A BffiLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY ON THE LIFE, MINISTRY,
AND IMPACT OF WILLIAM LINDSEY WALLACE, M.D.
Analytical Bibliographic Essay
Presented to
Dr. Keith Eitel
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
In Partial Fulfillment
ofthe Requirements for WCSTU 7604
st 18, 2014 c A BffiLIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY ON THE LIFE, MINISTRY, AND IMPACT OF WILLIAM LINDSEY WALLACE, M.D.
Establishing the identity of this essay's subject is necessary. Who was William
Lindsey Wallace, M.D. and what significant role did he occupy that would merit consideration in the annals of missional historical discovery? An unassuming individual from what was then a small East Tennessee town, Bill Wallace would be the least likely person to become a hero. His servant's heart and unwavering humility demonstrate his greatness. As history unfolded, no person, potential mate, situation, danger, or even the Communist Army would be able to break loose the mortar binding Dr. Wallace to the divine pathway and task
before him. His unswerving commitment compelled him to carry out his duties at the Stout
Memorial Hospital in Wuchow, China without regard to his own well-being. This underscores the importance of etching this story in the chronicles of time and history.
Time is obscuring an accurate presentation of this most significant story. Scholarly
materials on this "gentle giant" are limited and difficult to locate. If his life is "legendary,"
then where is the evidence?
A bibliographical essay on materials pertinent to the life, work, and impact of
William "Bill" Wallace comes with few thoroughly assimilated resources. Even though
Southern Baptists are engaged in a vast process of sending evangelical missionaries in the
world, one of its heroes has failed to gamer significant attention in academia. Searches on
multiple sites yield only a few articles, one significant book, and some book chapters
1 2 developed out of sermonic presentations. Most scholars developed their positions and presentations as a result of Jesse Fletcher's biography, Bill Wallace ofChina.
There are, however, significant materials available in "white" and/or "grey paper."1 There are also untapped living resources yet remaining to be interviewed. Obvious urgency exists since sixty-three years have passed since Dr. Wallace's death. Some people are still living who knew him or were close to him in one way or another. However, only a few remain.
One such resource is Gregory Walcott, the lead actor and promoter of a movie chronicling life at the Stout Memorial Hospital while Bill Wallace was in charge. Mr.
Walcott, former Vice President of the Southern Baptist Convention, remains a member of the
Actors' Guild and continues to be active in the industry. However, health is beginning to take
its toll. This author's telephone conversation with Mr. Walcott's son created more of a sense
of urgency in attempts to chronicle Dr. Wallace's influence and motivation for the picture.
The movie was produced and released in 1966. While it was not a blockbuster success, it
does accurately depict the attitudes and aptitudes of Dr. Wallace. While video quality
challenges are obvious, the missional nature of Dr. Wallace's commitment are poignantly
captured and presented throughout this project. 2
1University ofNew Mexico website: URL: http://libguides.health.unm.edu/content.php?pid=200149. Accessed August 11, 2014. There is an International Conference on "Gray Literature" where the concept is offered academic validity. In 2012 there was the "Twelfth International Conference of Gray Literature" in Prague. A confirmed definition is offered for academic purposes, "Grey literature stands for manifold document types produced on all levels of government, academics, business and industry in print and electronic formats that are protected light intellectual property rights, or sufficient quality to be collected and preserved by libraries and institutional repositories, but not controlled by commercial publishers; i.e. where publishing is not the primary activity of the producing body."
2A full length copy of the motion picture is available free of charge on the media page at www.wmbc.net. 3 Prior to the release of the movie, Dr. Jesse Fletcher wrote a biography entitled Bill
Wallace ofChina. The book details Dr. Wallace's personality and commitment to his calling as a medical missionary. Dr. Fletcher was not only a pastor in Bill Wallace's hometown but also closely affiliated with what was then the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist
Convention. Jesse Fletcher was a natural individual through his associations to write the biography. His research provided an accurate presentation of life at the Stout Memorial
Hospital. The book was released only twelve years after the doctor's death, providing a timeline consistent for opportunistic verification regarding the many legendary reports circulating on the subject. The lore surrounding Dr. Wallace continue. A number of missional
associates have labeled the book as the most influential project impacting missions between
1965 through 1985.
Any understanding of Bill Wallace must include his associates. Robert Earl
Beddoe, M.D. was the predecessor to Dr. Wallace at the hospital. It was Beddoe who wrote a
letter to the Mission Board requesting a surgeon arriving almost simultaneously with Bill
Wallace's letter of interest. God was working. A great resource to understanding Bill
Wallace's mentor may be found in Doctor in an Old World: The Story ofRobert Earl
Beddoe, Medical Missionary to China. Chapter seven of that book is entitled, "Help
Arrives," speaking ofBill Wallace.3
Another evangelistic specialist was Jesse Louise Green. When Dr. Wallace
became ill after receiving bad medications, he turned the keys over to Ms. Green. Chronicled
in her biography is her fear and trepidation as she assumed that role for a short period of
3Helen Thames Raley, Doctor in an Old World (Waco: Word Incorporated, 1969), 86. 4 time.4 Green Pastures offers a detailed analysis of her entire life including her tenure with
Bill Wallace.
Everley Hayes was also serving with the Southern Baptist Convention at the hospital. She was allowed to claim the remains. On the occasion of her death, Mark Kelly, writer for the International Mission Board, wrote an article recording her association in
Wuchow. 5 Ms. Hayes indicated that the bruises on the body were inconsistent with the story being told of suicidal hanging. The markings, according to her, indicated torture. In an article from the Chattanooga Times she recalled life in the last year of her time with the famed doctor. On Saturday, January 19, 1985 from an interview by Ruth Robinson, the religion editor, she talks ofthe stress and conflicts encountered with the Communists.6
Capturing the essence of who Bill Wallace was and the importance ofhis story primarily requires examination of "white" or "gray" papers. A most significant compilation may be found at Wallace Memorial Baptist Church in Knoxville, Tennessee. The church's
"Bill Wallace Room" contains artifacts, correspondences, Everley Hayes' personal journal,
and some personal effects of Wallace and others associated with him in China. There are
personal letters to family, his military service honorable discharge certification, and a
plethora of communication and documentation materials regarding his service as a
missionary. The late Jane Powell, church historian and Bill Wallace Collection librarian
4Bessie Foster Houston, Green Pastures (Catoosa County, Georgia: B.F. Houston, 2003), 246.
