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Fishing Ground, Cacth Composition, Hook Rate and Length Distribution of Billfishes Caught by Tuna Long Line in Indian Ocean

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Fishing Ground, Cacth Composition, Hook Rate and Length Distribution of Billfishes Caught by Tuna Long Line in Indian Ocean Fishing Ground, Cacth Composition, Hook Rate...……by Tuna Longline in Indian Ocean (Rocman, F., et al) FISHING GROUND, CACTH COMPOSITION, HOOK RATE AND LENGTH DISTRIBUTION OF BILLFISHES CAUGHT BY TUNA LONG LINE IN INDIAN OCEAN Fathur Rochman, Abram Barata and Budi Nugraha Research Institute for Tuna fisheries Received February 11-2013; Received in revised form October 17-2013; Accepted December 10-2013 ABSTRACT Billfishes area by cacth of tuna long line vessels in Indian Ocean. Billfish are consist of swordfish Xiphiasgladius, black marlin Makairaindica, indo facific blue marlin Makairamazara, stripe marlin Tetrapturusaudax, indo facific sailfish Istiophorus platypterusand shortbill spearfish Tetrapturusangustirostris. Besides that, billfishes also have important economic value compared with tuna as an exsported species such as swordfish and marlin. To optimize the catch of billfishes in Indian Ocean, data and information of potential fishing ground, size and catch composition of this species are needed. The billfishes cacth composition collected in 2011 were dominated by 45% swordfish, 20% black marlin, 19% blue marlin,9% short bill spearfish, 6% sailfish and 1%stripe marlin. The billfishes size range which were caught between 60 - 280 cm LJFL (Lower Jaw Fork Length). The sword fish average length was 150 cm, blue marlin 197 cm, black Marlin 189 cm, sailfish 150cm ,short bill spearfish 144 cm and stripe marlin159 cm. From this observation, it was found that most of billfishes caught were in mature. KEYWORDS: Billfishes, Fishing Ground, Indian Ocean, Long line and By Cacth INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS The term —BillFishes“ has been widely accepted The data analyzed from direct observation onboard by both commercial and sport fisherman as well as of tuna long line vessel fishing in Indian Ocean, scientist, to apply to the large fishes of the xiphiidae conducted from March 2010 to December 2011. The and istiophoridae families, characterized by the number of data analyzed came from 7 trips observation prolongation of the upper jaw, much beyond the lower with 244 setting and coordinate range of fishing ground jaw, into a long rostrum which is flat and sword like 8p S - 15p SE latitude and 111-120 p E longitude. (swordfish) or rounded and spear like (sailfishes, The data of BillFishes length used Lower Jaw Fork spearfish and marlin). Billfishes tend to inhabit waters Length (LJFL) (The fresh BillFishes measurement from further below the surface during the day than at night, lower jaw to caudal fork length; in centimeters) (Figure and they tend to inhabit frontal zones. Billfishes 1), Hook rate (Number of fish per 100 hooks). Species tolerate water temperatures from 5° to 27°C, with their identification based on Nakamura (1985); Pepperel & optimum range between 18° to 22°C, while bill fish Grewe (1999). eslarvae have been found only at temperatures exceeding 24°C (Nakamura, 1985). RESULTS The contribution of BillFishes to the Indonesian The data collected by the observer, came from fishery was signify cant. The catch of BillFishes in Indian Ocean tuna long line vessels in 2010 2011. 2007 by all fleets was 400.000 MT (Mahiswara & The geographic area of fishing ground was between Prisantoso, 2009). In 2008, the cacth of BillFishes 8-16p S and 100-120p E. According to Natalia et al. decreased to 22,548 MT, that mainly landed in port of 2005, every 1p (longitude/latitude) of the area Benoa, Cilacap, Palabuhanratu, Jakarta and Bungus comparable with 111.3 km 2. Because of this, the (Widodo et al., 2011) coverage area of this research was 160p (S/E),or Knowledge of the Indian Ocean BillFishes biology equivalent as 17.800 Km 2. and fisheries especially in Indonesia, and the status of BillFishes species remains unclear due to the lack Catch Composition of data and information of the fishery. This research aimed to analyze the cacth composition, potential There were six species of billfishes caught from fishing ground, length distribution of billfishes caught Indian Ocean including eastern and western part of by long line gear in Indian Ocean in 2010-2011. the sea. There are 2 families of billfishes, Xiphiidae (Xiphiasgladius ) and Istiophoridae (genus Istiophorus: _________________ Corresponding author: Research Institute for Tuna fisheries Jl. Raya Pelabuhan Benoa, Denpasar-Bali 85 Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.19 No. 2 December 2013 : 85-97 Istiophorusplatypterus ; genus Tetrapturus: showed that cacth were dominated by swordfish Tetrapturusaudax , Tetrapturusangustirostris ; genus (Xiphiasgladius ) 45%, black marlin ( Makairaindica ) Makaira: Makairamazara , Makairaindica ) (Nakamura, 20%, blue marlin ( Makairamazara ) 19%, shortbill 1985). spearfish ( Tetrapturusangustirostris ) 9% and followed by sailfish ( Istiophorusplatypterus ) 6% and stripe The unit of cacthcomposition based on a number marlin ( Tetrapturusaudax ) 1%. (Figure 2). of fish(N/pcs) that was collected. This observation Figure 1. Type of measurement used for billfish remarks: PAL : Pectoral Anal Length PFL : Pectoral Fork Length EFL : Eye-Fork Length LJFL : Lower Jaw-Fork Length DFL : Dorsal-Fork Length PDL : Pectoral-Dorsal Length D2FL : Second Dorsal Fork Length Source: Poisson & Taquet (2000) after IOTC (2005) C' L t %) t & ( ! a[ % & a .