Foreword In response to Congress’ passage of the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 and subsequent acts that amended the directive, the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program collects and publishes data on crimes motivated by racial, religious, ethnicity/national-origin, sexual-orientation, and disability bias. In 2001, 9,730 bias-motivated incidents were voluntarily reported by law enforcement agencies nationwide. From the fi rst year that national hate crime data were published in 1992 until 2000, incidents motivated by racial bias comprised the largest portion of reported hate crime incidents followed by incidents motivated by a religious bias and those motivated by bias against sexual orientation. The fewest number of hate crime incidents resulted from ethnicity or national-origin bias, until the addition of the disability bias in 1997, which then became the lowest portion of reported hate crime incidents. That distribution changed in 2001, presumably as a result of the heinous incidents that occurred on September 11. For many offenders, the preformed negative opinion, or bias, was directed toward ethnicity/ national origin. Consistent with past data, by bias type, law enforcement reported that most incidents in 2001 were motivated by bias against race. However, crime incidents motivated by bias against ethnicity/national origin were the second most frequently reported bias in 2001, more than doubling the number of incidents, offenses, victims, and known offenders from 2000 data. Additionally, the anti-other ethnicity/national origin category quadrupled in incidents, offenses, victims, and known offenders. Another noticeable increase in 2001 was among religious-bias incidents. Anti-Islamic religion incidents were previously the second least reported, but in 2001, they became the second highest reported among religious-bias incidents (anti-Jewish religion incidents were the highest), growing by more than 1,600 percent over the 2000 volume. In 2001, reported data showed there were 481 incidents made up of 546 offenses having 554 victims of crimes motivated by bias toward the Islamic religion. Hate crimes touch not only the individual victim, but they also affect the entire group associated with the particular bias motivation. Unfair and inaccurate stereotyping can make victims of all who share the same race, religion, ethnicity or national origin, sexual orientation, or disability. Law enforcement’s commitment to hate crime awareness and collecting and reporting data surrounding bias-motivated offenses underscores the notion that valid information is essential in developing tools with which to combat these pernicious crimes. The national Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program would like to hear from you. The staff at the national UCR Program are continuously striving to improve our publications. We would appreciate it if the primary user of this publication would complete the evaluation form at the end of this book and either mail it to us at the indicated address or fax it to 304-625-5394. iii Table of Contents Introduction 1 Methodology 3 Section I—Hate Crime Statistics, 2001 5 Table 1 9 Incidents, Offenses, Victims, and Known Offenders by Bias Motivation, 2001 Table 2 10 Incidents, Offenses, Victims, and Known Offenders by Offense Type, 2001 Table 3 11 Offenses Known Offender’s Race by Offense Type, 2001 Table 4 12 Offenses Offense Type by Bias Motivation, 2001 Table 5 14 Offenses Known Offender’s Race by Bias Motivation, 2001 Table 6 15 Offenses Victim Type by Offense Type, 2001 Table 7 16 Victims Offense Type by Bias Motivation, 2001 Table 8 18 Incidents Victim Type by Bias Motivation, 2001 Table 9 18 Race of Known Offenders, 2001 Known Offender’s Race Table 10 19 Incidents Bias Motivation by Location, 2001 Table 11 20 Offenses Offense Type by Participating State, 2001 Section II—Jurisdictional Hate Crime Statistics, 2001 23 Table 12 24 Profi le of States Participating in Hate Crime Reporting, 2001 Table 13 25 Hate Crime Incidents Bias Motivation by State, Agency Type, and Number of Quarters Reported, 2001 Table 14 57 Zero Hate Crime Data Submitted Number of Quarters Reported by State and Agency Type, 2001 Appendix I—State Uniform Crime Reporting Programs 133 iii 1 Introduction Background factor of a hate crime, the nature of the offense, and the number and type of victim(s) and offender(s). ith the passage of the Hate Crime Statistics Act As they identifi ed the criteria that distinguish Wof 1990, Congress mandated the collection of hate crimes from other offenses, those involved in information about crimes motivated by a bias against the developmental phase of the Hate Crime Data a person’s race, religion, sexual orientation, and/or Collection Program recognized that hate crimes ethnicity/national origin. Under the commission are not separate, distinct crimes; instead, they are of the Attorney General and with the aid of several traditional offenses motivated by the offender’s bias. local and state law enforcement agencies already An offender, for example, may damage or vandalize investigating and collecting information about property because of his/her bias against the owner’s hate crimes, the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting (victim’s) race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity/ (UCR) Program developed a data collection system national origin, or disability. Therefore, rather than to comply with the Congressional mandate. Hate create new crime categories, Program developers felt Crime Statistics, 1990: A Resource Book was that collecting additional information about crimes the fi rst publication that made available the hate already being reported to the UCR Program would crime data reported by 11 individual states that had fulfi ll the directives addressed in the Hate Crime collected hate crime data under state authority during Statistics Act as amended. 1990 and that were willing to participate. After Because motivation is subjective, it is the national UCR Program implemented a uniform diffi cult to know with certainty whether a crime was method of data collection, the 1992 edition of Hate the result of the offender’s bias. Law enforcement Crime Statistics premiered the data reported by investigation is critical to the determination process participating law enforcement agencies across the because it must reveal suffi cient evidence as to Nation. whether the offender’s actions were motivated, in The Hate Crime Statistics Act was amended whole or in part, by bias. For this reason, the success with the enactment of the Violent Crime and Law of the Program rests with the law enforcement Enforcement Act of 1994 to include bias against offi cers who determine that a bias motivation does persons with disabilities. The FBI began collecting indeed exist. data for this additional bias motivation on January 1, The International Association of Chiefs of 1997. Another amendment followed in July 1996 Police, the National Sheriffs’ Association, the former when the Church Arson Prevention Act was signed UCR Data Providers’ Advisory Policy Board (now into law, removing the sunset clause (a clause part of the Criminal Justice Information Services requiring a review of the rationale for continuing Advisory Policy Board), the International Association the act) from the original statute and permanently of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and extending the data collection mandate. As a result, Training, and the Association of State Uniform Crime the FBI has made hate crime data collection a Reporting Programs have endorsed the Hate Crime permanent part of the UCR Program and continues Data Collection Program. Without their support and to encourage the voluntary participation of each law law enforcement’s voluntary data collection, any effort enforcement agency. toward the success of the Program would be futile. Collection Design Participation The goal of the Hate Crime Statistics Act and In 2001, nearly 17,000 law enforcement its subsequent amendments is to capture information agencies nationwide reported data to the national about the type of bias serving as the motivating UCR Program. Of that total, 11,987 agencies in 49 1 states and the District of Columbia submitted reports in the United States or 85 percent of the country’s to the Hate Crime Data Collection Program. The population. Although not a scientifically selected following table shows the number of participating sample, these data offer perspectives on the general agencies represented within each population group nature of hate crime occurrences. and the U.S. population covered in each group. Of The law enforcement community has long the agencies participating in this Program, most sent recognized that valid information is central to their data to their respective state UCR Programs developing effective measures to deal with crime; (see Appendix) that, in turn, forwarded the state’s the same is true for bias-motivated crime. Through information to the national Program. Participating the collection of local hate crime statistics, law agencies in states without state UCR Programs sent enforcement agencies have the ability to heighten the their data directly to the FBI. Collectively, these awareness and the understanding of bias-motivated agencies represented nearly 241.8 million people crimes both locally and nationwide. Number of Participating Agencies and Population Covered by Population Group, 2001 Number of Population Population group participating agencies covered Total 11,987 241,799,615 Group I (Cities 250,000 and over) 65 49,590,648 Group II (Cities