5Mark Kelly, writer for International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Everley Hayes, Colleague ofBill Wallace, Dies; accessed August 11, 2014. Site: http://www.imb.org/mainlnews/ details.asp?LanguageiD=1709&StoryiD=249#.U-koE_1dWXw.
6Ruth Robinson, "Ms. Hayes Remembers Days with Wallace in China," The Chattanooga Times/Registry, 19 January 1985, sec. D, p. 1. 5 assimilated much of what remains in the materials at the church. In 1987 she notified
Princeton University's Missions Department and gave them the information regarding the files and offered access to students desiring to research this subject. In response, Princeton's bibliographer acknowledged receipt and informed Mrs. Powell of their inclusion in the bibliographical materials available regarding Christianity in China. 7
The church offers a tour which includes Dr. Wallace's home church, Broadway
Baptist, the train station, the old Knoxville General Hospital where the famous letter to the
Foreign Mission Board was penned, and the historical marker at the grave. The tour ends in the Bill Wallace Room for participants to peruse its content.
Broadway Baptist, Dr. Wallace's home church in Knoxville, houses clippings and articles from various sources. Meticulous notes were kept and the memory of his work is legendary in that congregation. Unfortunately, a 1965 fire destroyed a significant amount of their collection. Nevertheless, there remains church bulletins, a speech given by Dr. Wallace,
and documentation of giving towards his service as a missionary.
Another "gray paper" resource providing pertinent information are the archives of the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention located in Richmond,
Virginia. Dr. Wallace served through the auspice of this board from 1935 until his death on
February 10, 1951. It is policy ofthe board to seal records for a stated amount oftime
following an individual's service. Some of Dr. Wallace's files have been released while
others remain classified. There are various dates for disclosure of those files, but the most reliable one is the year 2022. Little explanation is given to why these have been restricted.
7Debbi Soled, bibliographer for Princeton's Libraries and Archives, letter to Jane Powell regarding materials located in the collection of Wallace Memorial Baptist Church, Knoxville, lN. August 13, 1987. 6
The Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives is located in Nashville,
Tennessee. Bill Sumners, director, has confirmed a collection for Dr. Wallace. The records from the International Mission Board along with other sources have included them in this compilation. Also, Jesse Fletcher's research notes for his book are located here. Resources are continuously being added as they become available.
Any study of one's life must include the soil in which the story is planted. Philip
Yuen-Sang Leung establishes a general spiritual and Chinese political climate leading up to
1950, the time of Wallace's service. He writes, "The politically indifferent majority of
Christians in China could be called the 'Marys' for they were God-centered and Scripture- oriented and emphasized prayer rather than social action ... more interested in the spiritual life than in social engagement."8 Bill Wallace, gentle and shy, would have been very
comfortable with this approach to faith. The espionage accusation that Dr. Wallace was
"President Truman's chief spy in Wuchow" would be antithetical to how this "gentle giant"
lived and served. It simply does not make sense. But that is the power ofbrainwashing.9
Daniel Akin, President of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, penned Five
Who Changed The World. Accompanying Bill Wallace in this volume are William Carey,
Adoniram Judson, Lottie Moon, and Jim Elliot. Akin entitles the chapter on Wallace as
"Jesus is Everything to Me!"10 One indigenous Chinese civilian commented,"... Dr.
Wallace did not know about the difference (between being American and the Chinese). He
!!philip Yuen-Sang Leung, "Conversion, Commitment, and Culture: Christian Experience in China," 1949-99, Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion ofEvangelicalism in the Twentieth Century, Donald M. Lewis, ed. (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2004), 89.
9Jesse Fletcher, Bill Wallace ofChina (Nashville, Holman Bible Outreach, 2008), 191.
' Three authors in Bill Wallace's home neighborhood wrote a localized book entitled Historic North Knoxville. They cite Dr. Wallace as an individual to be highlighted for his achievements, being martyred for his faithful service in Wuchow, China. The authors chose to place Dr. Wallace in the section on people who "served their country" alongside soldiers who made the ultimate sacrifice. 11 Several entities bear the name of Bill Wallace. In Busan, South Korea there is a medical center that bears his name. On November 22, 1951 the Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital was formed to commemorate Dr. Wallace's commitment to assist the people of Korea during the time of war. In the spirit of Dr. Wallace, there are countless accommodated patients unable to pay or provide any type compensation. The purpose and end result is so the salvific process found in Jesus Christ may be propagated. 12 Inscribed on the spire noting Dr. Wallace's remains is Philippians 1:21: "For to me to live is Christ and to die is gain." That statement references the essence of all that captures The Life, Ministry, and Impact of William Lindsey Wallace, MD. 11Homer "Andy" Anderson, Douglas Stuart McDaniel, and Jacob Knox Chandler McDaniel; Historic North Knoxville (Knoxville: Park City Press, 2011), 226-227. 12About Hospital, Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital, Buson, Korea [on-line copyright 2004]. Accessed August 8, 2014, http://www.wmbh.co.kr/about/overview_eng.asp. A MARTYR'S MIRROR: REFLECTIONS OF BILL WALLACE, M.D., (1908-1951) THROUGH THE CHINESE PEOPLE AND BEYOND A Prospectus Presented to The Faculty of The Roy Fish School of Missions and Evangelism Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor ofPhilosophy By Miles F. Boyd, Jr. April27, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction ...... 1 Literature Review ...... 3 Thesis...... 16 Assumptions of the Argument ...... 16 Distinctiveness of the Study/State of Current Research ...... 17 Elaboration of Sub-Topics...... 18 Study Methodology ...... 22 Significance ...... 22 Conclusion ...... 23 Appendix ...... 24 Outline ofDissertation...... 33 Bibliography ...... 34 A MARTYR'S MIRROR: REFLECTIONS OF BILL WALLACE, M.D., (1908-1951) THROUGH THE CHINESE PEOPLE AND BEYOND Introduction Courteously consecrated, Christ-like in conduct, he (Bill Wallace) came close to weighing sixteen ounces to the pound on God's scales. He believed that unless a Christian's arms can reach around the world, they are too short. William worked and played, went to sleep and awoke, thinking of China. 