6.21 the Geologic History of Seawater H
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Cryogenian Glaciation and the Onset of Carbon-Isotope Decoupling” by N
CORRECTED 21 MAY 2010; SEE LAST PAGE REPORTS 13. J. Helbert, A. Maturilli, N. Mueller, in Venus Eds. (U.S. Geological Society Open-File Report 2005- M. F. Coffin, Eds. (Monograph 100, American Geophysical Geochemistry: Progress, Prospects, and New Missions 1271, Abstracts of the Annual Meeting of Planetary Union, Washington, DC, 1997), pp. 1–28. (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 2009), abstr. Geologic Mappers, Washington, DC, 2005), pp. 20–21. 44. M. A. Bullock, D. H. Grinspoon, Icarus 150, 19 (2001). 2010. 25. E. R. Stofan, S. E. Smrekar, J. Helbert, P. Martin, 45. R. G. Strom, G. G. Schaber, D. D. Dawson, J. Geophys. 14. J. Helbert, A. Maturilli, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 285, 347 N. Mueller, Lunar Planet. Sci. XXXIX, abstr. 1033 Res. 99, 10,899 (1994). (2009). (2009). 46. K. M. Roberts, J. E. Guest, J. W. Head, M. G. Lancaster, 15. Coronae are circular volcano-tectonic features that are 26. B. D. Campbell et al., J. Geophys. Res. 97, 16,249 J. Geophys. Res. 97, 15,991 (1992). unique to Venus and have an average diameter of (1992). 47. C. R. K. Kilburn, in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, ~250 km (5). They are defined by their circular and often 27. R. J. Phillips, N. R. Izenberg, Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 1617 H. Sigurdsson, Ed. (Academic Press, San Diego, CA, radial fractures and always produce some form of volcanism. (1995). 2000), pp. 291–306. 16. G. E. McGill, S. J. Steenstrup, C. Barton, P. G. Ford, 28. C. M. Pieters et al., Science 234, 1379 (1986). 48. -
Purification and Characterization of Bromocresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater Alkalinity Titrations
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers 2016 PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMOCRESOL PURPLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SEAWATER ALKALINITY TITRATIONS Taymee A. Brandon The University Of Montana, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/utpp Part of the Analytical Chemistry Commons, and the Environmental Chemistry Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brandon, Taymee A., "PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMOCRESOL PURPLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SEAWATER ALKALINITY TITRATIONS" (2016). Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers. 97. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/utpp/97 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Theses and Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMOCRESOL PURPLE FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SEAWATER ALKALINITY TITRATIONS By TAYMEE ANN MARIE BRANDON Undergraduate Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the University Scholar distinction Davidson Honors College University of Montana Missoula, MT May 2016 Approved by: Dr. Michael DeGrandpre Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry ABSTRACT Brandon, Taymee, B.S., May 2016 Chemistry Purification and Characterization of Bromocresol Purple for Spectrophotometric Seawater Alkalinity Titrations Faculty Mentor: Dr. Michael DeGrandpre The topic of my research is the purification of the sulfonephthalein indicator bromocresol purple (BCP). BCP is used as an acid-base indicator in seawater alkalinity determinations. Impurities in sulfonephthalein indicator salts often result in significant errors in pH values3. -
Timeline of Natural History
Timeline of natural history This timeline of natural history summarizes significant geological and Life timeline Ice Ages biological events from the formation of the 0 — Primates Quater nary Flowers ←Earliest apes Earth to the arrival of modern humans. P Birds h Mammals – Plants Dinosaurs Times are listed in millions of years, or Karo o a n ← Andean Tetrapoda megaanni (Ma). -50 0 — e Arthropods Molluscs r ←Cambrian explosion o ← Cryoge nian Ediacara biota – z ←Earliest animals o ←Earliest plants i Multicellular -1000 — c Contents life ←Sexual reproduction Dating of the Geologic record – P r The earliest Solar System -1500 — o t Precambrian Supereon – e r Eukaryotes Hadean Eon o -2000 — z o Archean Eon i Huron ian – c Eoarchean Era ←Oxygen crisis Paleoarchean Era -2500 — ←Atmospheric oxygen Mesoarchean Era – Photosynthesis Neoarchean Era Pong ola Proterozoic Eon -3000 — A r Paleoproterozoic Era c – h Siderian Period e a Rhyacian Period -3500 — n ←Earliest oxygen Orosirian Period Single-celled – life Statherian Period -4000 — ←Earliest life Mesoproterozoic Era H Calymmian Period a water – d e Ectasian Period a ←Earliest water Stenian Period -4500 — n ←Earth (−4540) (million years ago) Clickable Neoproterozoic Era ( Tonian Period Cryogenian Period Ediacaran Period Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Cambrian Period Ordovician Period Silurian Period Devonian Period Carboniferous Period Permian Period Mesozoic Era Triassic Period Jurassic Period Cretaceous Period Cenozoic Era Paleogene Period Neogene Period Quaternary Period Etymology of period names References See also External links Dating of the Geologic record The Geologic record is the strata (layers) of rock in the planet's crust and the science of geology is much concerned with the age and origin of all rocks to determine the history and formation of Earth and to understand the forces that have acted upon it. -
