V Department of Water and Environmental Studies Tema Institute Linköping University From Water to Resource: A Case of Stakeholders’ Involvement in Usangu Catchment Jofta M. Timanywa Master’s programme in Science for Sustainable Development Master’s Thesis, 30 ECTS ISRN: LIU-TEMAV/MPSSD-A--09/001--SE Linköpings Universitet V Department of Water and Environmental Studies Tema Institute Linköping University From Water to Resource: A Case of Stakeholders’ Involvement in Usangu Catchment Jofta M. Timanywa Master’s programme in Science for Sustainable Development Master’s Thesis, 30 ECTS Supervisor: Prof. Anders Hjort af Ornäs Examiner: Hans Holmen Upphovsrätt Detta dokument hålls tillgängligt på Internet – eller dess framtida ersättare – under 25 år från publiceringsdatum under förutsättning att inga extraordinära omständigheter uppstår. 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For additional information about Linköping University Electronic Press and its procedures for publication and for assurance of document integrity, please refer to its www home page: http://www.ep.liu.se/. © Jofta M. Timanywa Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i List of Figures ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii List of Annexes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1. INTRODUCTION ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.1 Introduction to the Issue ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 1.1.1 Water Resources in Tanzania -------------------------------------------------------------- 4 1.1.2 Water Resources in Usangu Catchment -------------------------------------------------- 4 1.2 Study Limitation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.3 Problem Statement and Justification -------------------------------------------------------------- 6 1.4 Hypothesis -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 1.5 General Objective ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 1.6 Research Questions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.1 Water Resources Management --------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 2.1.1 Centralized Vs Decentralized Water Management in Usangu ------------------------- 8 2.2 Stakeholders’ Involvement in Water Management ---------------------------------------------- 9 2.2.1Who is Stakeholder? ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.2.2 Stakeholders’ Participation ----------------------------------------------------------------- 9 2.2.3 Stakeholders’ Involvement in Tanzania ------------------------------------------------- 10 2.3 Level of Stakeholders’ Involvement ------------------------------------------------------------- 10 2.3.1 Non Participation --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.3.2 Low Participation --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.3.3 Active Participation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12 2.4 Benefits of stakeholders’ involvement ----------------------------------------------------------- 12 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.1 Study Area Description ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.1.1 Locality -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 3.1.2 Climate --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.1.3 Population ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.2 Research Design ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 15 3.2.1 Primary Data -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15 3.2.2 Secondary Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 3.2.3 Sampling Procedure ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 16 3.2.4 Data Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ------------------------------------------------------------------ 17 4.1. Respondents’ characteristics ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 4.2. Stakeholders’ Participation Level ---------------------------------------------------------------- 19 i 4.2.1 Stakeholders’ Involvement ---------------------------------------------------------------- 20 4.2.2 Stakeholders’ Experience on Consultations --------------------------------------------- 22 4.2.3 Consideration of Stakeholders’ Opinions in Decision Making ----------------------- 23 4.2.4 Stakeholders’ Experience on Active Involvement. ------------------------------------- 24 4.2.5 Stakeholders’ Involvement in the Discussion for Reallocation of Pastoralists ----- 27 4.2.6 Perception of Respondents on Stakeholders’ Involvement --------------------------- 29 4.3 Stakeholders’ Interaction -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 4.3.1 Interaction within a Stakeholder Category ---------------------------------------------- 30 4.3.2 Interaction between Stakeholder Categories within a sub-catchment --------------- 32 4.3.3 Interaction of Stakeholders Between Sub-catchments --------------------------------- 34 4.4 Challenges for Active Stakeholders’ Involvement --------------------------------------------- 34 4.4.1 Lack of Coordination ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 4.4.2 Size of the Basin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35 4.4.3 Illiteracy and Lack of Awareness --------------------------------------------------------- 35 4.4.4 Lack of Legislation Support --------------------------------------------------------------- 36 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -------------------------------------------- 37 5.1 Conclusions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 37 5.2 Recommendations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40 REFERENCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 41 APPENDIX --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 List of Figures Figure 1: Irrigated area in Usangu Catchment ------------------------------------------------------- 5 Figure 2: Conceptual framework, Levels of Stakeholders’ Participation ----------------------- 11 Figure 3: Map of Usangu Catchment, Showing Study Villages ---------------------------------- 14 Figure 4: Farmers’ Education Level ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18 Figure 5: Pastoralists’ Education Level --------------------------------------------------------------