1 --R.G. Lee This dissertation is the result of being associated with Wallace Memorial Baptist Church in Knoxville, TN since November 1997. The church was constituted on July 5, 1953. Two years had passed since the martyrdom of Bill Wallace, a native Knoxvillian. The naming of Wallace Memorial was strategically significant. A constant commitment to missions was the group's desire, and its name would be a constant reminder of participation and the price of being missional. Prior to becoming pastor in Knoxville, a copy of Wallace's story was received and read. The passion for people's souls and physical well-being delivered a captivating motivation as this pastorate was being considered and assumed. Surrounded by stories and artifacts belonging to Wallace spurred great interest in the man, his medical journey, and the type of impact he continues to make. 1Robert Greene Lee served as Wallace's pastor at Bellevue Baptist Church in Memphis, Tennessee while Wallace attended medical school. This citation is from an undated note written post mortem and is located in the Wallace Memorial Baptist Church files in Knoxville, TN. 1 2 At first, the recognition of God's moving to relocate was neither evident in this pastor's spirit nor that of his wife. On a trip through Knoxville for other reasons, the Lord's leading seemed to be in another direction to both. Because little was known of the missionary, the name "Wallace" was not particularly a draw. Also, the location of the church seemed to offer limited potential. However, after the first meeting with the people, a loving relationship began with all parties and remains today. Serving in various Tennessee Baptist and Southern Baptist leadership capacities brought opportunities to preach in venues attended by a wide variety of people. Ridgecrest and Glorieta Conference Centers offered annual preaching and teaching opportunities. Introduction as pastor of "Wallace Memorial" brought a plethora of questions and comments from the attenders. At the heart of the comments was Wallace's motivational spiritual influence. As president of the Tennessee Baptist Convention, the notoriety of"Wallace" brought even more opportunities for people to communicate his influence on their lives as preachers, teachers, and missionaries. Little is discovered when academic searches concerning Wallace are conducted. In fact, academia is virtually void of notations regarding this missionary's life. Generations of Baptists serving on the field who were familiar with Wallace are either retired or deceased. Conversely, the influence of his life is still notable in China and beyond. A documented compilation of his contributions must soon become a reality if this influential individual shall be remembered. This author determined to assist in someone acquiring a PhD regarding this subject until it became a burning desire to 3 personally become involved? Thusly, this current prospectus evolved as a result of being exposed to the life and legacy of Wallace over the past eighteen years. Literature Review Missions and missionaries were not operating from the heaven above but situated in a socio-politico-cultural context. Their work and their values were inseparably linked to the society and the country they grew up in and the government and political system under which their missions were operated. The divine and the mundane, the sacred and the secular, could not be easily separated where clearly distinguished.3 --Philip Yuen-Sang Leung The literature reviewed for this dissertation establishes the sociological and spiritual soil of Bill Wallace's roots, the cultural soil where missions and ministry were planted and grew with global impact. Arthur T. Pierson suggested that China has been known as the "Wailed Kingdom" for centuries.4 The largest human-assembled defense system, the Great Wall, is only a symbol representing much more than a deterrent to invading armies. Pierson, scholar and historian of the eighteen hundreds, writes in Crisis ofMission, "It (the wall) may well represent China's attitude toward Christian missions until the famous Treaty of Tientsin in 1858."5 One-half century prior to the treaty, Robert Morrison arrived in 2The motivating factor for this dissertation rests in a passion for people to know what is necessary to do missions and ministry and do it correctly. It is this pastor's heart that Bill Wallace is a prime example of what became Wallace's life verse in Philippians 1:21: "For to me to live is Christ and to die is gain." 3Philip Yuen-Sang Leung, "Mission History Verses Church History," Wilbert Shenk, ed., Enlarging the Story (Eugene, Oregon: Wipf & Stock Publishers, 2002), 59. 4 Arthur T. Pierson ( 183 7-1911) was a noted speaker, author, and missionary historian of the nineteenth century. He produced nearly fifty books and was a consulting editor for the Scofield Reference Bible. His work further clarifies the settings where missionaries served even through the time of Wallace. www.wholesomewords.org/biographylbiographypierson.html (accessed January 20, 2015). 5 Arthur T. Pierson, The Crisis ofMissions (New York: Robert Carter and Brothers, 1886), 83. 4 Canton in 1807, becoming the first protestant missionary to China.6 In 1836, J. Lewis and Henrietta Hall Shuck would become the first Southern Baptist missionaries in China.7 Progress was difficult as Pierson notes the antagonistic attitude towards foreigners deeply embedded in the soul of the Chinese people. After nearly a century of evangelical witness, William Lindsey Wallace appears on the scene as a Southern Baptist medical missionary. Jesse C. Fletcher is strategically positioned to have a thorough understanding ofWallace.8 Out of his ten books, the most notable is Bill Wallace of China. The story line recounts Wallace's life as a medical missionary in China from 1935 until his martyrdom in 1951. There have been ten reprints of the book's hard copy version and numerous soft cover reprints beginning in 1968 when a Hollywood produced film on the life ofBill Wallace was released. The book is listed in the Baptist Classic Series in 1995, which is a literary honor. Not only did Fletcher serve with the missionary-sending agency supporting Wallace, but for three years he lived in Knoxville, TN where Wallace spent his formative years. Access to the Foreign Mission Board's archives enabled Fletcher to analyze files pertaining to Wallace. Therefore, the biography contains a digest of some primary sources from the agency and the doctor himself. The book demonstrates Wallace's commitment to the Chinese people and their perceptions of him. The love and commitment Wallace demonstrated serves as a model to 6Ibid., 89. 7Winston Crawley, Partners Across the Pacific (Nashville, Broadman Press, 1986), 31. 8Jesse Conrad Fletcher was born in Texas on April 9, 1931. He served tenures as a pastor, fifteen years in administration with the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, traveling to various parts of the world. He authored ten books, one of which was Bill Wallace of China. 5 translate9 and transmit10 the gospel. 11 While the city of Wuchow (Wuzhou) was being threatened by Japanese in WW II, Wallace protected the people. With the aid of local politicians he relocated the entire hospital, staff, and patients to a safer position up the West River. 12 The people's love for Wallace caused Communist jealousy, ultimately costing Wallace his life. The people were strongly attached to him, thus later he would be seen as a potential threat by a Communist regime. Fletcher's relationship to the Foreign Mission Board 13 enabled him access to documents, communications, and prospectus for historical analyses. An understanding of China in Wallace's day is incomplete without mentioning Mao Tse-Tung. The government and philosophy ofMao, the "obscure peasant (who) died one of history's great revolutionary figures," 14 eventually ended Wallace's life. Jung This book required ten hardback printings and numerous soft cover reprints. "Dr. Jesse Conrad Fletcher," www.hsutx.edu/Hall-ofLeaders/Dr--Jesse-Conrad-Fletche~/ (accessed January 20, 2015). 