[a ." h a C #$ .[ L t . a ! h C .[ L t . a .[a ." a a[ % & a C' L t t %) & Figure 2. Catch composition of billfishes in Indian Ocean based on observer data from (March 2010 December 2011). Remarks: SWO (swordfish; Xiphiasgladius ), BLM (black marlin; Makairaindica ), BLZ (blue marlin; Makairamazara ), MLS (stripe marlin; Tetrapturusaudax ), SFA (sailfish; Istiophorusplatypterus ), SSP (shortbill spearfish; Tetrapturusangustirostris ). 86 Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.19 No. 2 December 2013 : 85-97 The distribution on Hook Rate of Billfishes could be described infigure 3 below. Swordfish Blue Marlin -5 0.136 -5 -10 0.161 -10 0.1 0.111 0.129 0.092 0.116 -15 0.094 0.106 -15 0.098 -20 -20 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 Black Marlin Sailfish -5 -10 0.104 0.123 -15 0.072 -20 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 Shortbill spearfish -5 -10 0.127 0.083 -15 0.083 -20 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 Figure 3. Distribution of swordfish in Indian Ocean in the latitude 8 p - 15 p SE and longitude 111-120 E. Circles indicate mean of Hook Rate (Number of fish per 100 hooks). 88 Fishing Ground, Cacth Composition, Hook Rate...……by Tuna Longline in Indian Ocean (Rocman, F., et al) Length Class Distribution Total length class distribution of billfishes showed in table 3. Table 3. Length Class distribution of billfishes of tuna long line vessels in Indian Ocean. [ / C / h .[ .[a a[ C! t ( *$ ( $ $ $ $ * +$ $ $ $ $ $ + !$ # $ $ $ $ $ ! $$ ( $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ! $ $ $ $ # #$ * $ $ $ $ $ # ,$ * $ $ # $ , $ # $ , $ $ ! # $ $ ($ ( # # , ( ( *$ , $ # $ * +$ + # , $ # + !$ , ( ( $ $ ! #$$ $ $ $ #$ # $ * $ $ $ # ##$ # , $ $ $ ## #,$ # $ $ $ $ #, #$ $ $ $ $ # #$ $ $ $ $ $ $ # #($ $ # # $ $ $ #( #*$ $ $ $ $ $ #* #+$ $ $ $ $ $ 89 Ind.Fish.Res.J. Vol.19 No. 2 December 2013 : 85-97 Black marlin (Makairaindica) BLM Length .i tribution n037 r 0189 cm # $ + .[a Number (pc ) ( # $ Mid Length Cla .i tributioan (cm) Latitude 12 S n03 r0176 cm # .[a $ Latitude 13 S n02 r0127 cm # .[a $ Latitude 12 S n021 r0200 cm $ .[a $ [ /02 ,3 , 443 - b # .[a $- $ a [ / 5 ! Figure 6. Black marlin length distribution from various position/coordinate in Indian Ocean. 92 Fishing Ground, Cacth Composition, Hook Rate...……by Tuna Longline in Indian Ocean (Rocman, F., et al) Sail Fish (Istiophorusplatypterus ) and Shortbil spearfish ( Tetrapturusangustirostris ) SFA length .i tribution n011 r0170 cm , C' Number (pc ) # $ Mid Length Cla di tribution (cm) Figure 7. Sailfish length distribution from various position/coordinate in Indian Ocean. SSP length .i tribution n016 r0122 cm * ( Number (pc ) t , # $ Mid length Cla .i tribution (cm) Figure 8. Shortbill spearfish length distribution from various position/coordinate in Indian Ocean. DISCUSSION specific oceanic features, such as temperature fronts, which can be areas of increased productivity and The abundant and distribution of these species relatively high prey abundance (Podesta et al ., 1993; have been hyphothesized to correlate with several Olson et al ., 1994; Bigelow et al ., 1999). factors such as temperature, oxygen content, prey availability,ocean fronts, zooplankton, salinity, island, According to Barata et al . 2011, based on the seamount, and presence of others organism (sea bird, results of measurements using minilogger , known in porpoises and etc) (Worm et al ., 2005). Billfishes will term of — depth operation “, tuna long line vessel more frequenly conduct long distance migrations. devided into 3 types : shallow long line , halfway long These a large billfishes tend to seasonally migrate line and deep long line . The fishing depth range of each year between the feeding zone (most often in shallow long line is 90-185 m with temperature range cold water, often located at temperate latitude) and 21.84-26.80 p C. Halfway long line is 90-350 m depth the spawning zone. The spawning zone are most often with temperature range 10.22-21.83 p C. Deep long located in warm waters in subtropical or equatorial line is 85-450 m depth with temperature range 8.34- area. This zone has environmental condition that will 25.50 p C figure 1. allow good survival for their larva and early juvenile (Fontenneau et al ., 1998). Most of tuna long line vessel at benoa port dominated by halfway
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