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Component Analyses Using Single-Subject Experimental Designs: a Review

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Component Analyses Using Single-Subject Experimental Designs: a Review JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2010, 43, 685–704 NUMBER 4(WINTER 2010) COMPONENT ANALYSES USING SINGLE-SUBJECT EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS: A REVIEW JOHN WARD-HORNER AND PETER STURMEY THE GRADUATE CENTER AND QUEENS COLLEGE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK A component analysis is a systematic assessment of 2 or more independent variables or components that comprise a treatment package. Component analyses are important for the analysis of behavior; however, previous research provides only cursory descriptions of the topic. Therefore, in this review the definition of component analysis is discussed, and a notation system for evaluating the experimental designs of component analyses is described. Thirty articles that included a component analysis were identified via a literature search. The majority of the studies successfully identified a necessary component; however, most of these studies did not evaluate the sufficiency of the necessary component. The notation system may be helpful in developing experimental designs that best suit the purpose of studies aimed at conducting component analyses of treatment packages. Key words: behavior analysis, behavior modification, component analysis, experimental design _______________________________________________________________________________ A component analysis is a systematic analysis of unnecessary. This in turn may lead to better two or more independent variables (compo- generalization and maintenance of the program if nents) that comprise a treatment package (Baer, parents, teachers, or staff have to be trained on Wolf, & Risley, 1968; J. O. Cooper, Heron, & only the key elements of the intervention. Heward, 2007). Researchers and clinicians Finally, conducting a component analysis is a conduct component analyses to identify the skill required of Board Certified Behavior active components of treatment packages that are Analysts (‘‘Behavior Analyst Task List,’’ 2005), responsible for behavior change. For behavioral suggesting that it is a necessary and important treatments to be analytic, researchers must feature of applied behavior analysis. identify specific components of a treatment Despite the importance of component anal- package that produce behavior change (Baer et yses, several authoritative sources on single- al.). Component analyses also may enhance the subject experimental designs do not refer to efficiency and social validity (Wolf, 1978) of component analyses at all (Johnston & Penny- behavioral treatments by eliminating ineffective packer, 1993; Kazdin, 1982; Sidman, 1960; and perhaps effortful components and by Sulzer-Azaroff & Meyer, 1972), or if they do, it evaluating the necessity of more restrictive is to provide cursory definitions and limited components (e.g., punishment procedures) or descriptions of the process (Baer et al., 1968; those components of the intervention that are Barlow & Hersen, 1984; J. O. Cooper et al., 2007; Kennedy, 2005). Currently, there is no We thank Laura Seiverling, Robert Lanson, Alicia review of methods for performing component Alvero, Bruce Brown, Jeff Sigafoos, and the anonymous analyses in the research literature. Therefore, the reviewers for their feedback on earlier versions of this purposes of this paper were (a) to review the manuscript and Laura Seiverling for assistance with data collection. definition of component analysis, (b) to Address correspondence to John Ward-Horner, Psy- introduce a notation system for evaluating the chology Department, Queens College, 65-30 Kissena experimental designs of component analyses, (c) Blvd., Flushing, New York 11367 (e-mail: wardhornerj@ yahoo.com). to discuss experimental procedures for perform- doi: 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-685 ing component analyses, and (d) to review 685 686 JOHN WARD-HORNER and PETER STURMEY previous studies that have conducted compo- A Notation for Component Analyses nent analyses. Before reviewing the methods for conducting component analyses and previous studies that Component Analysis Defined have conducted component analyses, it will be J. O. Cooper et al. (2007) defined compo- beneficial first to describe a notation system that nent analysis as ‘‘any experiment designed to may be used to illustrate examples of component identify the active elements of a treatment analyses. The letters X, Y, and Z indicate the condition, the relative contributions of different individual components of a three-component variables in a treatment package, and/or the treatment package. Additional letters from the necessary and sufficient components of an end of the alphabet can be used for treatments intervention’’ (p. 692). Component