9The importance of"translation" is presented by Laminn Sanneh when he argues a possible loss of meaning when a missionary ties personal indigenous culture to presentation. When "the religion arrives without the presumption of cultural rejection" the result may be called translation. Lamin Sanneh, Translating the Message (Maryknoll, New York, Orbis Books, 1989), 29. 10Transmitting the gospel needs careful precision. Biblical truth is for all cultures and must be transmitted in a manner that takes into consideration the receptor culture without banishing the fundamental truths of the Bible. 11 The "gospel" or "good news" is that God became human in the form of Jesus, lived an unblemished life, assumed death for all sin, and rose from the dead on the third day. 12The West River (alternate titles: Xi Jiang or Hsi Chiang system) flows in a system of rivers to form the longest river of southern China. Source comes from Encyclopaedia Britannica, XI River System; http:/ /www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/273 731/Xi-River-system (accessed May 13, 20 15). 13The Foreign Mission Board was the official name of the Southern Baptist mission-sending agency until its name changed in June 1997. 14Fox Butterfield, "Speaking ofMao" The New York Times (September 10, 1976); www.nytimes.com/learning/generallonthisday/bday/1226.html (accessed April23, 2015). 6 Chang's Mao: The Untold Story analyzes Mao's life. One of the defining moments of global history in the twentieth century happened in 1949. Chang writes, "On 1 October 1949, Mao appeared standing on top ofTianannmen Gate, a stone's throw from Zhongnanhai, in front of the Forbidden City, and inaugurated the People's Republic of China (PRC)." 15 This day led to the demise of Bill Wallace. He would be only one of the many casualties brought about by Mao's regime. A New York Times' article reports that Mao was a "shrewd ... strict disciplinarian ... A Chinese patriot, a combative revolutionary, a fervent evangelist, a Marxist theorists, a soldier, a statesman ... " 16 During the revolution Mao executed thousands including Bill Wallace, who was accused of being a spy. The following excerpt from Chang's book accounts for the horror brought about by Mao in provinces where the death toll was too low. Speaking specifically of spies, Wallace's purported crime, 17 Chang addresses the nature of spies claiming they were actually in concert with grassroots Nationalists. Mao's quota for executions in various provinces kept rising. Mao issued order after order berating provincial cadres for being too soft, and urged more 'massive arrests, massive killings.' On 23 January 1951 (two weeks prior to Wallace's death), for instance, he criticized one province for 'being much too lenient, and not killing [enough]': when it raised its execution rate, he said this 'improvement' made him feel 'very delighted.' 18 15Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 316. 16Butterfie1d. In Butterfield's aforementioned article, The New York Times, there is a vivid description of Mao Tse-Tung's diabolical penchant against those not fully aligned with his governance. 17Jesse C. Fletcher, Bill Wallace of China (Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996), 145. 18Chang, Mao: The Unknown Story, 318. 7 Understanding events leading up to the execution of Bill Wallace is important to this study. This period offers insight into how people with whom he had worked for sixteen years could arrest, beat, and execute him knowing the people would feel very threatened. These leaders' lives were at stake as well. While Wallace was allowed to use his gifts in China, there was a resourcefulness with which he worked. In consultation with Tom Oey, historian living in China, an insightful bibliographical contribution surfaced regarding Southern Baptist missions and its relationship with China, Partners Across the Pacific: China and Southern Baptists- Into the Second Century by Winston Crawley. 19 While writing of these topics generally, there are several direct references to Wallace. For example, Crawley notes relocating the hospital along with many professing Christians to the interior of China. This experience precipitated outreach to areas otherwise inaccessible to the church.20 Crawley emphasizes the "loving ministry" of Bill Wallace towards the Chinese people. This theme runs universally through many varying accounts of his relationship 21 with the people. Lamin Sanneh's "translation" model is pertinent here. • It may be seen as dynamic or progressive in character. One of the aims of this dissertation is to show that 19Winston Crawley served administratively with the Southern Baptist Foreign Mission Board and as a missionary to China. He maintained a strong love and respect for the Chinese people. See editor's notation on the back cover of Winston Crawley, Partners Across the Pacific. 20Ibid., 83. 21 Lamin 0. Sanneh, Translating the Message: The Missionary Impact on Culture (Maryknoll: Orbis Books, 1989). In this book Sanneh argues that the targeted culture needs to capture more than the forms of Christian expression. Communication must connect in terms understood properly. He even argues for indigenous uses of terms for "God" in various translations in order to connect with the culture. Ultimately, however, what is communicated must be congruent with what is demonstrated and appropriately received in its original sense, resulting in expanding the gospel. 8 Wallace communicated with his life and demonstrated that love with the constant care and well-being of his constituents. Crawley also illuminates the reality that with the death of Wallace, Southern Baptists would soon be extinct in China. With the constant threat of the Japanese beginning in Wallace's second year and the ultimate Communist takeover of the hospitals in 1949, one would ask how the medical missionaries could hold out. Crawley aptly quotes Wallace: "We have taken comfort many times from the passage in 2 Chronicles 20:12: 'We have no might against this great company that cometh against us; neither know we what to do: but our eyes are upon thee."'22 With the death of Wallace in 1951, Southern Baptists would have no missionaries in China within a year of that event for the first time in over one hundred years. Jessie Louise Green had a passion for the souls of China. After a delay caused by the Great Depression, Green went to Wuchow and served with Wallace. Green was an evangelist to women and soon earned the respect of Wallace. Her friend and author, Bessie Foster Houston, was so moved by Green's life that she published a biography, Green Pastures. 23 Several major contributions are offered in this publication including Wallace's reputation in the community and with his coworkers of the hospital. The impact of communism on the people is referenced. 22Crawley, Partners Across the Pacific, 129. 23Bessie Foster Houston, Green Pastures: The Story ofJessie Louise Green (Knoxville, TN: Bessie Foster Houston, 2003). This writer interviewed Houston during the summer of2014. While Houston's memory is fading, she was able to express the respect Green had for Wallace. In fact, Wallace entrusted some of his hospital responsibilities at Stout Memorial to Green when he became desperately ill from bad paratyphoid-typhoid serum. 