Hydrothermal Vents. Teacher's Notes
Hydrothermal Vents Hydrothermal Vents. Teacher’s notes. A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues. They are usually volcanically active. Seawater penetrates into fissures of the volcanic bed and interacts with the hot, newly formed rock in the volcanic crust. This heated seawater (350-450°) dissolves large amounts of minerals. The resulting acidic solution, containing metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu) and large amounts of reduced sulfur and compounds such as sulfides and H2S, percolates up through the sea floor where it mixes with the cold surrounding ocean water (2-4°) forming mineral deposits and different types of vents. In the resulting temperature gradient, these minerals provide a source of energy and nutrients to chemoautotrophic organisms that are, thus, able to live in these extreme conditions. This is an extreme environment with high pressure, steep temperature gradients, and high concentrations of toxic elements such as sulfides and heavy metals. Black and white smokers Some hydrothermal vents form a chimney like structure that can be as 60m tall. They are formed when the minerals that are dissolved in the fluid precipitates out when the super-heated water comes into contact with the freezing seawater. The minerals become particles with high sulphur content that form the stack. Black smokers are very acidic typically with a ph. of 2 (around that of vinegar). A black smoker is a type of vent found at depths typically below 3000m that emit a cloud or black material high in sulphates. White smokers are formed in a similar way but they emit lighter-hued minerals, for example barium, calcium and silicon. -
Introduction to Co2 Chemistry in Sea Water
INTRODUCTION TO CO2 CHEMISTRY IN SEA WATER Andrew G. Dickson Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii Monthly Average Carbon Dioxide Concentration Data from Scripps CO Program Last updated August 2016 2 ? 410 400 390 380 370 2008; ~385 ppm 360 350 Concentration (ppm) 2 340 CO 330 1974; ~330 ppm 320 310 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year EFFECT OF ADDING CO2 TO SEA WATER 2− − CO2 + CO3 +H2O ! 2HCO3 O C O CO2 1. Dissolves in the ocean increase in decreases increases dissolved CO2 carbonate bicarbonate − HCO3 H O O also hydrogen ion concentration increases C H H 2. Reacts with water O O + H2O to form bicarbonate ion i.e., pH = –lg [H ] decreases H+ and hydrogen ion − HCO3 and saturation state of calcium carbonate decreases H+ 2− O O CO + 2− 3 3. Nearly all of that hydrogen [Ca ][CO ] C C H saturation Ω = 3 O O ion reacts with carbonate O O state K ion to form more bicarbonate sp (a measure of how “easy” it is to form a shell) M u l t i p l e o b s e r v e d indicators of a changing global carbon cycle: (a) atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) from Mauna Loa (19°32´N, 155°34´W – red) and South Pole (89°59´S, 24°48´W – black) since 1958; (b) partial pressure of dissolved CO2 at the ocean surface (blue curves) and in situ pH (green curves), a measure of the acidity of ocean water. -
The Evolution and Distribution of Life in the Precambrian Eon-Global Perspective and the Indian Record 765
The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon-Global perspective and the Indian record 765 The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon-Global perspective and the Indian record M SHARMA* and Y SHUKLA Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany, 53 University Road, Lucknow 226 007, India *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) The discovery of Precambrian microfossils in 1954 opened a new vista of investigations in the fi eld of evolution of life. Although the Precambrian encompasses 87% of the earth’s history, the pace of organismal evolution was quite slow. The life forms as categorised today in the three principal domains viz. the Bacteria, the Archaea and the Eucarya evolved during this period. In this paper, we review the advancements made in the Precambrian palaeontology and its contribution in understanding the evolution of life forms on earth. These studies have enriched the data base on the Precambrian life. Most of the direct evidence includes fossil prokaryotes, protists, advanced algal fossils, acritarchs, and the indirect evidence is represented by the stromatolites, trace fossils and geochemical fossils signatures. The Precambrian fossils are preserved in the form of compressions, impressions, and permineralized and biomineralized remains. [Sharma M and Shukla Y 2009 The evolution and distribution of life in the Precambrian eon-Global perspective and the Indian record; J. Biosci. 34 765–776] DOI 10.1007/s12038-009-0065-8 1. Introduction suggested that all the living forms can be grouped into three principal domains viz. the Bacteria, the Archaea, and The sudden appearance and radiation of both skeletal and the Eucarya (Woese 1987, 2002; Woese et al. -
