DOCSLIB.ORG

Labour Migration in Armenia: Existing Trends and Policy Options

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Labour Migration in Armenia: Existing Trends and Policy Options Ministry of Labour and Social International Organization for Issues of Armenia Migration LLAABBOOUURR MMIIGGRRAATTIIOONN IINN AARRMMEENNIIAA:: EEXXIISSTTIINNGG TTRREENNDDSS AANNDD PPOOLLIICCYY OOPPTTIIOONNSS R E P O R T O N N E E D S A S S E S S M E N T O F L A B O U R M I G R A T I O N M A N A G E M E N T I N A R M E N I A The Labour Migration Management Needs Assessment was conducted within the framework of the “Technical assistance to the Armenian Government to initiate labour migration arrangements” project funded by the IOM Development Fund Alexandre Devillard International Organization for Migration Yerevan 2012 International Organization for Migration Mission in Armenia: UN House, 14 Petros Adamian Street, 1st floor, Yerevan o010, Armenia Tel.: (+374 10) 58 56 92; 58 37 86 Fax: (+374 10) 54 33 65 http://www.iom.int/armenia; http://www.iom.am UDC 331.556 (479.25) The needs assessment was conducted within the framework of the IOM Project “Technical assistance to the Armenian Government to initiate labour migration arrangements” funded by the IOM Development Fund Prepared for publication by IOM Project Development and Implementation Unit in Armenia While IOM endeavours to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the content of this report, the views, findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official position of the IOM and its Member States. IOM does not accept any liability for any loss which may arise from the reliance on information contained in this paper. © Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means of electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Publisher: International Organization for Migration (IOM) ISBN 978-9939-51-433-8 2 LABOUR MIGRATION IN ARMENIA: EXISTING TRENDS AND POLICY OPTIONS Foreword 5 List of acronyms 7 Introduction 8 I. Labour immigration in Armenia: existing trends and policy options 8 A. Labour market trends and the question of shortages in the national labour market: 9 the need for reliable data 1. Labour immigration flows and stocks 9 1.1. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia 9 1.2. Visas and invitations 11 1.3. Border Management Information System 11 1.4. Population registers 12 2. Assessing labour shortages 13 B. Labour migration policy: towards the regulation of labour immigration in Armenia 15 1. Entry, stay and residence of migrant workers 15 1.1. The current situation: a de facto laissez-faire policy 15 1.2. The Law on aliens from a comparative perspective: experiences from 17 EU Member States 1.2.1 Labour market test and quota system 17 1.2.2 Admission, stay and residence of migrant workers: the EU acquis and the practice of 18 EU Member States 1.3. Proposal for a detailed admission, stay and residence regime for migrant 19 workers in Armenia 1.3.1. Work authorization 19 1.3.1.1. Conditions of delivery of a work authorization 20 1.3.1.2. Procedure of delivery of a work authorization 22 1.3.1.3. Content of the work authorization 22 1.3.1.4. Renewal of the work authorization 23 1.3.1.5. Rejection of a work authorization and appeal of the decision 23 1.3.2 Residence card 24 1.3.2.1. Temporary residence card 24 1.3.2.2. Permanent residence card 25 2. Employment and other economic and social rights of migrant workers in Armenia 26 2.1. Protection in employment 26 2.2. Family reunification 27 II. Emigration of Armenian workers: existing trends and policy options 29 A. Emigration trends and human rights of Armenian migrant workers 29 1. Typology of labour migration flows 29 1.1. Sources of labour migration data 29 1.2. Labour migration rates and destinations 29 1.3. Socio-demographic profile of migrant workers 30 1.4. Organisation of departure and stay in countries of destination 31 2. The rights of Armenian workers in countries of destination: the Russian example 32 2.1. Overview of Russia’s labour immigration legislation 32 2.2. Assessment of migrant workers’ rights violations in Russia 33 2.2.1. Appreciation of the stay abroad in Armenian household surveys 33 3 2.2.2. The role of intermediaries 34 2.2.3. Absence of employment contracts 35 2.2.4. Unpaid wages, delayed wages, deductions in wages 35 2.2.5. Work and life conditions 36 B. Emigration policy: the need for a comprehensive approach to the emigration of Armenian 37 workers 1. Protection activities 37 1.1. Management of the recruitment of Armenian workers: the regulation of private 37 employment agencies 1.1.1. The need for regulation 37 1.1.2. Licensing standards 38 1.1.2.1. Defining private employment agencies 38 1.1.2.2. Conditions for issuing a licence 39 1.1.2.3. Content of licence 42 1.1.2.4. Services