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Politiques Sociales Et Développement : Le Cas Du Congo-Brazzaville

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Politiques Sociales Et Développement : Le Cas Du Congo-Brazzaville Document disponible sur le site de l’Observatoire : http://www.uqo.ca/observer POLITIQUES SOCIALES ET DÉVELOPPEMENT : LE CAS DU CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE Appolinaire Attant Ngouari Sous la direction de Yves Vaillancourt NOTE SUR L'AUTEUR : Appolinaire Attant Ngouari est du Congo-Brazzaviile, il est Analyste et Consultant en politique sociale auprès du Groupe conseil M & N. NOTE SUR LE DIRECTEUR : Yves Vaillancourt est un politicologue spécialisé dans les politiques sociales. Il est professeur titulaire à l’École de travail social de l’UQAM. Depuis sa retraire en septembre 2006, il est professeur associé et demeure actif au plan de la recherche partenariale en lien avec le Laboratoire de recherche sur les pratiques politiques sociales (LAREPPS), l’ARUC-Économie sociale, le Centre de recherche sur les innovations sociales (CRISES). Il est engagé aussi dans le réseau Création de richesse en contexte de précarité (CRCP) et membre du Groupe d’économie solidaire du Québec (GESQ). PUBLICATION CONJOINTE DE LA CHAIRE DE RECHERCHE DU CANADA EN DÉVELOPPEMENT DES COLLECTIVITÉS (CRDC) ET DU LABORATOIRE DE RECHERCHE SUR LES PRATIQUES POLITIQUES SOCIALES (LAREPPS). SÉRIE : Thèses de doctorat, no. 2 ISBN : 978-2-89251-329-5 AOÛT 2007 ii REMERCIEMENTS Cette recherche n’aurait pas été possible sans le concours de plusieurs personnes. Je tiens tout d’abord à témoigner ma reconnaissance toute particulière à mon directeur Yves Vaillancourt, qui a été d’une grande aide à chaque étape de cette recherche. Il a su me guider avec vigilance et perspicacité. Sa confiance, son optimisme ont su calmer mes inquiétudes. Un grand merci également pour m’avoir accueilli comme assistant de recherche dans son équipe, au Laboratoire de recherche sur les pratiques et les politiques sociales LAREPPS, coordonnée par Lucie Dumais que je tiens également à remercier. Mes remerciements s’adressent également à Carole Vilandré, secrétaire de direction au LAREPPS, dont l’attention, la disponibilité et la gentillesse ne peuvent être occultées. Je suis aussi redevable à Stéphanie Mankou, mon épouse, et à Alexandrine Rhâine-Kendra Ngouari, ma fille, pour leurs patiences. Par ailleurs, je tiens également à témoigner toute ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui, de près ou de loin, d’une façon ou d’une autre m’ont encouragé au cours de cette recherche en me donnant des conseils ou en me fournissant des documents. Qu’ils en soient sincèrement remerciés. Enfin, à ceux qui m’ont donné la vie, à mes frères et sœurs, à mon oncle Lucien Moukouyou, qui a cultivé en moi le sens de la réussite, qu’ils trouvent ici l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. A.A.N. TABLE DES MATIÈRES RÉSUMÉ..................................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE I LA MISE EN CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE DU PROBLÈME.................................................... 5 1.1 Éléments de contexte sociopolitique............................................................................ 5 1.1.1 La période 1960-1980 ........................................................................................ 6 1.1.2 La période 1980-2000 ...................................................................................... 10 1.2 Éléments de contexte socio-économique ................................................................... 18 1.2.1 Structure de l’économie congolaise.................................................................. 19 1.2.2 L’économie informelle/économie sociale.............................................. 24 CHAPITRE II CADRE THÉORIQUE ET MÉTHODOLOGIQUE.......................................................30 2.1 CADRE THÉORIQUE ........................................................................................................ 30 2.1.1 Les contours des concepts de politique sociale et de développement .............. 31 2.1.2 Définition des politiques sociales..................................................................... 32 2.1.3 Définition du développement ........................................................................... 37 2.1.4 Les théories du développement et quelques modèles....................................... 42 2.1.4.1 Dans les pays du sud............................................................................... 44 2.1.5 Les enjeux dans les pays du Sud ...................................................................... 51 2.1.6 Piste retenue pour l’analyse et les objectifs poursuivis .................................... 54 2.2 CADRE MÉTHODOLOGIQUE ......................................................................................... 56 CHAPITRE III SITUATION DES POLITIQUES SOCIALES ET DU DÉVELOPPEMEMT AU CONGO- BRAZZAVILLE......................................................................................................................... 60 3.1 LES POLITIQUES SECTORIELLES DE L’ÉTAT.................................................. 60 3.1.1 En matière de santé........................................................................................... 60 3.1.1.1 Dépenses de santé ...................................................................................... 61 3.1.1.2 L’état de santé de la population du Congo-Brazzaville ............................. 63 3.1.1.3 Les infrastructures sanitaires...................................................................... 64 iv 3.1.2. En matière d’éducation.................................................................................................. 66 3.1.2.1 De la démocratisation de l’enseignement au 3e colloque 1961-1970........ 67 3.1.2.2 Du troisième colloque au colloque-bilan 1970-1988................................. 68 3.1.2.3 Du colloque bilan à la destruction de l’infrastructure scolaire et universitaire 1988-1998 ................................................................................... 69 3.1.2.4 Les dépenses en éducation......................................................................... 70 3.1.2.5 L’alphabétisation ....................................................................................... 72 3.1.3 En matière de sécurité sociale….. ................................................................................. 73 3.1.4 En matière d’habitat ...................................................................................................... 75 CHAPITRE IV DEUX POINTS DE RÉFÉRENCE : LA TUNISIE ET LE COSTA RICA .............................. 80 4.1 La TUNISIE ............................................................................................................... 81 4.1.1 En matière de santé........................................................................................... 82 4.1.2 En matière d’éducation..................................................................................... 84 4.1.3 En matière de sécurité sociale .......................................................................... 85 4.1.4 En matière d’habitat ......................................................................................... 87 4.2 Le COSTA RICA....................................................................................................... 90 4.2.1 En matière de santé........................................................................................... 91 4.2.2 En matière d’éducation..................................................................................... 92 4.2.3 En matière de sécurité sociale .......................................................................... 93 4.2.4 En matière d’habitat ......................................................................................... 94 CHAPITRE V ANALYSE DES DONNÉES ET ÉVALUTION DES CONTRAINTES ET PERSPECTIVES DES POLITIQUES SOCIALES ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT AU CONGO-BRAZZAVILLE ......................................................................................................... 98 5.1 Politiques sociales ...................................................................................................... 98 5.1.1 Les contraintes d’ordre politique .......................................................................... 100 5.1.2 Les contraintes d’ordre social............................................................................... 101 5.1.2.1 La santé ....................................................................................................... 102 5.1.2.2 L’éducation ................................................................................................. 103 5.1.2.3 La sécurité sociale....................................................................................... 104 v 5.1.2.4 L’habitat ...................................................................................................... 105 5.1.3 Les contraintes d’ordre économique et financier.................................................. 106 5.1.4 Les contraintes d’ordre institutionnel et organisationnel...................................... 107 5.2 Développement ........................................................................................................ 108 5.3 Les perspectives ....................................................................................................... 112 5.3.1 La bonne gouvernance.......................................................................................... 113 5.3.2 La pratique de la démocratie................................................................................
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