2019-20 Biennial Report
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Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese
Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts University of Washington 2020 Committee: Zev Handel William Boltz Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Asian Languages and Literature ©Copyright 2020 Grainger Lanneau University of Washington Abstract Glottal Stop Initials and Nasalization in Sino-Vietnamese and Southern Chinese Grainger Lanneau Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor Zev Handel Asian Languages and Literature Middle Chinese glottal stop Ying [ʔ-] initials usually develop into zero initials with rare occasions of nasalization in modern day Sinitic1 languages and Sino-Vietnamese. Scholars such as Edwin Pullyblank (1984) and Jiang Jialu (2011) have briefly mentioned this development but have not yet thoroughly investigated it. There are approximately 26 Sino-Vietnamese words2 with Ying- initials that nasalize. Scholars such as John Phan (2013: 2016) and Hilario deSousa (2016) argue that Sino-Vietnamese in part comes from a spoken interaction between Việt-Mường and Chinese speakers in Annam speaking a variety of Chinese called Annamese Middle Chinese AMC, part of a larger dialect continuum called Southwestern Middle Chinese SMC. Phan and deSousa also claim that SMC developed into dialects spoken 1 I will use the terms “Sinitic” and “Chinese” interchangeably to refer to languages and speakers of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. 2 For the sake of simplicity, I shall refer to free and bound morphemes alike as “words.” 1 in Southwestern China today (Phan, Desousa: 2016). Using data of dialects mentioned by Phan and deSousa in their hypothesis, this study investigates initial nasalization in Ying-initial words in Southwestern Chinese Languages and in the 26 Sino-Vietnamese words. -
Scanned Using Book Scancenter 5022
1 Introduction 1.1 The varieties of Chinese Eew language names are as all-encompassing as that of Chinese. It is made to setve at once for the archaic inscriptions of the oracle bones, the literary lan guage of the Zhou dynasty sages, the language of .Tang and Song poetry and the early vernacular language of the classical novels, as well as the modem language in both its standard and dialectal forms. And this list is by no means exhaustive. This creates a certain awkwardness when one wants to speak about one of the varieties of Chinese; if ambiguity is to be avoided, it is necessary to em'ploy a complex designation of some sort - Classical Chinese, Literary Chinese, Middle or Ancient Chinese, Early Vernacular Chinese or, in the case of a modem dia lect, a geographical designation like 'Shanghai or Fuzhou dialect. In this book we will examine Chinese in its many diverse aspects and in the process hope to clarify some of their differences and interrelations. Why have so many disparate historical stages and geographical variants of a linguistic continuum like this been 'subsumed under a single·name? After all, the modem Chinese dialects are really more like a family of languages, and the Chinese of the first millennium BC is at least as different from the modem standard language as Latin is from Italian or French. The explanation is to be found in the profound unity of Chinese culture that has·been transmitted in an unbroken line beginning from the third millennium BC and continuing down to the present day. -
THE MEDIA's INFLUENCE on SUCCESS and FAILURE of DIALECTS: the CASE of CANTONESE and SHAAN'xi DIALECTS Yuhan Mao a Thesis Su
THE MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF DIALECTS: THE CASE OF CANTONESE AND SHAAN’XI DIALECTS Yuhan Mao A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Language and Communication) School of Language and Communication National Institute of Development Administration 2013 ABSTRACT Title of Thesis The Media’s Influence on Success and Failure of Dialects: The Case of Cantonese and Shaan’xi Dialects Author Miss Yuhan Mao Degree Master of Arts in Language and Communication Year 2013 In this thesis the researcher addresses an important set of issues - how language maintenance (LM) between dominant and vernacular varieties of speech (also known as dialects) - are conditioned by increasingly globalized mass media industries. In particular, how the television and film industries (as an outgrowth of the mass media) related to social dialectology help maintain and promote one regional variety of speech over others is examined. These issues and data addressed in the current study have the potential to make a contribution to the current understanding of social dialectology literature - a sub-branch of sociolinguistics - particularly with respect to LM literature. The researcher adopts a multi-method approach (literature review, interviews and observations) to collect and analyze data. The researcher found support to confirm two positive correlations: the correlative relationship between the number of productions of dialectal television series (and films) and the distribution of the dialect in question, as well as the number of dialectal speakers and the maintenance of the dialect under investigation. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to express sincere thanks to my advisors and all the people who gave me invaluable suggestions and help. -
Review Article
