCI is to build a Institutions can join BGCI for the following benefits: world network for plant conservation. • Membership of the worldwide plant conservation network It was founded in 1987 and now • Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack (upon joining)* includes over 525 member • Regular publications: institutions in 115 countries, working - the regular newsletter, Cuttings together to implement the - BGjournal – an international journal for botanic gardens (2 per year) International Agenda for Botanic - Roots - environmental education review (2 per year) Gardens in Conservation and the - A wide range of new publications new Global Strategy for Plant • Invitations to BGCI congresses and discounts on registration fees Conservation. • BGCI technical support and advisory services

Institution Membership £ Stlg US $ € Euros

A BGCI Patron Institution 5000 8000 7500 B Institution member (budget more than US$2,250,000) 600 1000 940 C Institution member (budget US$ 1,500,000 - 2,250,000) 440 720 660 D Institution member (budget US$ 750,000 - 1,500,000) 300 500 440 E Institution member (budget US$ 100,000 - 750,000) 160 250 220 F Institution member (budget below US$100,000)* 75 120 110 *Generally applies to institutions in less developed countries

Other Membership Categories: • Regular publications: - the regular newsletter, Cuttings Membership benefits depend on - BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens (2 per year) category - see below. These can - Roots - Environmental Education Review (2 per year) include: • Invitations to BGCI congress and discounts on registration fees

Corporate Membership £ Stlg US $ € Euros

G Corporate Gold Member (BGjournal, Roots and Cuttings plus more) 5000 8000 7500 H Corporate Silver Member (BGjournal, Roots and Cuttings plus more) 1000 1600 1500

Individual Membership £ Stlg US $ € Euros

J Conservation donor (BGjournal, Roots and Cuttings plus more) 160 250 220 K Associate member (Cuttings and BGjournal) 356050 L Associate member (Cuttings and Roots) 356050 M Friend (Cuttings) available through online subscription only (www.bgci.org) 10 15 15

*Contents of the Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack: The Darwin Technical Manual for Botanic Gardens, A Handbook for Botanic Gardens on the Reintroduction of Plants to the Wild, A CITES Manual for botanic gardens, BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens (2 past issues), Roots - environmental education review (2 past issues), The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation, Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens, BG-Recorder (a computer software package for plant records).

Payment may be made by cheque payable to Botanic Gardens Conservation International,or online at www.bgci.org or by VISA/Mastercard sent to BGCI, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K or Fax: +44 (0) 20 8332 5956.

❑ I wish to apply for membership of Botanic Gardens Conservation International.

Name ...... Telephone ...... Address ...... Fax ...... E-mail ...... Internet site ......

Membership category ...... Annual rate ...... VISA/Mastercard number ...... Credit card expiry date ...... Signature ...... Print name ......

❑ I would like to make a donation to BGCI. Amount ......

Please clearly state your name (or the name of your institution) on all documentation. Please contactBGjournal [email protected] • Vol 3 for (1) further • 14-18 information.3 This publication is supported through Botanic Gardens Investing in Nature Conservation International

A partnership between BGCI, Earthwatch, Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, HSBC and WWF Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bgci.org

Printed on 100% recycled paper ISSN 0965-2582