9 One of the most important contributions provided by Houston is the account of Wallace inadvertently receiving the wrong paratyphoid-typhoid serum during a mandatory vaccination for all hospital workers. The illness was so vivid that the doctor had significant periods of unconsciousness and nearly died. The one-hundred bed Stout Memorial Hospital had to be properly cared for administratively, so Wallace "thrust the keys" to Green. Maintaining a sense of humor, she remarked that this must have been one of his "unconscious moments."24 Father Mark Tennien, a Catholic priest, worked in the same city and was closely associated with Wallace. A portion of his book, No Secret Is Safe Behind the Bamboo Curtain, reveals an account of Wallace's treatment while incarcerated in the Chinese prison. Tennien, a Catholic, and Wallace, a Baptist, worked well together. Tennien's scholarly treatment of Wallace recounts the tragic death vividly. He writes, One of the sad deaths brought on by Communist torture and mental cruelty was that of Dr. William Wallace, head of the Southern Baptist Hospital in Wuchow. Dr. Wallace was famed for his surgery and medical work, but most of all for his kindness and devotion to the sick and poor. His whole life was medicine . 25 an d ch anty. In multiple accounts of Bill Wallace, much is mentioned about his favorable disposition toward the Chinese people. Even the Communist enemies spoke well of the Tennessee doctor. Comrade Lee, a Communist from North China, was taken to Wallace when a serious illness struck. He remarked in a conversation to Tennien regarding Wallace, "That Dr. Wallace is not only a good doctor, he is also a good man."26 Tennien 24Ibid., 246. 25Mark Tennien, No Secret is Safe Behind the Bamboo Curtain (New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1952), 237. 26Ibid. 10 responded, "This praise from a Marxist, trained to show no courtesy, no gratitude, and no praise for anyone outside the Communist orbit, astounded me."27 Another observation in No Secret is Safe is Tennien's account ofWallace's death. A Catholic priest and friend ofTennien, Father Kennedy, assisted in removing Wallace's body from what appeared to be a staged suicide by hanging. Quoting Kennedy, Tennien writes, "No discoloration or marks of strangulation ... officials at the jail were worried. All manner of pressure was put on Bishop Donaghy and Father Kennedy to sign a statement that the death of Dr. Wallace was a suicide. They refused absolutely and held out."28 Proper understanding of the life and impact of Bill Wallace requires a familiarity with the compilations of what is academically known as "Grey Paper."29 These are unpublished sources containing a vast array of information existing in various forms including letters, memos, reports, and pertinent data related to subjects analyzed. Embedded in these artifacts are valuable gems of historical importance awaiting the researcher's compilation and analyses. With limited academic studies on the life and work of Bill Wallace, a high level of significant resources are contained in this genre of "Grey Paper." The location and accessibility of this information is key to accurately unpacking the role Wallace has 27Ibid. 281bid., 241-242. 29"Grey Paper" is the term originally designating a type of governmental report that contained information that is authoritative and informative. In academia the term denotes unpublished documents designed to establish a position on a matter. The term used for this research will be grey paper. "White Paper: Purpose and Audience" at https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/546/1 (accessed January 21, 2015). 11 contributed to World Christian Studies. This literature review will list the main sources housing pertinent data to be included in unpacking the Wallace story. The first and most logical source for first-hand information regarding Bill Wallace is the International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention in Richmond, Virginia.30 The policy of the board is to seal records for fifty years after the service of its international partners. Wallace's information was sealed. Initially, after fifty years, only a portion was made available. However as a result of this proposed dissertation, the International Mission Board released the remaining documents. Understandably, the board seeks to protect current workers on various fields around the world. However, upon request, this information was forthcoming in March of2015. This researcher has certification from the board that all files have been disclosed,31 these records and are now in the archives of the Bill Wallace Room in Knoxville, TN. The information in the International Mission Board's release includes documents, forms, reports, and correspondence. Of note is the timing of Robert Beddoe's request for a surgeon and Bill Wallace's letter desiring to be appointed as a surgeon. The timing in the two letters was perceived to be no accident. Wuchow needed a surgeon; a surgeon needed a place to operate. 30The International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention (1MB) was formerly known as the Foreign Mission Board, which would have been the institution's name during Wallace's tenure in China. Before that, it was formed on May 10, 1845 as the Board of Foreign Missions, the same date of the formation of the Southern Baptist Convention. For a point of clarification, earlier in this review it was noted that J. Lewis Shuck was the first Southern Baptist missionary in China, beginning service in the mid-1830s. Both are true. He went out from the First Baptist Church of Richmond, VA, and served. When the Southern Baptist Mission Board was formed, he was the first to actually receive funds, ten years after his arrival. 31 See Appendix 1. 12 Another interesting fact is that Wallace listed his birth date as January 17, 1908. Conventional wisdom and folklore in Knoxville touts the birthdate as January 19, 1908. While this may initially sound insignificant, there is the underlying truth that stories may become warped with time, and accuracy of facts could easily be obscured. Tennessee state law did not mandate vital records on births until a few years later. In Wallace's personal handwriting, evidence is that he, the doctor who was also the son of a doctor, was born on January 17. This seemingly insignificant detail raises a consciousness for this researcher to be aware of other hagiographical stories and information. A second source of"Grey Paper" regarding the life of Bill Wallace is found in the historic Broadway Baptist Church in Knoxville, TN.32 The archives of Bill's home church are replete with clippings, papers, correspondence, and recognitions of the life of the church's favorite son. Even though a fire destroyed much ofthe church in 1965, most of the archives were preserved.33 These archives demonstrate that Wallace's folk hero status existed prior to him leaving Knoxville. Much fanfare was made regarding his decision to go into missions. Before leaving Knoxville on a train, there was a worship service held in which Wallace addressed his church family. From there an estimated 250 people walked with "the 32Broadway Baptist Church in Knoxville, TN was a thriving church with an attendance of approximately one thousand during the time of Wallace's experience there. He was saved and called to the mission field through the legacy of this historic ministry. Through the years, the area has changed and so has the church (weekly attendance less than one hundred). However, they cling to their impact through the life of Bill Wallace. Other than being sister churches in the Knoxville community, there is no relation to the Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. 33 The 1500-seat sanctuary and much of the church plant were destroyed in a fire set by arsonists on Christmas Eve 1965. http://aeolianskinner.organsociety.org/Specs/Op01491.html (accessed April20, 2015). 