of private employment agencies and collection of fees 43 1.1.3. Monitoring activities of private employment agencies and enforcing 47 sanctions 1.1.4. Cooperation between private employment agencies and public 49 employment services 1.2. Information dissemination strategies 49 1.3. Protection activities in countries of destination: consular assistance and 50 related activities 1.3.1. Current activities 51 1.3.2. Towards improved protection activities abroad 51 1.3.2.1. Traditional consular assistance activities 51 1.3.2.2. A more modern conception of consular assistance 53 2. Labour market strategies: diversifying countries of destination and promoting employment 54 abroad 2.1. Why promoting foreign employment 54 2.2. Assessment of the national labour market 55 2.3. Target market identification 56 2.4 Activities to be undertaken after market research 59 3. Concluding bilateral arrangements 62 3.1. Bilateral labour arrangements 63 3.1.1. Expectations from countries of origin 63 3.1.2. Typology of bilateral labour arrangements 63 3.1.3. Difficulties in negotiation, conclusion and implementation 64 3.1.4. Content of a comprehensive bilateral agreement 66 3.2. Social security arrangements 81 3.2.1. Migrant workers and social security 81 3.2.2. Social security arrangements 82 3.2.3. Unilateral measures adopted by countries of origin 87 Conclusion and Recommendations 88 Bibliography 90 Annexes 92 Annex 1: Law on Aliens, 2006 93 Annex 2: Draft Law on Regulation of Overseas Employment 111 Annex 3: Agenda of the Needs Assessment Mission 117 Annex 4: Comments and questions from the State Migration Service and compiled answers 120 4 FOREWORD Mobility is an essential feature of today’s world, and migrant workers are now an increasingly vital part of the global workforce. IOM believes that organized and well-managed labour migration has enormous potential for Governments, communities, migrants, employers and other stakeholders in countries of origin and destination. While job creation at home is the first, best option, an increasing number of countries see international labour migration as an integral part of national development and employment strategies by taking advantage of global employment opportunities and bringing in foreign exchange. In countries of origin, labour migration can relieve pressure on unemployment and can contribute to development through the channelling of remittances, transfer of know-how, and the creation of business and trade networks. In countries of destination which face labour shortages, orderly and well-managed labour migration can lighten labour scarcity, facilitate mobility, and add to human capital. To protect migrant workers and to optimize the benefits of labour migration for both the country of origin and destination, as well as for migrants themselves, clearly formulated labour migration policies, legislation and effective strategies are required. International labour migration is a transnational phenomenon and cannot, therefore, be effectively managed or addressed only at the national level. It needs to also be addressed the bilateral, regional and international level. Besides the global nature of labour migration and the increasing tendency of labour mobility worldwide, there are other factors that shape labour migration trends in Armenia. Armenians generally migrate due to economic reasons. This ongoing labour migration is not properly managed; as a result, the positive impact that migration can have is not being realised. This report studies the management of labour migration (both immigration and emigration) in Armenia and suggests solutions for regulating various aspects of labour migration, such as protection of migrant worker's rights and interests, labour market trends and strategies, facilitated arrangements for labour migration, the development impact of migration, among others. The Report's recommendations suggest solutions for the implementation of Armenia's newly-adopted national strategy on migration management. This Needs Assessment was initiated at the request of the Armenian Government and conducted by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in close coordination with Armenian bodies involved in migration management. It is expected to be followed by the development of detailed policies and regulations on the management of labour migration. 5 The report was funded by the IOM Development Fund, which provides special support to IOM’s Developing Member States and Member States with Economy in Transition for the development and implementation of joint government-IOM projects to address particular areas of migration management. Arayik Petrosyan Irena Vojackova Sollorano First Deputy Minister of Labour and Social
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations)
