DIÁLOGO TRANSJUDICIAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS: Sistema Único De Proteção Judicial Dos Direitos Humanos Fundamentais

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DIÁLOGO TRANSJUDICIAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS: Sistema Único De Proteção Judicial Dos Direitos Humanos Fundamentais Wagner Dias Dias Ferreira Wagner Carlos : UNDAMENTAIS F UNDAMENTAIS F Carlos Wagner Dias Ferreira UMANOS UMANOS H UMANOS UMANOS H IREITOS DIÁLOGO TRANSJUDICIAL DOS DIREITOS D IREITOS D HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS: SISTEMA ÚNICO DE PROTEÇÃO JUDICIAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS ROTEÇÃO DOS DOS ROTEÇÃO P RANSJUDICIAL DOS DOS RANSJUDICIAL NICO DE DE NICO T Ú Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Direito, Ramo de Direito Público, orientada pelo Professor Doutor Jónatas Eduardo Mendes Machado e apresentada Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra. IÁLOGO IÁLOGO ISTEMA ISTEMA D S Outubro de 2019 Carlos Wagner Dias Ferreira DIÁLOGO TRANSJUDICIAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS: Sistema único de proteção judicial dos direitos humanos fundamentais Tese no âmbito do Curso de Doutoramento em Direito Público orientada pelo Professor Doutor Jónatas Eduardo Mendes Machado e apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra. Outubro de 2019 Carlos Wagner Dias Ferreira DIÁLOGO TRANSJUDICIAL DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS FUNDAMENTAIS: Sistema único de proteção judicial dos direitos humanos fundamentais Tese no âmbito do Curso de Doutoramento em Direito Público orientada pelo Professor Doutor Jónatas Eduardo Mendes Machado e apresentada à Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra. Outubro de 2019 “Quanto mais largas vastidões abrange o saber, tanto mais razão de serem modestos os seus cultores. A circunferência visual se enchansa, à medida que a luneta do observatório alcança mais longe. Mas o observador é um ponto, que se reduz cada vez mais no centro do horizonte sensível. Muito há que alguém disse: ‘O sábio sabe que não sabe’” Rui Barbosa (Discurso no Colégio Anchieta, 1903) AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, primeiramente, a Deus pelo que tem me proporcionado em minha vida e por ter me dado, nos momentos mais difíceis, força para concluir com êxito esta tese. Agradeço aos meus pais, Antônio Carlos Ferreira e Maria do Céu Dias, pelo incansável apoio e amor e, em especial, pelos ensinamentos e lições que formataram a minha personalidade e tudo que sou hoje em dia. Agradeço ao Professor Doutor Jónatas Eduardo Mendes Machado pela excelência da orientação desta dissertação, que, com muita paciência, sensibilidade, gentileza e sapiência, soube com extrema maestria me conduzir à conclusão deste verdadeiro projeto de vida. Todas as conversas me levaram a trilhar pela estrada mais escorreita e lúcida, em termos metodológicos e científicos, para que eu alcance enfim o meu objetivo investigativo. A todos que, direta e indiretamente, me apoiaram nesta longa jornada, colegas de turma, amigos e familiares, fica a minha gratidão mais pura. A Michele Nóbrega Elali, que insistiu incansavelmente para que eu finalizasse essa etapa importantíssima em minha vida e que fez parte dela desde os primeiros instantes. E, por fim, às minhas filhas, Júlia e Beatriz, amores inesgotáveis e eternos da minha vida, que, pelos seus sorrisos, conseguiram me estimular e não desistir de travar essa grande batalha por anos na escrita desta minha contribuição à ciência jurídica. RESUMO A presente dissertação de doutoramento trata do fenômeno do diálogo transjudicial que se realiza entre juízes e tribunais nacionais, regionais, supranacionais e internacionais no âmbito da proteção dos direitos humanos e dos direitos fundamentais. A investigação parte, em princípio, de uma análise da mudança do papel pelo qual vem passando o Estado e, por conseguinte, o Poder Judiciário, no cenário de uma comunidade global, cada vez mais dialógico, rompendo com antigos paradigmas que concebem o direito como estrutura exclusivamente normativa, calcada em sua unidade e no perfil hierárquico, e, em seu lugar, busca construir uma concepção de direito produzido por juízes e tribunais que procura harmonizar o atual pluralismo de fontes e de narrativas normativas, oriundas de constituições e tratados e convenções internacionais de direitos humanos, e que possua uma feição heterárquica, à luz de um constitucionalismo global. Este trabalho utiliza como uma das matrizes filosófico-sociológicas o pensamento sistêmico de Niklas Luhmann, especialmente para explicar a relação entre decisões judiciais que sucedem no tempo no processo de incorporação de sentidos e de elementos de interpretação. Uma das preocupações do estudo consiste em edificar uma teoria geral do diálogo transjudicial de direitos humanos e de direitos fundamentais que demarque o que significa esse processo dialógico e de que forma ocorre, diferenciando-o de outras figuras afins, como o direito comparado