Review article Language and dialect in China Norbert Francis Northern Arizona University In the study of language learning, researchers sometimes ask how languages in contact are related. They compare the linguistic features of the languages, how the mental grammars of each language sub‑system are represented, put to use in performance, and how they interact. Within a linguistic family, languages can be closely related or distantly related, an interesting factor, for example, in understanding bilingualism and second language development. Dialects, on the other hand, are considered to be variants of the same language. While there is no way to always draw a sharp line between the categories of language and dialect, it is necessary to distinguish between the two kinds of language variation by the application of uniform criteria. The distinction between dialect and language is important for designing bilingual instructional programs, both for students who already speak two languages and for beginning second language learners. Keywords: dialect, language contact, language policy, minority languages, biliteracy, Chinese Introduction Researchers of language learning do not often delve into questions about how lan‑ guages and their varieties are related. One topic of debate however, due in part to widespread commentary outside of the field, often presents itself for explanation: the distinction between the categories of language and dialect. Sociolinguists for their part have contributed most notably to the task of distinguishing in a prin‑ cipled way between these categories; and a clear understanding is important for the study of language learning and for the broader discipline of applied linguistics. This article will present the case for continuing to uphold the traditional concep‑ tion underlying this distinction. -
On the Emergence of Unaccusative 'Give' Constructions in Chinese
Linguistics 2018; 56(1): 19–68 Weirong Chen* and Foong Ha Yap Pathways to adversity and speaker affectedness: On the emergence of unaccusative ‘give’ constructions in Chinese https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2017-0038 Abstract: In this paper, we examine the characteristics of unaccusative ‘give’ constructions in Chinese, and additionally identify the pathways for their emergence in some Chinese dialects, in particular Southern Min and Mandarin varieties.1 We distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 unaccusative ‘give’ constructions, the former involving reversible ‘escape’-type intransitive predicates, and the latter irreversible ‘die’-type intransitive predicates. Type 1 constructions are attested in many Chinese varieties, such as Mandarin, Min, Wu, Hui, Hakka and Cantonese, whereas Type 2 constructions are more rare and thus far are mainly attested in Southern Min and some Mandarin varieties. Two major pathways in the development of unaccusative ‘give’ constructions are identified in this paper, namely, the causative pathway and the passive-mediated pathway. Our analysis also traces how the unaccusative ‘give’ construction develops into a marker of adversity and speaker affectedness. The findings of this study have implications for understanding the relationship between changes in valence (i.e., the number of core arguments that are profiled in a given construction) and speaker’ssubjectivestance. Keywords: ‘give’ constructions, unintentional causative, passive, unaccusative, speaker affectedness marker 1 Introduction Versatile constructions are known to be a frequent conduit for the emergence of a wide range of new grammatical and pragmatic functions. Among the most 1 In this paper, the terms dialect and variety are sometimes used interchangeably, with the term variety being the more general term that can also include variations within dialects. -
Language Distinctiveness*
RAI – data on language distinctiveness RAI data Language distinctiveness* Country profiles *This document provides data production information for the RAI-Rokkan dataset. Last edited on October 7, 2020 Compiled by Gary Marks with research assistance by Noah Dasanaike Citation: Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks (2016). Community, Scale and Regional Governance: A Postfunctionalist Theory of Governance, Vol. II. Oxford: OUP. Sarah Shair-Rosenfield, Arjan H. Schakel, Sara Niedzwiecki, Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, Sandra Chapman-Osterkatz (2021). “Language difference and Regional Authority.” Regional and Federal Studies, Vol. 31. DOI: 10.1080/13597566.2020.1831476 Introduction ....................................................................................................................6 Albania ............................................................................................................................7 Argentina ...................................................................................................................... 10 Australia ....................................................................................................................... 12 Austria .......................................................................................................................... 14 Bahamas ....................................................................................................................... 16 Bangladesh .................................................................................................................. -
