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Id2nn Report /6(Pol( ,. 1 ! .I .J ,~ ID2nno report ;V STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AREAS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA John Griffin with contributions from David Cumming, Simon Metcalfe, Mike t' Sas-Rolfes, Jaidev "Jay" Singh, Ebenizario Chonguiya, Mary Rowen, Judy Oglethorpe The Biodiversity Support Program The Biodiversity Support Program (BSP) is a consortium of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). BSP's mission is to promote conservation of the world's biological diversity. We believe that a healthy and secure living resource base is essential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. BSP Communications Our communications activities are designed to share what we are learning about how best to achieve conservation while doing it. To accomplish this, we try to analyze both our successes and our failures. We hope our work will serve conservation practitioners as a catalyst for further discussion, learning, and action so that more biodiversity is conserved. Our communications programs include print publications, web sites, presentations, and workshops. Visiting SSP Web Sites We invite you to visit our general and program-specific web sites at the following addresses: www.8SPonline.org Biodiversity Support Program www.8CNelorg Biodiversity Conservation Network http://carpe.gecp.virginia.edu/ CARPE: Central African Regional Program for the Environment www.bsp-kemala.or.id/ KEMALA: Supporting Indonesian NGOs for Community Based Natural Resource Management SSP Listserv Register to receive e-mail updates about BSP through www.BSPonline.org.Click on the yellow button marked stay informed, send us your e-mail, and we'll keep you posted on what's new from BSP, including project highlights, upcoming events, and our latest publications. Ordering SSP Publications Many of our print publications are now also available online at www.BSPonline.org. From the home page, click on publications to view them online or order copies to be sent to you. You may also contact us by mail, phone or fax to request copies. Biodiversity Support Program Phone: 202-861-8347 c/o World Wildlife Fund Fax: 202-861-8324 1250 24th St. NW E-mail: [email protected] Washington, DC 20037 USA Web Site: www.BSPonline.org Publication Credits Author: John Griffin (with contributions from David Cumming, Simon Metcalfe, Mike t' Sas­ Rolfes, Jaidev "Jay" Singh, Ebenizario Chonguiya, Mary Rowen, and Judy Oglethorpe) Cover Design: Chris Henke Printing: Balmar Solutions in Print BSP Director of Communications: Sheila Donoghue Director of BSP's Africa & Madagascar Program and BSP Executive Director: Judy Oglethorpe Please cite this publication as: Griffin, J., Cumming, D., Metcalfe, S., t'Sas-Rolfes, M., Singh, J., Chonguica, E., Rowen, M., and J. Oglethorpe. 1999. Study on the Development of Transboundary Natural Resource Management Areas in Southern Africa. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC, USA. STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSBOUNDARY NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AREAS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA , / CONTENTS FIGURES, TABLES, BOXES, AND MAPS ................................................................................................. iv Figures .................................................................................................................................................. iv Tables ................................................................................................................................................... iv Boxes .................................................................................................................................................... iv ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... viii PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................... x EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ xii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 CLARIFYING TERMINOLOGY: TBCAlTFCA AND TBNRM ............................................................ 1 1.2 HOLISTIC APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT ................................................................................... 3 1.3 OVERVIEW OF THIS REPORT ....................................................................................................... 4 2. GLOBAL LESSONS LEARNED IN TBCA ESTABLiSHMENT ........................................................... 5 2.1 HISTORY .......................................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS ................................................................................................................. 5 2.3 POLITICAL BENEFITS ..................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 CULTURAL IMPLiCATIONS............................................................................................................. 8 2.5 ECONOMIC IMPLiCATIONS ............................................................................................................ 8 2.6 INSTITUTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES AND BENEFITS ..................................................................... 8 2.7 FACTORS THAT ENCOURAGE OR LIMIT SUCCESS ................................................................... 9 3. OVERVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN REGION IN RELATION TO TBNRM ........................ 11 3.1 NATURAL RESOURCES, LAND USE, AND CONSERVATION .................................................... 11 3.1.1 Environmental overview ........................................................................................................... 12 3.1.2 Trends in land and natural resource use ................................................................................. 14 3.1.3 Protected areas and other land under wildlife, forestry, and fisheries ...................................... 19 3.1.4 Water supply and demand ........................................................................................................ 25 3.1.5 Veterinary implications of TBNRM areas ................................................................................. 26 3.2 SOCIOCULTURAL SITUATION AND THE ROLE OF COMMUNITIES ......................................... 31 3.2.1 Communities within a transboundary context ......................................................................... 31 3.2.2 Communities as part ofthe regional discourse ....................................................................... 32 3.2.3 Communities' value of land and resources ............................................................................. 35 3.2.4 Community participation in TBNRM partnerships ................................................................... 36 3.2.5 Devolution to the local level .................................................................................................... 38 3.2.6 Authority as an issue: Dualistic nature at the local level ......................................................... 40 3.3 TBNRM POLICY AND LEGAL ENVIRONMENT IN SOUTHERN AFRICA .................................... 42 3.3.1 The starting point: Political boundaries ................................................................................... 43 3.3.2 SADC: Going beyond boundaries .......................................................................................... 44 3.3.3 Does SADC provide the authority for transboundary initiatives? ............................................ 48 3.3.4 Relevant international conventions and TBNRM .................................................................... 48 3.3.5 National frameworks and TBNRM .......................................................................................... 50 3.3.6 Devolving authority internally to assist the TBNRM process .................................................. 53 3.3.7 National pOlicies and legislation .............................................................................................. 54 3.3.8 Transferring authority to conservation organisations or others ............................................... 55 3.4 ORGANISATIONAL SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO TBNRM .................................................... 57 ii 3.4.1 SADC's technical organisational structure ............................................................................. 57 3.4.2' SADC capacity and resources ................................................................................................ 59 3.4.3 National capacity and resource levels .................................................................................... 59 3.4.4 Dialogue capabilities and coordination efforts ........................................................................ 63 3.4.5 Other regional organisations ................................................................................................... 63 3.5 CURRENT ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN THE SADC
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