energies Article A Novel Sooty Terns Algorithm for Deregulated MPC-LFC Installed in Multi-Interconnected System with Renewable Energy Plants Hossam Hassan Ali 1 , Ahmed Fathy 2, Abdullah M. Al-Shaalan 3, Ahmed M. Kassem 4, Hassan M. H. Farh 3,* , Abdullrahman A. Al-Shamma’a 3 and Hossam A. Gabbar 5 1 Electrical Department, Faculty of Technology and Education, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
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[email protected] 3 Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
[email protected] (A.M.A.-S.);
[email protected] (A.A.A.-S.) 4 Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
[email protected] 5 Faculty of Energy Systems and Nuclear Science, Ontario Tech University (UOIT), 2000 Simcoe St N, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada;
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[email protected] Abstract: This paper introduces a novel metaheuristic approach of sooty terns optimization algorithm (STOA) to determine the optimum parameters of model predictive control (MPC)-based deregulated load frequency control (LFC). The system structure consists of three interconnected plants with Citation: Ali, H.H.; Fathy, A.; nonlinear multisources comprising wind turbine, photovoltaic model with maximum power point Al-Shaalan, A.M.; Kassem, A.M.; M. tracker, and superconducting magnetic energy storage under deregulated environment. The proposed H. Farh, H.; Al-Shamma’a, A.A.; A. objective function is the integral time absolute error (ITAE) of the deviations in frequencies and Gabbar, H.