Shaoguan Tuhua, a Local Vernacular of Northern Guangdong Province, China: a New Look from a Quantitative and Contact Linguistic Perspective
Shaoguan Tuhua, a Local Vernacular of Northern Guangdong Province, China: A New Look from a Quantitative and Contact Linguistic Perspective Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Litong Chen, B.A. Graduate Program in East Asian Languages and Literatures The Ohio State University 2012 Thesis Committee: Marjorie K. M. Chan, Advisor Donald Winford Zhiguo Xie Copyright by Litong Chen 2012 Abstract This thesis reanalyzes data collected from published fieldwork sources and brings a new perspective to Shaoguan Tuhua, the genetically unclassified vernacular speech used in the Shaoguan area, northern Guangdong Province, China. The reanalysis consists of a quantitative study of the Shaoguan Tuhua varieties and some Hakka varieties (the regional lingua franca) and a contact linguistic study on one of the Shaoguan Tuhua varieties, Shibei Shaoguan Tuhua, and its Hakka neighbor, Qujiang Hakka. This thesis uses a combined methodology. It consists of the traditional Chinese dialectological research methods, phylogenetic network (computational) methods, and contact linguistic frameworks. Neither phylogenetic network methods nor contact linguistic frameworks are sufficiently used in Chinese dialectology. In terms of studying Shaoguan Tuhua, the use of these methodologies is new. This thesis first of all introduces the historical and sociolinguistic contexts of Shaoguan Tuhua. Shaoguan Tuhua has been in contact with Hakka for about seven hundred years, and Hakka speakers significantly outnumber Shaoguan Tuhua speakers. The majority of Shaoguan Tuhua speakers, especially the younger generation, can speak fluent Hakka. ii Based on the historical and sociolinguistic background, this thesis goes on to examine the result of the Shaoguan Tuhua-Hakka contact. -
Chinese Languages Spoken in Mauritius: an Overview.” Dr
“Chinese Languages spoken in Mauritius: an overview.” Dr. Julie P.M. LEFORT Associate researcher to the Centre de Recherche sur les Langues d’Asie Orientale, Paris Abstract Up to now, studies on the Chinese community of Mauritius have mainly focused on Chinese immigration and settlement from a historical point of view and little attention has been given to Chinese languages and linguistic practices involving Chinese languages. Although different varieties of Chinese are spoken in Mauritius, namely Hakka, Hokkien, Cantonese, and to some extent, Standard Mandarin, the few studies on Chinese languages of Mauritius have focused on the Meixian-Hakka language, which is often seen as the only variety spoken in Mauritius. In this article I provide an overview of the Chinese languages spoken in Mauritius from a sociolinguistic perspective. I give an introduction about the history of Chinese immigration to Mauritius in order to understand how these varieties have led to today’s situation and will show that the Chinese community of Mauritius is not as homogeneous as it is often believed to be. I will try to classify the different speakers according to the Chinese variety they speak and their situation, giving concrete examples of families in which this particular variety is spoken. I will show that the Chinese languages spoken in Mauritius can be classified between ancestral transmitted ones and imported vehicular ones. Key words: Chinese languages; Language Contact; Mauritian Chinese; Ancestral languages. 1. Introduction Up to now, studies on the Chinese community of Mauritius mainly focussed on Chinese immigration and settlement from historical point of view (Song: 2001; Ly-Tio- Fane: 2008). -
On the Classification of the Ng Yap Dialects: Some Thoughts on the Subgrouping of Sinitic Languages*
Giorgio ORLANDI independent researcher; [email protected] On the classification of the Ng Yap dialects: some thoughts on the subgrouping of Sinitic languages* The Ng Yap (formerly Sze Yap) dialects are routinely considered a branch of the Yue subfam- ily. This paper seeks to demonstrate that, contrary to this widespread opinion, these dialects show a wide range of distinctive features which, for formal purposes of language/dialect classification, may warrant their separation from the Yue subfamily. This paper also discusses the criteria which are often at the basis of language subgrouping in the field of Chinese linguistics. Nevertheless, this work should be regarded only as an attempt of stimu- lating a further discussion into a topic which has been overlooked for far too long. Keywords: Ng Yap dialects, Yue dialects, language subgrouping, Sinitic languages, Chinese dialects. «The chief danger to our philosophy, apart from laziness and woolliness, is scholasticism, which is treating what is vague as if it were precise and trying to fit it into an exact logical category» Frank Pulmpton Ramsey, Philosophical Papers, 1929, p. 269. 1. Introduction The Ng Yap dialects, formerly known as Sze Yap (or Seiyap), are spoken primarily in the Guǎngdōng and Guǎngxī provinces, as well as in Macao, Hong Kong and in many overseas communities. They are generally considered a branch of the larger Yue subfamily, and may be further divided geographically into two sub-branches, Xīn’ēn 新恩 and Kāihè 開鶴. The most prestigious and perhaps representative Ng Yap dialect 1 is Hoishanese ([hɔi˨san˧wa˧˨˥] or Toishanese). * This paper incorporates elements of an unpublished draft presented during the 23rd International Sympo- sium on Yue Dialects, which was held on 15th and 16th December 2018 at Jìnán University (Guǎngzhōu, PRC). -
