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Stories of the Proterozoic Earth: Paleoproterozoic Chuanlinggou

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Stories of the Proterozoic Earth: Paleoproterozoic Chuanlinggou Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2011 Stories of the Proterozoic earth: Paleoproterozoic Chuanlinggou arcitarchs and Neoproterozoic ¹⁷O- depleted Barite Yongbo Peng Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Peng, Yongbo, "Stories of the Proterozoic earth: Paleoproterozoic Chuanlinggou arcitarchs and Neoproterozoic ¹⁷O-depleted Barite" (2011). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2552. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2552 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. STORIES OF THE PROTEROZOIC EARTH: PALEOPROTEROZOIC CHUANLINGGOU ACRITARCHS AND NEOPROTEROZOIC 17 O-DEPLETED BARITE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Yongbo Peng B.S., Yantai, Ludong University, 2003 M.S., Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2007 May 2010 This dissertation is dedicated to my grandfather. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my major advisor Dr. Huiming Bao, for his patience, friendship, and generosity. His enthusiasm for science, boundless energy, and never-ending ideas are examples that I will follow for my whole life. I am also grateful to each member of my graduate advisory committee: Dr. Gary Byerly, Dr. Annette Summers Engel, Dr. Laurie Anderson, Dr. Ayman Okeil, and Dr. Mostafa Elseifi for their help and instructive discussion and suggestions concerning my projects. I am indebted to Dr. Xunlai Yuan and Dr. Chuming Zhou of the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Dr. Shuhai Xiao of Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech. Without their encouragement and financial support, I would not have finished this dissertation. I would like to thank Dr. Duofu Chen and Dr. Dong Feng of the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing some of the barite samples and for coordinating strontium isotope analysis. Next, I would like to thank our laboratory members, Margarita Khachaturyan, Issaku Kohl, Tao Sun, Xiaoqian, Li and Changjie, Liu. During the past five years we have been like a family and I have been most fortunate to have the company, assistance, and encouragement. I also would like to thank the faculty, staff, and students of Department of Geology and Geophysics at LSU for their friendship and help with my studies. I would like to offer special gratitude to my wife Guiying Su for her love and my beautiful girl Emily Peng for so much good luck she brings to me. iii I would like to thank my parents for giving birth to me and supporting me spiritually all the way through my life. This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (40828002 to HB and 40625006 to XY), Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX2-YW- 153 and KZCX-SW-141to XY), Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology (2006CB806400 and 2003CB716805 to XY), State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry (Chinese Academy of Sciences) (200903 to HB), Louisiana State University (Faculty Research Grant program to HB), and National Science Foundation (USA) (EAR-0952057 to HB), Shreveport and New Orleans Geologic Society scholarship and Harvey Broyles Endowment Fund Scholarship ( 2010-2011, to YP). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................vii LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................................................................viii ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO STUDY........................................................................................1 1.1 My Intellectual Journey and the Dissertation Process.............................................1 1.2 Dissertation Objectives............................................................................................9 1.3 References..............................................................................................................11 CHAPTER 2 NEW MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FOR PALEOPROTEROZOIC ACRITARCHS FROM THE CHUANLINGGOU FORMATION, NORTH CHINA……………………………………......………………….……………14 2.1 Introduction………………............………….....………….……………………...14 2.2 Material and Methods …………….......……………………………......………....15 2.3 Results……………….................................................................................……..19 2.4 Discussion……………………………………………………………….………..28 2.4.1 A Morphological Model for Chuanlinggou Ovoidal Acritarchs.....................28 2.4.2 Comparison to Mesoproterozoic Acritarchs from Roper Group and Ruyang Group........................................................................................................................29 2.4.3 Is the Chuanlinggou Ovoidal Group the Earliest Eukaryote Body Fossil.......31 2.5 Conclusions …….............................……………………….…………………..…37 2.6 References...............................................................................................................38 CHAPTER 3 NEOPROTEROZOIC 17 O DEPLETED BARITE FROM TWO MARINOAN CAP DOLOSTONE SECTIONS, SOUTH CHINA...............................................................43 3.1 Introduction………………………………………………………………….......43 3.2 Sedimentological and Petrographic Contexts of the 17 O-depleted Barite ............. 45 3.3 Methods …………….................................................………….....…..50 3.3.1 Isotope Analytical Methods.............................................................................50 3.3.2 Modeling Methods...........................................................................................51 3.4 Results.....................................................................................................................56 3.4.1 Isotope Results.................................................................................................56 3.4.2 Modeling Results.............................................................................................57 3.5 Discussion.............................................................................................................69 3.5.1 The Effect of Diagenesis.................................................................................69 2− 3.5.2 An Isotopically Variable Sulfate Pool Reflecting a Low [SO 4 ] Ocean........69 3.5.3 Barite Snapshots of an Isotopically Variable Sulfate Pool..............................70 v 3.5.4 A Depositional Model for the 17 O-depleted Barite........................................73 3.6 Conclusions ………………………….............................……………………..…75 3.7 References............................................................................................................75 APPENDIX A. LETTERS OF PERMISSION..............................................................80 APPENDIX B. TRIPLE OXYGEN, SULFUR, AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPE DATA FOR BARITE ASSOCIATED WITH MARINOAN CAP DOLOSTONES FROM SONGLIN AND BAIZHU, SOUTH CHINA...................................................81 VITA……………………………………………………………………………………86 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Comparing morphological features between Mesoperterozoic acritarchs from Roper Group or Ruyang Group and Paleoproterozoic Chuanlinggou acritarchs from this study...................................................................................................33 Table 3-1 Values used in the model...................................................................................53 Table 3-2 Parameters and constraints for 28 control model runs......................................54 Table 3-3 Ranges and mean values of the ∆17 O, δ18 O, and δ34 S for B1 and B2 barite at Songlin and Baizhu...........................................................................................62 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1 Location and stratigraphy of the Changcheng Group, Jixian, northern China.................................................................................................................16 Figure 2-2 Field photograph of sample locality near Jixian..............................................18 Figure 2-3 Comparison between images of optical microscopy and of SEM on the same individual microfossil …...........................………………….....………...…..20 Figure 2-4 The ovoidal acritarchs from the Chuanlingguo Formation, northern China ………….......................................…….……………....…..21 Figure 2-5 The ovoidal acritarchs from the Chuanlingguo Formation, northern China ……………............................…………….………..….…...23 Figure 2-6 The spheroidal acritarchs from the Chuanlingguo Formation, northern China................................................................................................25 Figure 2-7 Lengths of
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