This article was downloaded by: [Cirad-Dist Bib Lavalette] On: 22 November 2013, At: 10:04 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tfac20 Residues of medroxyprogesterone acetate detected in sows at a slaughterhouse, Madagascar Vincent Porphyrea, Michel Rakotoharinomeb, Tantely Randriamparanyc, Damien Pognona, Stéphanie Prévostd & Bruno Le Bizecd a Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement – CIRAD, Réunion, France b Direction of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Production, Antananarivo, Madagascar c National Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic, Antananarivo, Madagascar d Laboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France Accepted author version posted online: 24 Sep 2013.Published online: 20 Nov 2013. To cite this article: Vincent Porphyre, Michel Rakotoharinome, Tantely Randriamparany, Damien Pognon, Stéphanie Prévost & Bruno Le Bizec , Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A (2013): Residues of medroxyprogesterone acetate detected in sows at a slaughterhouse, Madagascar, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.848293 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.848293 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. 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Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 2013 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2013.848293 Residues of medroxyprogesterone acetate detected in sows at a slaughterhouse, Madagascar Vincent Porphyrea*, Michel Rakotoharinomeb, Tantely Randriamparanyc, Damien Pognona, Stéphanie Prévostd and Bruno Le Bizecd aCentre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement – CIRAD, Réunion, France; bDirection of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock Production, Antananarivo, Madagascar; cNational Laboratory of Veterinary Diagnostic, Antananarivo, Madagascar; dLaboratoire d’Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l’Alimentation Nantes Atlantique (ONIRIS), Nantes, France (Received 4 July 2013; accepted 20 September 2013) In Madagascar, little information about drug residues in animal products is available. However, recently, official veterinary services were informed about the misuse of human injectable contraceptives in pig farms as an alternative for chirurgical castration of adult sows before culling. We investigated pigs (n = 80) slaughtered in 7 Malagasy abattoirs and raised in 8 of the 22 Malagasy regions (1) to confirm the contamination of carcasses by anabolic hormones by using LC-MS/MS, (2) to identify the substances of concern and (3) to explore the consumers’ exposure to hormone residues. Medroxyprogesterone acetate was the only synthetic hormone detected in kidney fat. Samples positive with medroxyprogesterone acetate were observed in 66.7% of the districts investigated and in 87.5% of the surveyed regions, confirming its large misuse in livestock. Public awareness campaigns and control improvement among the animal production sector and among the Malagasy public health sector are therefore urgent. Keywords: pork; kidney fat; food safety; growth promoters; anabolic; medroxyprogesterone acetate; Madagascar Introduction systems in developed countries allow an efficient and Synthetic progestagens have been widely used in gynae- rapid alert to protect consumers, the situation is unclear cologic practice. Progestin medroxyprogesterone acetate in most of the developing countries regarding the use of (MPA) is used in contraceptive medication and also in hormones in animal farms and the hazard exposure for human hormone replacement therapy, but its side effects local consumers. are commonly reported: MPA has a significant glucocorti- In Madagascar, the consumption of pork meat is tradi- coid activity that decreases bone density (Ishida & tional and the demand for pork meat is increasing in urban Heersche 2002), and it may also impair memory (Braden markets. The pig production sector is extensively devel- et al. 2010). MPA is associated with the development and oped with complex trade circuits from remote rural areas maintenance of obesity, and it may also be considered as a to urban abattoirs and retailing markets. In pig farms, few risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (Clark et al. 2005). biosecurity measures are implemented (Costard et al. In animal husbandry, MPA is allowed for reproduction 2009), leading to numerous food safety issues in pork purpose in sheep. MPA also possesses anabolic activity meat (Rakotoharinome et al. 2012; Temmam et al. 2013). In particular, the misuse of hormones in pig farms Downloaded by [Cirad-Dist Bib Lavalette] at 10:04 22 November 2013 and therefore has been used in livestock production to improve muscle gain (Meyer 2001). Within the European has been increasingly reported during 2012 by local veter- fi Union, the use of progestagens and other steroid hormones inary of cers (personal communication, M. for the purpose of fattening farmed animals is prohibited Rakotoharinome, Feb 15, 2012). Farmers and local animal (Courtheyn et al. 2002). According to the European health workers were suspected of treating pigs for promot- Commission Decision 2003/181/EC, the minimum ing their growth and of using human progestins, especially required performance limit in animal tissues is equal to MPA, as a chemical alternative method for the castration 1µgkg−1 (Commission of the European Communities of sows that are then fattened before culling. Indeed, MPA 2003). may arrest the onset of farrowing, and induce post-lacta- In European Union countries, the misuse of synthetic tional anoestrus in sows (van Leengoed et al. 2002). hormones in animal husbandry was reported in milk Because the use of synthetic hormones in pig husbandry (Unusan 2008) and pork meat (Oksbjerg et al. 1995). is considered as a fraud under Malagasy regulations MPA-contaminated feed was also incriminated (van (Malagasy Ministry of Agriculture 2006), an exploratory fi Leengoed et al. 2002). While veterinary monitoring study was carried out to con rm these suspicions and investigate the main substances concerned. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © 2013 Taylor & Francis 2 V. Porphyre et al. Material and methods Table 1. List of components, and their associated individual α −1 Field data limit for decision (CC ) (µg kg ), investigated in kidney fat by a multi-residues method by LC coupled with a quadripole The study considered 8 of the 22 regions of Madagascar mass spectrometer. where suspicions were reported by local field veterinarians: CCα* screening CCα confirmation Bongolava, Vakinankaratra, Itasy and Haute Matsiatra in Analyte (µg kg−1) (µg kg−1) Central Madagascar; Betsiboka, Diana and Sofiainthe Northern region; and Anosy in the Southern region. Flugestone acetate 0.27 0.39 Samples were collected during October 2012 from two pro- Norgestomet 0.29 0.56 vincial abattoirs, that is, Tsiroanomandidy in Western Delmadinone acetate 0.41 1.00 Altrenogest 0.19 0.38 Madagascar and Antsirabe city in Vakinankaratra province Chlormadinone 0.77 0.88 (Central Madagascar), and from four abattoirs in acetate Antananarivo, the Malagasy capital city, where animals Medroxyprogesterone 0.23 0.53 from all over the country were transported for slaughtering. acetate Nineteen communes from 15 districts within these eight Melengestrol acetate 0.74 2.41 regions were consequently sampled. Only adult sows were *CCα is defined as the limit of concentration from which a sample is sampled considering that chemical castration with progesta- declared not standard, at screening and confirmation steps, with an error risk equal to α. Here, CCα for medroxyprogesterone acetate, at the gens was the most common hypothesis of the misuse of – confirmation step, is lower than 1 µg kg 1 considered as the minimum synthetic hormones in the field. Eighty kidney fat samples required performance limit. were collected after slaughtering by veterinary