analyses packages with more components. For example, an are different than experiments that compare two ABC design comprised of baseline, treatment, and or more distinct treatments. Kennedy (2005) follow-up can be notated as [BSL]_[XYZ]_[FU]. made this distinction by using the term BSL indicates the baseline phase, FU indicates the comparative analysis to refer to the comparison follow-up phase, and the brackets surrounding the of two or more distinct treatments and letters indicate an experimental phase. For component analysis to refer to the evaluation of alternating treatments designs, the components the necessary parts of an intervention. Accord- that the researcher alternates within a phase are ingly, the present paper will use the term separated by a hyphen. For example, [BSL]_[XY- component to refer to variables that comprise a Z]_[FU] indicates that the researcher presented treatment package and treatment package to Components X and Y simultaneously and refer to the application of an intervention with compared them to Component Z alone. Multiple all of its components. Readers should also note baseline designs may be notated using the letter P that sometimes a treatment package consists of followed by a numeral to refer to the different components that are themselves independent participants and using the letter L followed by a treatments, such as a package of relaxation numeral to indicate each leg of the design. For training, differential reinforcement, and extinc- instance, the notation P1_L1_[X]_[Y]_[YZ], tion. For the purpose of this review, the P1_L2_[X]_[Y]_[YZ], P1_L3_[X]_[Y]_[YZ] in- components of such treatment packages will dicates a multiple baseline design across responses, also be referred to as components. Other studies whereas P1_L1_[X]_[Y]_[YZ], P2_L2_[X]_[Y]_ that directly compare interventions that are [YZ], P3_L3_[X]_[Y]_[YZ] indicates a multiple independent treatments that are never presented baseline design across participants. Finally, re- together as a treatment package would consti- searchers may include numerals following each tute a comparative analysis (Kennedy). component to represent the application of It is also important to distinguish component different treatments to different responses within analyses from parametric analyses. A parametric a single phase of an experiment. For instance, the analysis is a comparison of different levels of one notation [Y1-Z2] indicates that Component Y independent variable (Baer et al., 1968; J. O. was applied to Response 1 and that treatment Z Cooper et al., 2007; Kennedy, 2005). Thus, a was applied to Response 2. Table 1 provides comparison of low rates and high rates of examples of how researchers may use this noncontingent reinforcement is more appropri- notation system to evaluate a variety of experi- ately termed a parametric analysis rather than a mental designs. component analysis. This example compares two values of a single variable (rate of noncontingent Evaluating the Outcomes of Component Analyses reinforcement) rather than a comparison of When conducting component analyses, re- components of a treatment package. searchers often determine that only one or a few COMPONENT ANALYSES 687 components of a treatment package produce establish relations among the components that behavior change (e.g., Miltenberger, Fuqua, & influence subsequent evaluations of the com- McKinley, 1985); however, it is critical that the ponents). For instance, Outcome 5 illustrates a conclusions derived from the analysis are situation in which it is possible that Component consistent with the experimental design. Ac- Y is effective only because of its prior cordingly, researchers should consider (a) the presentation with Component Z. Thus, when additive effects of components, (b) the multi- Component Y (praise) is presented with plicative or interactive relations among compo- Component Z (primary reinforcer) in a treat- nents, (c) the necessity and sufficiency of each ment package, Component Y may become a component, (d) behavioral effects related to conditioned reinforcer that is sufficient at combining different components, and (e) maintaining behavior. Sequence effects refer to sequence effects. Additive effects refer to the the possibility that the effects of one condition possibility that the effects of individual compo- may carry over and influence behavior in nents of the treatment package are independent subsequent conditions; for example, Compo- of each other. For example, Outcome 1 in nent Y may be effective only when preceded by Figure 1 illustrates an additive effect because Component Z, but Component Y may be Component Y is effective at changing behavior ineffective when it precedes Component Z. whether or not Z is present, thereby indicating Although sequence effects are a concern in any that Component Y is necessary and sufficient. experiment in which one condition is presented Providing
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