Historical Linguistics
HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS NICHOLAS CLEAVELAND BODMAN I. INTRODUCTION The literature on Chinese historical linguistics is already very large, and indeed unti very recently at least, the history of the language and its writing system has been the major focus of attention for scholars writing on the Chinese language. These writings are now becoming more and more voluminous, and many of them deserve more than ever before to be characterized as having real linguistic value, in the modern sense of the term, whereas the earlier writings in this field pertain more to a traditional philological or sinological approach.1 The native Chinese tradition of phonological studies had, in particular, reached a high degree of sophistication during the Ch'ing dynasty. This discipline2 has in fact made a generally happy marriage with modern Western linguistics. In surveying the major developments from the time of the Second World War to the present, I shall attempt to cover the most important current trends in the fields of historical phonology, morphology and syntax in writings dealing with the history of the Chinese language only,3 excepting where I touch upon comparative linguistic studies which would relate Chinese to other linguistic groups. The many works of a purely philological or text-critical nature and those having to do with semantic problems are not dealt with here. Important and numerous as they are, historical studies of lexical items are not treated here unless they are significant in a broader way or deal with matters having some phonological, morphological, or syntactic import. Similarly, I have not attempted any coverage of the large and important 1 The most important studies of the past twenty-five years are listed alphabetically by author in the Selected Bibliography at the end of this chapter. -
Chen Meiwen-Gendered Ritual and Performative Literacy
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/41195 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Chen Meiwen Title: Gendered ritual and performative literacy : Yao Women, goddesses of fertility, and the Chinese imperial state Issue Date: 2016-06-29 Chapter 2. The Yao Existed Before the Court Appeared: The Yao, the Chinese Imperial State, and Yao Manuscripts Introduction I recalled an interview scenario that had remained with me as a vivid memory and fortunately I was still able to find it preserved in my old field notes from when I commenced my fieldwork research on Yao religious culture in 1999. It was an interview with a Mien ritual master and the incumbent village-level ‘party clerk’ (shuji) in Weihao, Li Caiyou, who was in his forties when we met. Before we went into the details of village history, Li opened the discourse by quoting an ancient Yao saying: ‘The Yao existed before the court appeared’ (xianyouyao, houyouchao). I can still remember his vivid facial expression, in which pride and bitterness vied with each other, as he told me this. Li Caiyou was clearly aware of the fact that, in reality, history had not unfolded in a way that had allowed the Yao to claim a superior status over the state. It was and still is the other way around. The saying that ‘the Yao existed before the court appeared’ is not restricted to the Mien but is also a widespread adage among many other Yao.1 It draws a state-free picture of Yao society before it was engulfed by Chinese imperial governance as their shared history unfolded. -
A Hybrid Chinese for the 21St Century
A Hybrid Chinese for the 21st Century Jennifer M. Wei English Department Soochow University Taipei, Taiwan Outline of the presentation --the languages and the colonial histories --the policies in the 20th century --problems from a nationalistic model --changes since the end of the 20th century --the current scene and possible solution 1. a de-nationalized and hybridized Mandarin drawing upon features from both local and global interactions 2. a concentric and marginalized identity more compatible in multilingual and multicultural contexts. Greater China Greater China[1] (Dazhonghua in Chinese). [1] This term, used generally and in a sense most relevant to the discussion in this book, is a tag appropriate for referring to the rapidly increasing interaction among Chinese societies around the world as technical, political and administrative barriers to their interchanges fall (cf. Harding 1993, p. 660). It is also important to note that some don’t like the concept of “Greater China” on grounds of desirability or feasibility for regional and global eco-political balances or consequences. Whether “Greater China” will ever be realized or is just a phantom is immaterial to the discussions of this book. We are only interested in the increasing interactions among Chinese across the Strait and their consequences, most importantly on language and identity. credits The concepts of hybrid Chinese and marginal identity draw strength from the untapped linguistic aspects of Greater China’s various themes. Harding, Harry 1993. The Concept of ‘Greater China’: Themes, Variations and Reservations. The China Quarterly, No. 136, Special Issue: Greater China. (Dec., 1993), pp. 660-686 A discussion of “The Construction of Chinese and Non-Chinese Identities” Wu, David Yen-ho 1994.