13 favorite son doctor" to bid him farewell on his way to China. A manuscript of this address and other correspondences are available at Broadway.34 Newspaper clippings of a film made depicting Wallace's tenure at Wuchow are available in the Broadway resources. Gregory Walcott, Hollywood actor and film producer, was so moved by the story of Bill Wallace that he produced and starred in the movie released in 1967.35 The world premier was at the historic Tennessee Theatre in Knoxville. Broadway's archives document the event through media clippings and movie paraphernalia. A third key resource is the Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives.36 This reservoir is the centralized location for studying historical records regarding Southern Baptist activity, including missionaries. 37 The information includes correspondence, data, and reports of Bill Wallace and the Stout Memorial Hospital. It 34See Appendix 2. 35This author conducted a telephone interview with Gregory Walcott on August 16, 2014 regarding the Bill Wallace of China movie released in 1967. Walcott, a committed Christian and Southern Baptist, was so moved by the Bill Wallace story that he mortgaged his own house in order to produce the film which was made in Hong Kong. While he did not recuperate his financial investment, there was a sense of personal satisfaction that the story of Bill Wallace was alive and well. Gregory Walcott, born January 13, 1928 in Wendell, NC, died March 20, 2015 in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, CA. 36The Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives is located on the fourth floor of the Southern Baptist Convention Building, 901 Commerce Street, Nashville, TN. It serves as the official depository for permanent records related to Southern Baptists. This author had a conversation with Bill Sumners, Director of Library and Archives in the summer of2014 regarding the files of Bill Wallace. Much of what they have is a combination of the International Mission Board files, Broadway Baptist Church files, and Wallace Memorial Baptist Church archives. He committed to release all files until he noticed a hold on the Wallace files by the International Mission Board. After contacting them, he communicated that the files in question would not be accessible. See Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives at www.sbhla.org; accessed August 20, 2014. 37"Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives Information" http://www.sbhla.org/info.htm (accessed April29, 2015). 14 also houses the notes from which Jesse Fletcher derived the information in his book, Bill Wallace of China. A final and most accessible compilation for this researcher is the Bill Wallace Collection located at the Wallace Memorial Baptist Church in Knoxville, TN.38 A museum-type room is dedicated to his memorabilia, including his rice bowl and his commissioning and honorable discharge from the Medical Corps of the United States Army.39 Noteworthy information regarding the conditions in Wuchow during Wallace's tenure are found in the files and memos located in what is known as the "Bill Wallace Room." Letters to family members, pictures ofthe setting, and even one brief moving picture clip of Wallace are located here. The significance of this material is that it reveals realistic events, activities, personalities, and unfiltered information concerning Stout Memorial Hospital where Wallace served. One personal letter on the hospital letterhead states that the hospital is being bombed by the Japanese. Wallace refers to those hurt and then tells his sister, Ruth Stegall, not to worry. 40 38While Wallace Memorial Baptist Church is not Bill's home church, its ministry is entrenched in the essential missional vision that Wallace embodied. Two years after Wallace's martyrdom, a group beginning a church in north Knoxville was seeking a name for the gathering they had assembled. Knowing the story of one of Knoxville's favorite sons, a committee member suggested the name "Wallace Memorial." He never set foot on the property nor even knew of its existence. Interestingly, the church's 185 foot cross may be seen from the last home Wallace had in Knoxville. Through this ministry his heritage lives on. The church is a world leading contributor to the International Mission offering during the December emphasis known as the Lottie Moon Christmas Offering. It also has temporary and vocational missionaries located all over the world through the Southern Baptist International Mission Board and other international organizations. 39See Appendix 3. Per a handwritten note with newspaper clipping located in Bill Wallace Room, William L. Wallace was honorable discharged from the United States Army on July 25, 1935. 40See Appendix 4. 15 Another addition to the historical importance of this material is a hand written journal by Wallace's head nurse, Everley Hayes. She served with him as an administrator and friend. When the Communists came to arrest Wallace, Everley was placed under house arrest for one year. She along with two others were summonsed to retrieve his body. She lived to be 81 years old and her material in the archive have proved helpful to other researchers. Everley was committed to her duties at the hospital and to Wallace. The numerous files in this assortment could provide resources for numerous research such as missional hospital administrators, Training indigenous nurses, and using media as an evangelism tool. When this author mentioned to one dean of evangelism and missions that there may be a dissertation in just the files, he retorted that there may be several dissertations in the compilation.41 Several articles have surfaced on the subject of Bill Wallace. On the fiftieth anniversary of Wallace's death, Baptist Press published one entitled "50 years after: Bill Wallace and the meaning of heroism." Here Erich Bridges is refined in his presentation of Wallace, contrasting the idea of the missionaries human side with the hero status assigned by some. An overview of Wallace's life and death place the missionary experience in perspective. There are many lines to depict the nature of Wallace's personality in this piece. Perhaps one of the most sensitive is, "A colleague once advised that anyone looking for Wallace should seek out the sickest patient in the hospital; Wallace would be there."42 41 Keith Eitel is Dean of the Roy Fish School ofMissions and Evangelism at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Fort Worth, TX. He had just perused the material on the previous day prior to making the assertion. 42Erich Bridges, "50 years after: Bill Wallace and the meaning of heroism," Baptist Press, 22 February 2001; www.bpnews.net/10349 (accessed July 15, 2014). 16 Concluding this literary review is difficult. There remains interviews to be conducted and resources to be accessed. The accusation of Wallace being involved with the United States government beyond military service is one venue still to be explored. The missions and ministry data from the Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital in Pusan, South Korea43 and the Wallace Memorial Baptist Church in Knoxville, TN are starting points regarding the life of Bill Wallace as related to World Christian themes. Thesis This dissertation argues that Bill Wallace44 impacted the Chinese people in Wuchow, China and continues to influence globalized Christian work since his death on February 10, 1951. Assumptions of the Argument Development of this thesis' argument is demonstrated by evidence related to the life and work of William Lindsey Wallace, M.D. As events are communicated over a period of time, they may be unintentionally and unknowingly altered. Original sources are vital if a researcher's intention is accuracy. The aim of this research is to highlight the non-hagiographical events that impacted Christian work as Bill Wallace practiced medicine as a missionary in China. It is deserving of documentation to assess the historical impact of medical missions. 