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Exploring the Texture of Ocean-Atmosphere Redox Evolution on the Early Earth Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9v96g1j5 Author Reinhard, Christopher Thomas Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Exploring the Texture of Ocean-Atmosphere Redox Evolution on the Early Earth A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geological Sciences by Christopher Thomas Reinhard September 2012 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Timothy W. Lyons, Chairperson Dr. Gordon D. Love Dr. Nigel C. Hughes ! Copyright by Christopher Thomas Reinhard 2012 ! ! The Dissertation of Christopher Thomas Reinhard is approved: ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It goes without saying (but I’ll say it anyway…) that things like this are never done in a vacuum. Not that I’ve invented cold fusion here, but it was quite a bit of work nonetheless and to say that my zest for the enterprise waned at times would be to put it euphemistically. As it happens, though, I’ve been fortunate enough to be surrounded these last years by an incredible group of people. To those that I consider scientific and professional mentors that have kept me interested, grounded, and challenged – most notably Tim Lyons, Rob Raiswell, Gordon Love, and Nigel Hughes – thank you for all that you do. I also owe Nigel and Mary Droser a particular debt of graditude for letting me flounder a bit my first year at UCR, being understanding and supportive, and encouraging me to start down the road to where I’ve ended up (for better or worse). -
Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, Volume 58, Number 4, Pp
Integrative and Comparative Biology Integrative and Comparative Biology, volume 58, number 4, pp. 605–622 doi:10.1093/icb/icy088 Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology SYMPOSIUM INTRODUCTION The Temporal and Environmental Context of Early Animal Evolution: Considering All the Ingredients of an “Explosion” Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/58/4/605/5056706 by Stanford Medical Center user on 15 October 2018 Erik A. Sperling1 and Richard G. Stockey Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Building 320, Stanford, CA 94305, USA From the symposium “From Small and Squishy to Big and Armored: Genomic, Ecological and Paleontological Insights into the Early Evolution of Animals” presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, January 3–7, 2018 at San Francisco, California. 1E-mail: [email protected] Synopsis Animals originated and evolved during a unique time in Earth history—the Neoproterozoic Era. This paper aims to discuss (1) when landmark events in early animal evolution occurred, and (2) the environmental context of these evolutionary milestones, and how such factors may have affected ecosystems and body plans. With respect to timing, molecular clock studies—utilizing a diversity of methodologies—agree that animal multicellularity had arisen by 800 million years ago (Ma) (Tonian period), the bilaterian body plan by 650 Ma (Cryogenian), and divergences between sister phyla occurred 560–540 Ma (late Ediacaran). Most purported Tonian and Cryogenian animal body fossils are unlikely to be correctly identified, but independent support for the presence of pre-Ediacaran animals is recorded by organic geochemical biomarkers produced by demosponges. -
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Dorjnamjaa et al. Mongolian Geoscientist 49 (2019) 41-49 https://doi.org/10.5564/mgs.v0i49.1226 Mongolian Geoscientist Review paper New scientific direction of the bacterial paleontology in Mongolia: an essence of investigation * Dorj Dorjnamjaa , Gundsambuu Altanshagai, Batkhuyag Enkhbaatar Department of Paleontology, Institute of Paleontology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 15160, Mongolia *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: We review the initial development of Bacterial Paleontology in Mongolia and Received 10 September 2019 present some electron microscopic images of fossil bacteria in different stages of Accepted 9 October 2019 preservation in sedimentary rocks. Indeed bacterial paleontology is one the youngest branches of paleontology. It has began in the end of 20th century and has developed rapidly in recent years. The main tasks of bacterial paleontology are detailed investigation of fossil microorganisms, in particular their morphology and sizes, conditions of burial and products of habitation that are reflected in lithological and geochemical features of rocks. Bacterial paleontology deals with fossil materials and is useful in analysis of the genesis of sedimentary rocks, and sedimentary mineral resources including oil and gas. The traditional paleontology is especially significant for evolution theory, biostratigraphy, biogeography and paleoecology; however bacterial paleontology is an essential first of all for sedimentology and for theories sedimentary ore genesis or biometallogeny Keywords: microfossils, phosphorite, sedimentary rocks, lagerstatten, biometallogeny INTRODUCTION all the microorganisms had lived and propagated Bacteria or microbes preserved well as fossils in without breakdowns. Bacterial paleontological various rocks, especially in sedimentary rocks data accompanied by the data on the first origin alike natural substances. -