    First Capitals of Armenia and Georgia: Armawir and Armazi (Problems of Early Ethnic Associations) Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan The foundation legends of the first capitals of Armenia and Georgia – Armawir and Armazi – have several common features. A specific cult of the moon god is attested in both cities in the triadic temples along with the supreme thunder god and the sun god. The names of Armawir and Armazi may be associated with the Anatolian Arma- ‘moon (god).’ The Armenian ethnonym (exonym) Armen may also be derived from the same stem. The sacred character of cultic localities is extremely enduring. The cults were changed, but the localities kept their sacred character for millennia. At the transition to a new religious system the new cults were often simply imposed on the old ones (e.g., the old temple was renamed after a new deity, or the new temple was built on the site or near the ruins of the old one). The new deities inherited the characteristics of the old ones, or, one may say, the old cults were simply renamed, which could have been accompanied by some changes of the cult practices. Evidently, in the new system more or less comparable images were chosen to replace the old ones: similarity of functions, rituals, names, concurrence of days of cult, etc (Petrosyan 2006: 4 f.; Petrosyan 2007a: 175).1 On the other hand, in the course of religious changes, old gods often descend to the lower level of epic heroes. Thus, the heroes of the Armenian ethnogonic legends and the epic “Daredevils of Sasun” are derived from ancient local gods: e.g., Sanasar, who obtains the 1For numerous examples of preservation of pre-Urartian and Urartian holy places in medieval Armenia, see, e.g., Hmayakyan and Sanamyan 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • Armenian Traditional Black Youths: the Earliest Sources1
    Armenian Traditional Black Youths: the 1 Earliest Sources Armen Petrosyan Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia [email protected] In this article it is argued that the traditional figure of the Armenian folklore “black youth” is derived from the members of the war-band of the thunder god, mythological counterparts of the archaic war-bands of youths. The blackness of the youths is associated with igneous initiatory rituals. The best parallels of the Armenian heroes are found in Greece, India, and especially in Ossetia and other Caucasian traditions, where the Indo-European (particularly Alanian-Ossetian) influence is significant. In several medieval Armenian songs young heroes are referred to as t‘ux manuks ‘black youths,’ t‘ux ktriçs ‘black braves,’ or simply t‘uxs ‘blacks’ (see Mnatsakanyan 1976, which remains the best and comprehensive work on these figures, and Harutyunyan and Kalantaryan 2001, where several articles pertaining to this theme are published). Also, T‘ux manuk is the appellation of numerous ruined pilgrimage sanctuaries. A. Mnatsakanyan, the first investigator of these traditional figures, considered them in connection with the fratries of youths, whose remnants survived until medieval times (Mnatsakanyan 1976: 193 ff.).2 The study of the t‘ux manuks should be based on revelation of their specific characteristics and comparison with similar figures of other traditions. In this respect, the study of the T‘ux manuk sanctuaries and their legends 1This article represents an abridged and updated version of Petrosyan 2001. 2In Armenian folklore the figures of similar names – t‘uxs (‘blacks’) and alek manuks (‘good youths’) – figure as evil spirits (Alishan 1895: 205, 217).
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business in Armenia, Practical Law Country Q&A 8-638-0858 (2018)
    Doing Business in Armenia, Practical Law Country Q&A 8-638-0858 (2018) Doing Business in Armenia by Sedrak Asatryan, Aram Orbelyan, Janna Simonyan, Narine Beglaryan, Roustam Badasyan, Senior Associate and Ani Varderesyan, Concern Dialog Country Q&A | Law stated as at 01-May-2018 | Armenia A Q&A guide to doing business in Armenia. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Armenia as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the global guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/ dbi-guide. Overview 1. What are the key recent developments affecting doing business in your jurisdiction? With the inauguration of Armenia’s new president, the Constitution, as amended in 2015, has fully entered into force. Therefore, Armenia currently operates under a parliamentary system of government. The RA Tax Code, which was adopted in 2016, has replaced a number of separate laws regulating different types of taxes. It partially entered into force in 2017 and since the beginning of 2018 has been fully in force in Armenia. The New Civil Procedure Code of 2018 has recently entered into force.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Services and Their Role in Poverty Alleviation in Armenia - a Case Study of Karaberd Gold Mine