43 Pusan was also known as Busan, South Korea. 44Bill Wallace's Chinese name was Waa I Saang. Prior to Gregory Walcott's Preface to the "Special Movie Edition" ofFletcher's book, Bill Wallace of China, there is a picture of Chinese nationals welcoming Wallace, Waa I Saang, home (after World War II). See Appendix 5. 20 gospel. They deserve to hear good news about God and the possibility of knowing Him through Jesus Christ. A major tension in World Christian Studies lies at the feet of colonialism. With resource and vision, the West has transported some form of Christianity to many parts. Tragically, the reception of this Christianity finds separation of classic colonialism and Christianity difficult to diffuse. Lam in Sannah addresses the reality of these issues writing, "Organized religion under state patronage has been a mixed bag ... "48 Addressing Chinese responses to the gospel as presented by Wallace and his co-workers at Stout Memorial Hospital in Wuchow will assist in understanding how effectively their work developed. Characteristics of the Doctor Who Served as a Missionary in Wuchow, China Wallace's life verse is simple, just like the man. "For to me to live is Christ and to die is gain" (Philippians 1:21 ). One should never mistake the simplicity of this verse to characterize the depth with which Wallace studied, worked, and served. With undaunted faith and total commitment to the Chinese people he loved, h_is life remained mono-focused until his death. Bill grew up encouraged by the women at Broadway Baptist Church who served as surrogate mothers as he lost his during childhood.49 The spiritual foundations of a well-grounded church and the professional commitment to people emanating from his 48Lamin Sanneh, Whose Religion Is Christianity? The Gospel Beyond the West (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003), 29. 49Broadway Baptist Church in Knoxville, Tennessee not only houses an archive on Bill Wallace, but also paid his salary for a portion of his stay in China, providing for the Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention to expend funds in other needed areas. 21 medical doctor father yielded a passion to serve God and people wherever the need. Identifying the people skills of those transmitting the gospel when effective are worth examination. Conversely, negative obstacles earlier reported by Sanneh ought to be avoided if at all possible. This portion of the dissertation must depend heavily upon the aforementioned "Grey Paper" which assist in describing the life and development of Bill Wallace. Also noted earlier in the prospectus is Leung's acknowledgment that missionaries did not come from a synthetic heavenly background. 50 Insightful scholarship requires an understanding the background of not only the Chinese, but Wallace as well. Ongoing Work Ignited from the Service of William Lindsey Wallace, M.D. On February 10, 1951, Bill Wallace died in a dingy cell. Tortured by Chinese zealots under thy heavy hand of Mao Tse-Tung, he died a brutal death. The reports of how he died are varied, but none except the Chinese officials include suicide. This dissertation will cite a non-believer (at the time) woman who served with Wallace who was coerced into claiming she saw evidence of suicide. 51 The end of Wallace's life was not the end. There are numerous places where he is attributed with impacting ongoing world missional enterprises. Though the Stout Memorial Hospital in Wuchow (where Wallace served) has become the Worker's Hospital under Communist rule, there is still a remnant of his influence remaining. The title of this dissertation includes the word "Beyond." Numerous ministries have claimed 50 See page 3 of this prospectus. 51 See Appendix 6. 22 the name of "Wallace" in order to be reminded of and to incorporate the missional strategy he initiated in China. Study Methodology Having stated that the primary resources for this study are assembled in the variety of "Grey Papers" existing in the aforementioned archives, the methodology of this study will be extracting information from the resources to establish a foundation for chapters one and two. The third chapter will require an analysis of those institutions who have taken the name of Wallace and those who have been affiliated or associated with his ministry. This researcher is prepared to visit Hong Kong Baptist University. This institution has sought to acquire the Knoxville artifacts for their own archives. Also, a visit to the hospital where Wallace worked is in order. Some acquaintances ofthis author recently visited the hospital and maintain that the core values established by Wallace are practiced in the hospital today. The return to the United States should include a stop at the Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital in Busan, South Korea. These administrators have kept in touch with the Knoxville namesake church and have seemed open to offer information. Significance Intellectually honest questions regarding World Christian Studies must address the most simple of questions, "Are lives being changed as a result of the missional efforts?" If not, why make expenditures of time and resource to go through the motions? If so, what are the characteristics making these ministries effective? All Christians are 23 aware that it is the work of the Holy Spirit to touch lives and change hearts, but are there any positional postures one can make to enhance the Holy Spirit's ability to work? The significance of this dissertation is that it begins a discussion about a humble man from a humble town (most likely not known to foreigners) who evidenced life-change in those with whom he worked. Entering this into the world of academics prayerfully will provide for a fresh vision of medical missions and how it impacts people immediately and on into the future. Conclusion Unless people truly encounter the transformational power of the gospel, the effect falls short of Global Christian intent with regards to missions. Bill Wallace transversed half of the globe to make such transformational difference. This project aims to analyze his work. APPENDIX 1 Confirmation From International Mission Board imb ~tnt- AQ!1I 1, :lOtS Dr. Mllu "MMQ" F.loyd, lr. Wallacit~I ...Chlltdt 701 Mtn:NIII Drift KnO>Nilllt. TN 3m2 Our Or. Boyd, I trust IIIII the llle5 relllecltolomler mlssloNry Or. Wllllllm .... llndt4y Wti!ICII.,. ~ !Mful to yoow ~Ntrollllslllulld mlni!Rry. As you kllow, hit-• lll'ellwecll•uentceiO -Lon! and forlhit tuttfltrlll<;t of God's atoiY IMOf\llltlt P40Pitl or Chltlit. 1am 11iftHif tlwlt hi is the Sllbjlct of • ....., IWCIV. and llooir fotwlrd to*"'' lilt fruit of your ,_arcb. WI your lletllt daltd llobrdl10, 2015, you l1lqiMIS&ed IIIII thi--.IMI!HIDft ~ pntvlck ~ l'l!lll'llll\l thii!IIIU!IW$ fol'wtrfiiGio you 110111 our ll'dlll4! tiCOIIll. Thl ~ ~ fnmllllkrotllm IIIII !!mll!d 10 you-- ClllftllliN -IIQ of Or. Wllllat'S .,._,._,., ~fill and lhl flln conlillnlna Or. leslltC. ~leher's -.rch-ccmplltd wllllt he ~and W1111n8111S bloCnllhy of Wafllot tilled IIIII Wot~ag 11{ Chitltl. Or.~~ mHldl-COI'IUlftt:llall'piS lromthe IIHof (then! FMI-uve ~~~~~~ m~ C:OIIN&-of Or. WalKe.. 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M.D...... _,,...... ,. a41011 - • ..,• 1o1 ...... 1111 f« Alii 01111 -~~~ tltt/llllle 10 M 1 tMM lw lllllllt N .,/01' ,. 