e várias outras teorias de compatibilização entre o direito interno e o direito internacional. A teoria propugnada colima permitir o livre trânsito de sentidos e interpretações entre juízes e tribunais num único sistema de proteção, sem que seja necessário procedimentos formais de internalização de tratados e convenções internacionais ou mesmo de reconhecimento de status normativo de textos estrangeiros. O processo por meio do qual se desencadeia o diálogo transjudicial torna praticamente estéril a distinção entre direitos humanos e direitos fundamentais e entre sistemas nacionais, regionais, supranacionais e internacionais dos direitos do homem, podendo-se falar na existência de um verdadeiro sistema único e aberto de proteção de direitos humanos fundamentais. Esse diálogo transjudicial operacionaliza-se mediante processos de adoção do precedente dialogando como pressuposto argumentativo sintético (premissa decisória) que se incorpora à decisão dialogada, de análise argumentativa de fatos e aspectos jurídicos que diferencie (distinguishing) o caso dialogado submetido à apreciação do precedente apontado como paradigma decisório (diferenciação) ou do alargamento do âmbito aplicativo-normativo do precedente dialogando a incidir em um caso concreto, com base no raciocínio analógico (analogia). Os liames que se estabelecem entre os juízes e tribunais nacionais e internacionais, sobretudo entre as cortes regionais de proteção de direitos humanos, vêm conduzindo a formação de uma rede sistêmica que produz a incorporação circular de sentidos, de modo que as interpretações formam novos sentidos em um típico movimento circular entre as cortes dialogandas em um contínuo processo de enriquecimento e aprendizado na proteção dos direitos humanos fundamentais. Esse processo de diálogo transjudicial, ainda que obrigatório, não leva necessariamente à uniformização e homogeneização de entendimentos entre todos os tribunais dialogandos, porém acaba, nessa busca constante de aprimoramento interpretativo, fortalecendo a proteção dos direitos humanos fundamentais no plano dos tribunais nacionais. Palavras-chave: Diálogo transjudicial. Direitos humanos e direitos fundamentais. Juízes e tribunais. Constitucionalismo global. Incorporação circular de sentidos. Premissa decisória. Distinguishing. Rede sistêmica de proteção. ABSTRACT The doctoral dissertation herein deals with the transjudicial dialogue phenomenon that takes place among national, regional, supranational and international judges and courts regarding the protection of human rights and fundamental rights. The investigation starts, in principle, from an analysis of the undergoing changing in the State role and, therefore, the Judiciary role, in the context of an increasingly dialogical global community, breaking old paradigms that conceive the law as exclusively normative structure, based on its unity and hierarchical profile, and instead seeks to build a conception of law produced by judges and courts that seeks to harmonize the current pluralism of normative sources and narratives, derived from constitutions and treaties and international human rights conventions, and has a heterarchic feature in the light of a global constitutionalism. This work uses as one of the philosophical-sociological matrices Niklas Luhmann's systemic thinking, especially to explain the relationship between judicial decisions that succeed in time in the process of meanings incorporation and elements of interpretation. One of the study's concerns is to build a general theory of transjudicial dialogue on human rights and fundamental rights that outlines what this dialogical process means and how it takes place, differentiating it from other similar figures, such as comparative law and several others compatibility theories between domestic and international law. The proposed theory collimates to allow the free movement of meanings and interpretations among judges and courts in a single system of protection, without the need for formal procedures of internalization of international treaties and conventions or even recognition of the normative status of foreign texts. The process whereby transjudicial dialogue is triggered makes the distinction between human rights and fundamental rights and among national, regional, supranational and international human rights systems practically sterile, and one can speak of the existence of a truly open and single protection system of fundamental human rights. This transjudicial dialogue is operationalized by adoption processes of the precedent dialoguing as a synthetic argumentative assumption (decision premise) that incorporates into the dialogued decision, argumentative analysis of facts and legal aspects that differentiates (distinguishing) the dialogued case submitted to the appreciation of the precedent pointed out as a decision-making paradigm (differentiation) or the widening of the applicative-normative scope of the precedent dialoguing to focus on a concrete case, based on analogical
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