    UNDP/UNEP “Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services” Technical Assistance Project The report is prepared for United Nations Development Programme in Armenia within the frame of the project “Economic Valuation of ecosystem Services in Armenia”. The project is funded under umbrella of United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) joint global Poverty and Environment Initiative (PEI) and aims to contribute to poverty reduction and improved well-being of poor and vulnerable groups through mainstreaming the environment into national development processes Ecosystem Services and their Role in Poverty Alleviation in Armenia - A Case Study of Karaberd Gold Mine Final Report February 2014 This report has been developed in the scope of UNDP/UNEP join joint TA Project “Economic Valuation of ecosystem Services in Armenia” Implementing agency UNDP UNDP EG Portfolio Analyst Armen Marirosyan UNDP Programme Policy Adviser, EG portfolio, Project Georgi Arzumanyan coordinator UNDP Project Assistant Kristina Tereshchatova Project team: Project international consultant Camille Bann Project task leader Anastas Aghazaryan Project experts Davit Androyan Vram Tevosyan Lothar Guendling Georgi Fayvush Hrant Avetisyan Armen Amiryan Aida Tarloyan Armen Ghazaryan Arman Kandaryan Mikayel Avagyan Address: 14 Petros Adamyan str., 0010 Yerevan, Armenia UNDP Armenia Tel: (374 60) 530000; Fax: (+374 10) 543811 Web Site: http://www.am.undp.org E-mail: [email protected] 2 List of abbreviations EIE Environmental Impact Expertise
    [Show full text]
  • Granaries in Urartu and Neighboring States and the Monumentalization
    Over the Mountains and Far Away Studies in Near Eastern history and archaeology presented to Mirjo Salvini on the occasion of his 80th birthday edited by Pavel S. Avetisyan, Roberto Dan and Yervand H. Grekyan Archaeopress Archaeology Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978-1-78491-943-6 ISBN 978-1-78491-944-3 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and authors 2019 Cover image: Mheri duṛ/Meher kapısı. General view of the ‘Gate of Ḫaldi’ (9th century BC) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com Contents Editorial..........................................................................................................................................................................................iv Foreword .........................................................................................................................................................................................v Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................................................vi Bīsotūn, ‘Urartians’ and ‘Armenians’ of the Achaemenid Texts, and the Origins of the Exonyms
    [Show full text]
  • Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Arts
    ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MUSICS OF HARSIT VALLEY, NORTHEASTERN TURKEY Ph.D. THESIS Mustafa Kemal ÖZKUL Department of Music Music Doctoral Programme JUNE 2019 ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES MUSICS OF HARSIT VALLEY, NORTHEASTERN TURKEY Ph.D. THESIS Mustafa Kemal ÖZKUL (409122007) Department of Music Music Doctoral Programme Thesis Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Emine Şirin ÖZGÜN TANIR JUNE 2019 İSTANBUL TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ HARŞİT VADİSİ MÜZİKLERİ, KUZEYDOĞU TÜRKİYE DOKTORA TEZİ Mustafa Kemal ÖZKUL (409122007) Müzik Anabilim Dalı Müzik Doktora Programı Tez Danışmanı: Doç. Dr. Emine Şirin ÖZGÜN TANIR HAZİRAN 2019 Mustafa Kemal Özkul, a Ph.D. student of ITU Graduate School of Arts and Social Sciences student ID 409122007, successfully defended the dissertation entitled “MUSICS OF HARSIT VALLEY, NORTHEASTERN TURKEY”, which he prepared after fulfilling the requirements specified in the associated legislations, before the jury whose signatures are below. Thesis Advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr.Emine Şirin ÖZGÜN TANIR .............................. Istanbul Technical University Date of Submission : 20 May 2019 Date of Defense : 24 June 2019 v vi To Robert Reigle and all brave academicians, vii viii FOREWORD Dissertations are written by a group of people, not a single person. I have always felt the support of so many people without whom I could not have written this dissertation. I would like to express my gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Robert REIGLE for widening my perspective and teaching me the foundations of ethnomusicology. I also would like to mention Prof. Şehvar BEŞİROĞLU, whose warm heart we will always remember. For intellectual and friendly supports, I would like to thank my thesis advisor Assoc.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis Report Spsisc
    SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION IN ARMENIA , AZERBAIJAN AND GEORGIA SYNTHESIS REPORT European Commission Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion Manuscript completed in 2011 European Commission Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission may be held responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this publication. Gesellschaft für Versicherungswissenschaft und –gestaltung e.V. Hansaring 43, D -50670 Köln www.gvg.org Authors: Birgit Garbe-Emden Sabine Horstmann Yvette Shajanian Zarneh © European Union, 2011 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 2 Table of Contents Introduction............................................................................................................................................ 5 1 Main factors influencing social protection and welfare ............................................................ 9 1.1 Economic trends...................................................................................................................... 9 Macroeconomic development.......................................................................................................... 9 Fiscal policies and state revenues ................................................................................................ 10 Inequalities and remittances.......................................................................................................... 10 Territorial disparities .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Report No 125 Armenia Social Transition Program Final Report
    REPORT NO 125 ARMENIA SOCIAL TRANSITION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT 20 November 2005 ARMENIA SOCIAL TRANSITION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT 2 ARMENIA SOCIAL TRANSITION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. ARMENIA SOCIAL TRANSITION PROGRAM FINAL REPORT 3 CONTENTS ASTP FINAL REPORT: 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 7 1.1. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ARMENIA SOCIAL TRANSITION PROGRAM..................................................... 7 1.2. IMPACTS OF THE ARMENIAN SOCIAL TRANSITION PROGRAM............................................................ 7 1.3. MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS LINKED TO ASTP ACTIVITIES...................................................................... 8 1.4. PROCESS AND SCOPE OF ASTP ......................................................................................................... 10 1.5. OUTLINE OF THIS REPORT................................................................................................................. 11 ASTP FINAL REPORT: 2. SOCIAL SECURITY CARDS...................................................................... 13 2.1. OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ 13 2.2. SYSTEM DESIGN................................................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications
    68 Armen Petrosyan: Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications Biblical Mt. Ararat: Two Identifications ARMEN PETROSYAN Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, Yerevan, Armenia Abstract: The biblical Ararat, mountain of landing of Noah’s Ark has two general identifications in the Armenian Highland: Mountain of Corduena (modern Cudi dağı) and Masis (Ararat, Ağrı dağı), situated respectively in the extreme south-east and extreme north- east of modern Turkey). The ancient sources actualized the first localization. Since the 12th century the second became more and more popular. The paper deals with the myths and legends associated with those mountains and the history of identification of the biblical Ararat. Ararat, the mountain of the landing of Noah’s Ark, has been identified in various locations, but up until now two main candidates persist: the mountain of Corduena and Masis. In the Hebrew Bible (Masoretic text) the mountains are called 'Arārāṭ, in the Greek translation (Septuagint) – Ararat, in Chaldean and Syrian (Peshitta) – Qardū, in Arabic – Qarda, and in Latin – “Mountains of Armenia”. Ararat is believed to be the Greek version of Hebrew 'RRṬ, i.e. Urartu (Piotrovsky 1944: 29; 1969: 13; Inglizian 1947: 5 ff., 63 ff; Musheghyan 2003: 4 ff.: Salvini and Salvini 2003; Marinković 2012). On the other hand, Ararat is almost identical to the Armenian term Ayrarat – the name of the central province of Armenia, with Mt. Masis at its center. However, Urartu and Ayrarat are two different geographical concepts. Ayrarat is the Armenian name of the region, which in Urartian sources is referred to as the land of Etiuni or Etiuhi (in the north of Urartu).