A Community Effort Towards an Improved Geological Time Scale
A community effort towards an improved geological time scale 1 This manuscript is a preprint of a paper that was submitted for publication in Journal 2 of the Geological Society. Please note that the manuscript is now formally accepted 3 for publication in JGS and has the doi number: 4 5 https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-222 6 7 The final version of this manuscript will be available via the ‘Peer reviewed Publication 8 DOI’ link on the right-hand side of this webpage. Please feel free to contact any of the 9 authors. We welcome feedback on this community effort to produce a framework for 10 future rock record-based subdivision of the pre-Cryogenian geological timescale. 11 1 A community effort towards an improved geological time scale 12 Towards a new geological time scale: A template for improved rock-based subdivision of 13 pre-Cryogenian time 14 15 Graham A. Shields1*, Robin A. Strachan2, Susannah M. Porter3, Galen P. Halverson4, Francis A. 16 Macdonald3, Kenneth A. Plumb5, Carlos J. de Alvarenga6, Dhiraj M. Banerjee7, Andrey Bekker8, 17 Wouter Bleeker9, Alexander Brasier10, Partha P. Chakraborty7, Alan S. Collins11, Kent Condie12, 18 Kaushik Das13, Evans, D.A.D.14, Richard Ernst15, Anthony E. Fallick16, Hartwig Frimmel17, Reinhardt 19 Fuck6, Paul F. Hoffman18, Balz S. Kamber19, Anton Kuznetsov20, Ross Mitchell21, Daniel G. Poiré22, 20 Simon W. Poulton23, Robert Riding24, Mukund Sharma25, Craig Storey2, Eva Stueeken26, Rosalie 21 Tostevin27, Elizabeth Turner28, Shuhai Xiao29, Shuanhong Zhang30, Ying Zhou1, Maoyan Zhu31 22 23 1Department -
Geochemistry of Corals: Proxies of Past Ocean Chemistry, Ocean Circulation, and Climate
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 8354–8361, August 1997 Colloquium Paper This paper was presented at a colloquium entitled ‘‘Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change,’’ organized by Charles D. Keeling, held November 13–15, 1995, at the National Academy of Sciences, Irvine, CA. Geochemistry of corals: Proxies of past ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate ELLEN R. M. DRUFFEL Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 ABSTRACT This paper presents a discussion of the status Second, a synthesis is presented of the available proxy of the field of coral geochemistry as it relates to the recovery of records from corals as they relate to past climate, ocean past records of ocean chemistry, ocean circulation, and climate. circulation changes, and anthropogenic input of excess CO2. The first part is a brief review of coral biology, density banding, For some databases, the anthropogenic CO2 appears clear and and other important factors involved in understanding corals as globally distributed. For other databases it appears that vari- proxies of environmental variables. The second part is a syn- ability on interannual to decadal time scales complicates a thesis of the information available to date on extracting records straightforward attempt to separate natural perturbations of the carbon cycle and climate change. It is clear from these from the anthropogenic CO2 signal on the Earth’s environ- proxy records that decade time-scale variability of mixing pro- ment. Shen (4) presents a review of the types of coral archives cesses in the oceans is a dominant signal. That Western and available from the perspective of historical El Nin˜o-Southern Eastern tropical Pacific El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Oscillation (ENSO) influences on the tropical Pacific Ocean. -
Geologic History of the Earth 1 the Precambrian
Geologic History of the Earth 1 algae = very simple plants that Geologists are scientists who study the structure grow in or near the water of rocks and the history of the Earth. By looking at first = in the beginning at and examining layers of rocks and the fossils basic = main, important they contain they are able to tell us what the beginning = start Earth looked like at a certain time in history and billion = a thousand million what kind of plants and animals lived at that breathe = to take air into your lungs and push it out again time. carbon dioxide = gas that is produced when you breathe Scientists think that the Earth was probably formed at the same time as the rest out of our solar system, about 4.6 billion years ago. The solar system may have be- certain = special gun as a cloud of dust, from which the sun and the planets evolved. Small par- complex = something that has ticles crashed into each other to create bigger objects, which then turned into many different parts smaller or larger planets. Our Earth is made up of three basic layers. The cen- consist of = to be made up of tre has a core made of iron and nickel. Around it is a thick layer of rock called contain = have in them the mantle and around that is a thin layer of rock called the crust. core = the hard centre of an object Over 4 billion years ago the Earth was totally different from the planet we live create = make on today.