10C1oft , ,. _, , 1111 .,., Ill 1111 .., • 10 Ood'r ]Ill& " , ,.,. ... ,., ,.. -',..,., .. 'i/fllllil, 1111 .. llttJtlM .... C1oftwiiL 2111._,_,t:OIIl/illft_,./(fltoN .I ...... , "1/0otl-"'""---,,..,-H 25 APPENDIX2B First & Last Pages Of Wallace's Handwritten Farewell Speech 26 APPENDIX3 Wallace's Commission In The United States Army 27 APPENDIX4 Letter To His Sister, Ruth Stegall 28 APPENDIX 5 Chinese American Translation Of Waa I Saang Waa I 5aang Is Mr. Wallace. In Chinese, they break the word Wallace down loS characters. Waa¥ L~ Saang±9i;~ Instead of Mr. Wallace, for Chinese grammar we put the Mr. atthe back of the name. Hope this help. Lee Chen [Pseudonym for Chinese American whose real name is concealed for security reasons} 29 APPENDIXSB Chinese Nationals Welcome Waa I Saang Home ...... --...... _,. .. _... -.. __ 30 APPENDIX6 Correspondence From Ian Buntain, September 16, 2014 Dear Dr. Boyd- My wife and I serve with the International Mission Board as Cmmection Strategists for the East Asia Affinity. We have been through that part of the world many times and I have preached in Knoxville several times-each time intending to stop by Wallace Memorial-but somehow was never able to find the time to stop by. Recently we have begun to communicate with one ofyour Interns (Carriss Anderson) about your chureh's desire to impact lostness among a people group which remains far from the Gospel, and this has prompted me to drop you this note. I know you're busy, so I'll try to make this brief. I am a bit of an anomaly in the 1MB in that I am both a representative of Southern Baptist Missions and a product of it My parents were ssved as adults and became founding members of the first Southern Baptist Church in Canada, which was established in Vancouver, British Columbia. I received Christ as a seven year old and at the age of eight, while reading Bill Wallace ofChina I became absolutely crushed by the possibility that there "may be no one left alive to tell Chinese .about Jesus!" This brokenness was satisfied when in 1991 my wife and I were appointed with the Foreign Mission Board to serve among Chinese. I'm sure that this part ofmy story is not particularly unique. However .•. Fast forward ... In China, along with the well-known story of Communist Officials attempting to intimidate Chinese to accuse Dr. Wallace of espionage (to no affect), there is recognition that they eventually convinced a young Chinese nurse who served at the hospital and who was a non believer (and a c01umunist sympathizer) to go into the prison and confirm their report that Dr. Wall ace had hung himself... I included this as a part of my personal story while preaching three years ago at Mandarin Baptist Church in Los Angeles (a large--3,000 member-Chinese Church · and important partner for our work in Asia). After the service a tiny, 84 year old lady approached us, and introduced herself by ssying, "I was that nurse!" I regret that the only picmre I have ofher (attached below, with my wife and me) is somewhat blurry. When I asked her if she really thought that Dr. Wallace hung himself: she shot back, "'I'Pl"ll! ft;.6Hflf.£-fii.TA.41.':tft{ll" or "Not possible! I can't even imagine how anyone could believe that!" This sweet lady is now a passionate believer who has sent a daughter back to China "to pay her missions debt!" So, I just thought it might be encouraging for God's people at Wallace Memorial to know that that seed of faith, sewn at such great sscrifice, continues to bear fruit even today! Bless you my Brother! Thank you for your service to the Lord and His church! Ian Dr. Ian & Sherri Buntain Affinity Connection Strategists s 31 APPENDIX 6B Ian & Sherri Buntain With Chinese Nurse 32 33 Outline of Dissertation I. Introduction A. Thesis Statement B. Explanation of Process C. Explanation of Context 1. Understanding Socio-Political China between 1935-1951 2. Evangelical work in China II. Chinese Reception ofthe Man and the Message of William Lindsey Wallace, M.D. A. Responding to the Doctor B. Responding to the Missionary III. Characteristics of the Missionary Doctor in Wuchow, China A. A Man of God In Preparation B. The Decision To Go C. The Circumstances Moving from Africa to China D. The Work In China IV. The Ongoing Global Work From the Life and Death of Bill Wallace A. Current Realities in China B. Crossing the Pacific With A Stop In South Korea C. Bill Wallace Alive In America V. Study Analysis VI. Conclusion VII. Bibliography SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary "Bill Wallace Room." Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. Knoxville, TN. Broadway Baptist Church. "Bill Wallace Archives." Knoxville, TN. Buntain, Ian. Email Letter in Wallace Memorial Baptist Church Bill Wallace Room. September 16, 2014. Chang, Jung and Halliday, Jon. Mao: The Unknown Story. New York: Anchor Books. 2005. Cheng, Flora. Bereavement Letter. Bill Wallace Room. Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. Knoxville, TN. February 28, 1951. Hayes, Everley. "Diary." Bill Wallace Room. Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. Knoxville, TN. International Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention Archives. Richmond, VA. Lee, Robert Greene. Commendation For Bill Wallace. Wallace Memorial Baptist Church Archives, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1934. Southern Baptist Convention Historical Library and Archives. Nashville, TN. Tennien, Mark. No Secret is Safe Behind the Bamboo Curtain. New York, New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1952. Wallace, Bill. Farewell Address Upon Departure To China. 1935. Original pulpit notes. Bill Wallace Room. Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. Knoxville, TN. Wallace, Bill. Japanese Bombing Response Letter. Bill Wallace Room. Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. Knoxville, TN. 34 35 Secondary Akin, Danny. Five Who Changed The World. Southeastern Seminary Press. Wake Forest, NC. 2008. "Bill Wallace of China: The Movie" Wallace Memorial Baptist Church. Knoxville, TN. Bridges, Erich. "50 years after Bill Wallace and the meaning of heroism." Baptist Press, 2001. www.bpnews.net10349. Accessed July 15, 2014. Butterfield, Fox. "Speaking ofMao." The New York Times. September 10, 1976. www .nytimes.com/leaming/general/onthisday/bday 1226.html. Crawley, Winston. Partners Across The Pacific. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1986. Fletcher, Jesse. Bill Wallace ofChina. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1996. Houston, Bessie Foster. Green Pastures. The Story ofJessie Louise Green. Knoxville, TN: Bessie Foster Houston, 2003. Leung, Philip Yuen-Sang. "Mission History Verses Church History." Shenk, Wilbert. ed., Enlarging the Story. Eugene, Oregon. 2002. Lewis, Donald M., ed. Christianity Reborn: The Global Expansion ofEvangelicalism in the Twentieth Century. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 2004. Newbegin, Lesslie. Foolishness to the Greeks. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 1986. Pierson, Arthur T. The Crisis ofMissions. New York: Robert Carter and Brothers, 1886. "Religion: Dr. Wallace's Story." Time Magazine. December 31, 1951. Content.time.com/time/magazine/article/09171 ,822011 ,OO.html. Sanneh, Lamin 0. Translating The Message: The Missionary Impact On Culture. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1989. Shenk, Wilbert R., ed. Enlarging The Story. Eugene: Wipf & Stock, 2002. Walls, Andrew F. The Missionary Movement in Christian Faith Studies in the Transmission ofFaith. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis. 2007.