    [Show full text]
  • Barnes Review July/August 2011
    ANALYZING A MASSIVE MEGALITHIC MYSTERY Armenian Stonehenge Confounds Scholars SPRAWLING OVER MORE THAN 17 ACRES ATOP A ROCKY PROMONTORY overlooking the arid, sparsely populated landscape of southern Armenia is the very ancient site known as Karahunj. Hundreds of con - figured stones towering six to nine feet tall have been thrust into the flinty earth. Forming an immense, oval configuration, they average 10 tons apiece; but the largest of their number is five times heavier. All were excavated from basalt quarries several miles away. BY FRANK JOSEPH Iron Age“ (about 1500 B.C. to 700 B.C.), and may have served “as a place of refuge in times of war,” possibly from the uriously, 84 of the 223 monoliths at Karahunj, Ar - Hellenistic period to Rome’s Late Imperial Era, circa 300 B.C. menia, feature a cleanly carved, 1.9- to 2.7-inch di - to A.D. 300. 1 As such, the place was interesting, but nothing ameter hole drilled with modern-day industrial out of the ordinary. While their assessment was correct, it Cprecision at about eye level (circa five feet, eight would prove to be far from complete or comprehensive. inches from the ground). A short wall of rocks mixed with In 1994, shortly before the Germans arrived, lingering compacted loam has been packed around the base of each conjecture regarding possible celestial alignments at Kara- massive stone, heavily eroded by millennia of wind and rain. hunj prompted other investigators to reconsider the site in This stark and lonely place near the Vorotan River lies not terms of archeoastronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • THE OLDEST SOURCES of the ARMENIAN EPIC1 to My Son Khachatur INDO - EUROPEAN MYTHS and HISTORICAL PROTOTYPES
    ARMEN PETROSYAN THE OLDEST SOURCES OF THE ARMENIAN EPIC1 To My Son Khachatur INDO - EUROPEAN MYTHS AND HISTORICAL PROTOTYPES THE OLDEST SOURCES OF THE ARMENIAN EPIC1 INDO - EUROPEAN MYTHS AND HISTORICAL PROTOTYPES (epitomized) PREFACE To my knowledge the Indo - European elements of the Daredevils of Sasun (Davit of Sasun) were considered especially by M. Abeghyan, S. Petrosyan, S. Ahyan, S. Haroutunyan, and G. Dumezil. The best analysis of the historical prototypes of the Daredevils of Sasun was carried out by M. Abeghyan. Here, I virtually consider other data and approaches, but the results of previous studies are also taken into consideration . This study, however,neither claims to elaborate all of the Indo - European elements and historical prototypes of the Daredevils of Sasun, nor the problems of other influences and non - Indo - European parallels. 1. THE "BASIC MYTH ? According to V. Ivanov and V. Toporov ( 1974 ), the Indo - European thunder god (weather god, storm god ) defeats his adversary, the serpent. The god's wife betrays him for the serpent. The god's son is punished for an infringement, but rises again and brings with him new life, new order and prosperity. In the Daredevils of Sasun, the first twin heroes' mother's name is Tsovinar ( Covinar ), which means 'lightning' in dialects. In folklore texts she appears as the thunder goddess (Abeghyan VII, 70- 72). Other heroines of the epic are also comparable with the feminine figure of the reconstructed protomyth (see infra). At the beginning of the epic the twin Sanasar acquires a "lightning sword", a "fiery horse", and other military attributes This sword remains the main weapon for heroes of future generations.
    [Show full text]
  • Intellectual Freedom and Integrity in Armenian Studies
    Keghart Intellectual Freedom and Integrity in Armenian Studies Non-partisan Website Devoted to Armenian Affairs, Human Rights https://keghart.org/intellectual-freedom-and-integrity-in-armenian-studies/ and Democracy INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM AND INTEGRITY IN ARMENIAN STUDIES Posted on August 14, 2009 by Keghart Category: Opinions Page: 1 Keghart Intellectual Freedom and Integrity in Armenian Studies Non-partisan Website Devoted to Armenian Affairs, Human Rights https://keghart.org/intellectual-freedom-and-integrity-in-armenian-studies/ and Democracy Armenian Weekly, 13 August 2009 Below is a statement endorsed by the Society for Armenian Studies and the International Association for Armenian Studies and released on Aug. 13. It is preceded by a brief introduction from the initiators of the signature campaign. Armenian Weekly, 13 August 2009 Below is a statement endorsed by the Society for Armenian Studies and the International Association for Armenian Studies and released on Aug. 13. It is preceded by a brief introduction from the initiators of the signature campaign. The following statement was endorsed several weeks ago by the Society for Armenian Studies and the International Association for Armenian Studies in response to misleading and slanderous pronouncements on Armenian television and the internet by individuals in Glendale, Calif. Despite the provocation, it seemed preferable at the time not to distribute this statement to the media in the hope that the smear campaign would run its course and disappear. That indeed seemed to be happening until July 28, when an Armenian newspaper received and unsuspectingly printed a report from the Yerevan news agency Armenpress regarding alleged statements ascribed to the Director of the Armenian Studies and Humanities Division of the Armenian National Academy of Sciences Dr.
    [Show full text]